含镓ZSM-5分子筛的制备及其在甲醇芳构化反应中的催化性能

用三种不同方法(水热合成法、浸渍法、离子交换法)制备了含Ga的ZSM-5分子筛,采用XRD、SEM、FT-IR、NH₃-TPD、ICP、XPS和氮吸附等多种技术对其进行了表征,并考察了硅源、Ga含量和Ga的存在状态等对该分子筛结构、酸性及其在甲醇芳构化反应中催化性能的影响。结果表明,硅源种类(硅溶胶、白炭黑、正硅酸乙酯)显著影响分子筛的形貌、晶粒粒径大小及杂原子Ga的存在状态,进而决定其在甲醇制芳烃反应中的芳构化催化活性和稳定性。分子筛中Ga物种主要有骨架Ga、骨架外表面游离态(与分子筛无相互作用)的Ga₂O₃以及与分子筛有相互作用的非骨架Ga三种不同的存在状态。骨架Ga物种以四配位形式存在,提供酸性位点;非骨架Ga作为芳构化活性中心,主要起脱氢芳构化作用。适量的非骨架Ga中心与酸中心协调匹配能有效促进芳烃产物的生成。     

用沸石吸收微波性能表征沸石特性的研究

研究了开放体系下微波加热沸石的规律,发现脱水的沸石能有效吸收微波,自身升温很快,如脱水NaA沸石400W功率下在100s内被加热到1473K.讨论了沸石晶体结构、硅铝比、可交换离子种类对沸石吸收微波的影响.不同类型的沸石,或同一类型但硅铝比不同的沸石,或不同离子交换的同一种沸石在同一功率下具有不同的升温速率,所能达到的最高温度也不尽相同,从而表明沸石吸收微波的性能有可能用来表征沸石的微观特性.沸石在不同功率下吸收微波性能不同,功率越大,升温越快.     

添加β沸石的烃类裂化催化剂性能研究

采用固体硅源、铝源和四乙基氢氧化铵（TEAOH）在极浓体系中成功合成了硅铝摩尔比（SiO₂/Al₂O₃）分别为30和150的β沸石。同时用硅铝摩尔比为30的β沸石为原料,在70℃下采用草酸脱铝制备了硅铝摩尔比接近150的样品。直接合成或经脱铝改性的β沸石采用XRD、SEM、吡啶吸附红外光谱和N2吸附对其晶相、酸性、比表面积和孔体积进行了表征。将三种β沸石分别作为烃类裂化催化剂的活性组分添加剂,对其催化剂的性能进行了评价。结果表明,三种β沸石的引入都可以提高裂化催化剂的活性和改善产品分布,低硅β沸石催化剂能改善催化剂的异构化反应性能和提高乙烯、丙烯的选择性,高硅β沸石或脱铝β沸石催化剂有利于裂化汽油中烯烃的芳构化和C4烯烃产率的提高,并可减少结焦。     

~（13）C，~（27）Al，~（129）Xe固体NMR研究在ZSM－5型沸石上的积炭行为

以~（１３）Ｃ，~（２７）ａｌ，~（１２９）Ｘｅ为探针用固体核磁共振技术并辅以氨程序升温脱附（ＴＰＤ）技术研究了在ＺＳＭ－５型沸石上的积炭行为。结果表明，脱铝改变了沸石骨架酸中心数目及其分布，沸石酸度及骨架铝含量均对积炭起着重要作用，高温预处理能降低催化剂积炭率。催化剂积炭中心与芳构化活性中心是一致的，焦最初在催化剂外表面形成，然后逐渐深入内表面并引起孔道堵塞及失活。     

BEA/MOR两相共生分子筛的酸性及其催化性能

 用NH3-TPD方法研究了相同硅铝比不同相组成的BEA/MOR (β沸石与丝光沸石两相共生分子筛)样品的酸性,并考察了其对甲醇脱水制二甲醚反应的催化性能. 结果表明,不同相组成的共生分子筛样品的NH3-TPD谱中均出现两个NH3脱附峰,分别对应于NH3在沸石骨架中弱酸中心和强酸中心上的脱附. BEA/MOR的高温脱附峰温与其丝光沸石含量呈火山形曲线关系,而β沸石与丝光沸石机械混合物的高温脱附峰温与丝光沸石含量呈线性关系; 当丝光沸石相含量超过50%时, BEA/MOR强酸强度明显高于机械混合物,含丝光沸石65%的BEA/MOR样品的强酸强度最强,这表明共生分子筛与机械混合物间存在明显的区别. 用于催化甲醇脱水制二甲醚反应时, BEA/MOR样品上甲醇转化率与丝光沸石含量也呈火山形曲线关系,而机械混合物上甲醇的转化率与丝光沸石含量呈线性关系. 丝光沸石含量超过40%的BEA/MOR样品的催化活性都高于HM, 含丝光沸石65%的BEA/MOR样品活性最高. 硅铝比为11的HM虽然初活性高,但反应60 h后即很快失活,而硅铝比为53的HBEA/MOR初活性稍低,但其稳定性好.     

