纳米晶(CeO2)1-x(BiO1.5)x固溶体的水热合成与离子输运性质研究

在240℃水热体系中首次合成出系列纳米晶固溶体(CeO₂)_1-x(BiO_1.5)_x(x=0.0～0.50).产物采用X射线衍射,扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪进行表征.Bi₂O₃在CeO₂中的固溶限约为50%.所有固溶体结晶属立方萤石结构,粒度范围为10～18nm.当Bi₂O₃掺杂量小于固溶限时,于800℃烧结不会导致结构转变.而对于(CeO₂)_0.5(BiO_1.5)_0.5,于800℃在空气中烧结将导致固溶限降低.Bi₂O₃含量低于固溶限时,固溶体只具有体电导,而(CeO₂)_0.6(BiO_1.5)_0.4的总电导可分为体电导和晶界电导.体电导为氧离子,而晶界为来自电极的银离子.     

阴极支撑型固体氧化物燃料电池的制备与测试

采用固相反应法合成A缺位的(La_0.8Sr_0.2)_0.95MnO₃(LSM95)作为阴极材料,Zr_0.9Sc_0.1SO_1.95(SSZ)商业粉体作为电解质材料,溶胶-凝胶法合成的La_0.8Sr_0.2Cr_0.5Mn_0.5O₃-(LSCrM)作为阳极电催化材料,利用流延、共烧结及浸渍法得到结构为LSCrM-CeO₂|SSZ|3YSZ-LSM95的阴极支撑型固体氧化物燃料电池,分别在氢气气氛和甲烷气氛中进行电化学性能测试. 结果表明,浸渍0.11 g·cm ^-2 CeO₂的LSCrM-CeO₂|SSZ|3YSZ-LSM95单电池在以CH₄为燃料时,600、650、700、750和800 ^oC下的功率密度分别为1.68、4.70、12.40、28.08和54.78 mW·cm ^-2,表现出一定的电化学性能和较好的稳定性.     

稀土-二苯甲酰甲烷、邻菲咯啉固态配合物及其掺杂硅胶共发光效应的光声光谱研究

合成了Eu(Dbm)₃·Phen同核和Eu_0.8Ln_0.2(Dbm)₃·Phen(Ln:Er³⁺,Y³⁺)异核固体配合物微晶粉末及其掺杂的SiO2凝胶样品,在300～800nm范围内测定了其光声光谱.结果表明,配合物Eu_0.8Er_0.2(Dbm)₃·Phen,Eu(Dbm)₃·Phen和Eu_0.8Y_0.2(Dbm)₃·Phen配体吸收处的光声强度依次减弱;而Eu_0.8Y_0.2(Dbm)₃·Phen和Eu(Dbm)₃·Phen配合物掺杂的凝胶则情况相反.研究发现,光声强度与稀土配合物分子中能量传递过程相关,Er³⁺,Y³⁺离子的引入改变了三元配合物的弛豫过程,且配合物在粉末状态和凝胶状态的弛豫历程不尽相同.结合荧光光谱,从无辐射跃迁和辐射跃迁的角度分析了标题化合物在两种不同固体状态下的发光性质.     

新型ITSOFC复合电解质氧化铈-硫酸盐的制备和表征

制备了一种适用于中温固体氧化物燃料电池的新型两相复合电解质钐掺杂二氧化铈SDC-(Li/Na)₂SO₄. 使用XRD和SEM表征该复合电解质的物相结构和观察电解质片的截面形貌,交流阻抗法测量其400 ^oC ～ 700 ^oC的电导率. 结果表明,SDC-(Li/Na)₂SO₄由结晶相SDC和无定形相(Li/Na)₂SO₄组成. 在中温范围（500 ^oC ~ 700 ^oC）该复合电解质电导率比SDC显著增大并随温度升高呈三段变化：T<500 ^oC,表观离子传导活化能为1.28 eV;500 ^oC ～ 550 ^oC第二相硫酸盐融化,电导率激增;T≥550 ^oC,电导率又缓慢增加,活化能降为0.30 eV,与SDC和文献报道