脱铝丝光沸石的吸附性能研究

丝光沸石是优良的吸附剂和工业生产对二甲苯的实用催化剂。脱铝是使丝光沸石改性的有效方法。Chen报道了脱铝丝光沸石对环己烷的吸附量在硅铝比为15～50范围内随硅铝比增加而减少,而在50～90范围内变化很小。张红浪等用高温水蒸气处理结合酸洗的方法脱铝,得到不同硅铝比的丝光沸石,并研究了脱铝对其结构、酸性和催化性能的影响。本     

碳四烃在改性HZSM-5分子筛上芳构化研究

研究了炼厂混合C_4烃在Zn、Ga、Cr、La改性的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的芳构化反应,采用TPD和IR测定了催化剂的表面酸性质。结果表明,用Zn(3%)和Zn(2%)Ga(1%)改性的HZSM-5分子筛具有较好的芳构化性能;各改性HZSM-5分子筛催化剂芳构化性能变化与表面酸性有关,总酸量下降,芳构化活性下降,强B酸中心减少,深度裂解反应减少;Zn的单组分和双组分改性的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂芳构化活性的增高与表面强L酸浓度增加和吡啶吸附IR谱中的1615cm~(-1)吸收峰出现有关。     

Ga改性ZSM-5分子筛催化丙烷芳构化性能研究

用离子交换法制备Ga改性ZSM-5双功能催化剂,并结合XRD、SEM、BET、NH₃-TPD、Py-IR及ICP、XPS等多种技术进行表征,考察分子筛硅铝比(Si/Al)和催化剂氧化还原预处理条件对分子筛的酸性质、Ga物种的存在状态及其丙烷芳构化催化性能的影响。研究表明,硅铝比不仅可以改变分子筛的酸性,也会影响分子筛中非骨架Ga物种与分子筛表面的相互作用程度,进而影响含Ga分子筛的丙烷芳构化性能。在质量空速1.0 h^-1、反应温度550℃ 下,Si/Al比为30的Ga-HZSM-5分子筛丙烷转化率和芳烃收率最高。Ga物种的引入可以提高丙烷的转化率和芳烃的选择性,并抑制烷烃、烯烃的裂解。H₂还原处理,将分子筛表面Ga₂O₃还原为低价的Ga⁺和GaH⁺₂物种,促进了Ga物种向分子筛微孔迁移;还原-氧化处理后,Ga⁺和GaH⁺₂物种氧化成GaO⁺,占据分子筛孔道离子交换位,显著提高了催化剂的芳构化活性。     

Si(CH3)3Cl修饰的HZSM-5酸性及正己烷芳构化的催化性能研究

随着芳烃需求量的增加,低分子烃的芳构化受到广泛重视.由于HZSM-5的独特骨架结构及酸性,使其对低分子烃有良好芳构化性能~[1～3],但研究工作大多放在HZSM-5本身的硅铝比调变及加入某些金属(如Ga,Zn)来提高其芳构化性能~[4～7],而以非金属对其进行改性处理则很少见.本文以Si(CH_3)_3CI对HZSM-5进行CVD处理,并对其酸性及对正已烷芳构化能力进行了考察,研究了催化剂的结焦情况.     

β沸石催化苯酚甲基化反应

研究了氢型β沸石和改性β沸石对苯酚－甲醇烷基化反应的催化性能。发现β沸艇下的反应网络与复合氧化物基本相同。沸石的酸碱性影响反应的活性和选择性；提高沸石硅铝比，反应活性降低，氧上烷基化反应的选择性提高。β沸石改性调变酸性后，可有效地抑制甲醇高温分解和生成积炭等副反应；酸碱中心的协同作用，降低了氧上烷基化反应的选择性。     

STUDY OF HYDROGEN TRANSFER REACTIONS IN PROPANE AROMATIZATION OVER Ga MODIFIED HZSM-5 CATALYSTS

研究了丙烷在不同ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３比值的ＨＺＳＭ５和Ｇａ改性ＨＺＳＭ５催化剂上的芳构化转化，为探讨氢转移反应的能力，也考察了在丙烷中添加少量氢对芳构化转化的影响。结果表明，随ＨＺＳＭ５分子筛ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３比值的减小，氢转移反应程度增大；在分子筛中引入Ｇａ，氢转移反应能力增大。最后提出了有Ｇａ参与的反应机理。     

Effects of ammonium exchange and Si/Al ratio on the conversion of methanol to propylene over a novel and large partical size ZSM-5

One type of ZSM-5 zeolite with large partical size was prepared and characterized by XRD, SEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, XRF, Py-IR and NH3-TPD techniques. Effects of ammonium exchange and SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios on the reaction of methanol to propylene (MTP) over Na-ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-5 zeolites have been studied in a fixed-bed flow reactor under the operating conditions of T = 500 °C, P = 1 atm, and WHSV = 6 h-1. Ammonium exchange led to a rapid decrease in Na content for Na-ZSM-5 zeolite. The reaction results indicated that Na-ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-5 with different SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios all exhibited high activity for methanol conversion. Ammonium exchange and the decreased SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of ZSM-5 zeolite led to an increase both in strong acid sites and weak acid sites. Na-ZSM-5 with high SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio was favorable for the formation of propylene. The highest propylene selectivity (45.9%) was obtained over Na-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst with SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of 220.     

Mo/HZSM-5催化剂载体对甲烷无氧芳构化反应的影响

着重研究了挤条成型的纳米Mo/HZSM-5催化剂在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的催化性能.结果表明,Al2O3载体的加入减少了催化剂的B酸量,对甲烷无氧芳构化反应不利,导致甲烷转化率降低,并且催化剂积碳严重.通过适量添加SiO2载体,减少Al2O3载体的量,可以使催化剂的B酸量提高,从而可提高甲烷转化率,并且可降低催化剂的积碳量.     

Dealuminated ZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst for Ethylene Oligomerization to Liquid Fuels

Ethylene oligomerization using ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated to study the role of Bronsted acid sites in the formation of higher hydrocarbons. The oligomerization of olefins, dependent on the acidity of ZSM-5 zeolite, is an important step in the conversion of natural gas to liquid fuels. The framework Si/Al ratio reflects the number of potential acid sites and the acid strength of the ZSM-5 catalyst. ZSM-5 with the mole ratio SiO2/Al2O3 equal to 30 was dealuminated for different periods of time according to the acidic ion-exchange method to produce ZSM-5 with various Si/Al ratios. The FT-IR analysis revealed that the integrated framework aluminum band, non-framework aluminum band, and silanol groups areas of the ZSM-5 zeolites decreased after being dealuminated. The performance of the dealuminated zeolite was tested for ethylene oligomerization. The results demonstrated that the dealumination of ZSM-5 led to higher ethylene conversion, but the gasoline selectivity was reduced compared to the performance     

Active sites in working bifunctional GaH-TON aromatization catalysts: kinetic evaluation

The conversion of light alkanes to high value aromatics proceeds with a high selectivity over bifunctional, gallium (Ga) containing zeolite catalysts. It is generally agreed that Ga sites are involved in dehydrogenation reaction steps and that the zeolite acid sites catalyze cracking, oligomerization, and cyclization reactions. However, understanding of the precise roles of the acid and Ga sites in the reaction mechanisms is significantly hampered since the number of these sites in working catalysts is not known. This paper describes a kinetic approach to evaluation of the acid and Ga active sites in working Ga containing TON zeolite catalysts that relies on the analysis of the rates of formation of the primary products of a n-butane aromatization reaction. Our results show that the rate of ethane formation at low n-butane conversions can be used as a quantitative estimate of acidity in working bifunctional zeolite catalysts and demonstrate, for the first time, a significant decrease in the number of Br?nsted acid sites in the Ga containing catalysts under reaction conditions: around 47 and 79% for the catalysts with Ga loading of 1.5 and 2.5 wt %, respectively. We conclude that the reduction in acidity is associated with the formation of catalytically active Ga(+) ions and obtain estimates for the number and steady-state turnover activity of the acid and Ga active sites in n-butane transformation. We anticipate that our work will facilitate understanding of the precise roles of the acid and Ga sites in the mechanisms of alkane aromatization and, as a far-reaching implication, will prompt wider use of detailed kinetic studies for the evaluation of active sites in working catalysts.     

ZSM-5型分子筛的表面酸性与催化活性

合成了一批不同硅铝比的HZSM－5沸石分子筛，并用CO62 ,Fe^3 离子对其进行改性，测定了它们在醛氨缩合反应合成吡啶中的活性和选择性。对照它们的NH3－TPD，吡啶吸附红外光谱，研究了催化剂的表面酸性与醛氨缩合催化活性的关系。研究表明，硅铝比较小时，HZSM－5的酸中心较多，但过多的酸中心会引发其它的裂解反应和缩合反应，从而降低催化剂的活性和选择性；当硅铝比为120左右时，催化活性达到最大，吡啶碱产率达60％；若继续增大硅铝比，则无足够的酸中心进行反应，用Co^2 ,Fe^3 离子对HZSM进行改性，其B酸中心变化不明显，L酸中心减少，对氨气的吸附能力有所下降，从而保证了适当的酸中心暴露，有利于反应，采用CoZSM-5催化剂，吡啶碱产率可达78％。     

Dealuminated ZSM—5 Zeolite Catalyst for Ethylene Oligomerization to Liquid Fuels

Ethylene oligomerization using ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated to study the role of Broensted acid sites in the formation of higher hydrocarbons,The oligomeriztion of olefins,dependent on the acidity of ZSM-5 zeolite ,is an important step in the conversion of natural gas to liquied fuels,The framework Si/Al ratio reflects the number of potential acid sites and the acid strength of the ZSM-5 catalyst,ZSM-5 with the mole ratio SiO2/Al2O3 equal to 30 was dealuminated for different periods of time according to the acidic ion-exchange method to produce ZSM-5 with various Si/Al ratios,The FT-IR analysis revealed that the integrated framework aluminum band,non-framework aluminum band,and silanol groups areas of the ZSM-5 zeolites decreased after being dealuminated,The performanc of the dealuminated zeolite was tested for ethylene oligomerization.The results demonstrated that the dealumination of ZSM-5 led to higher ethylene conversion,but the gasoline selectivity was reduced compared to the performance of a ZSM-5 zeolite ,The characterization results revealed the amount of aluminum in the zeolitic framework,the crystallinity of the ZSM-5 zeolite,and the Si/Al ration affected the formation of Broensted acid sites,The number of the Broensted acid sites on the catalyst active sites is important in the olefin conversion to liquied hydrocarbons.     

The nature of active sites in Pt promoted GaZSM-5 catalysts

Summary Activity and selectivity of Pt-promoted GaZSM-5 catalysts in the aromatization of ethane were studied. XRD indicated that high temperature treatment of the Pt promoted GaZSM-5 zeolites results in the formation of bimetallic GaPt clusters located on the inner surface of zeolites. Both experimental results and calculations suggest that the clusters containing Ga and Pt atoms stabilized in cationic positions are characterized by an increased activity and selectivity in the dehydrogenation of ethane.</o:p>     

Dual-Bed Catalytic System for Direct Conversion of Methane to Liquid Hydrocarbons

A dual-bed catalytic system is proposed for the direct conversion of methane to liquid hydrocarbons. In this system, methane is converted in the first stage to oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) products by selective catalytic oxidation with oxygen over La-supported MgO catalyst. The second bed, comprising of the HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, is used for the oligomerization of OCM light hydrocarbon products to liquid hydrocarbons. The effects of temperature (650-800℃), methane to oxygen ratio (4 10), and SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of the HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst on the process are studied. At higher reaction temperatures, there is considerable dealumination of HZSM-5, and thus its catalytic performance is reduced. The acidity of HZSM-5 in the second bed is responsible for the oligomerization reaction that leads to the formation of liquid hydrocarbons. The activities of the oligomerization sites were unequivocally affected by the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio. The relation between the acidity and the activity of HZSM-5 is studied by means of TPD-NH:j techniques. The rise in oxygen concentration is not beneficial for the C5 selectivity, where the combustion reaction of intermediate hydrocarbon products that leads to the formation of carbon oxide (CO CO2) products is more dominant than the oligomerization reaction. The dual-bed catalytie system is highly potential for directly converting methane to liquid fuels.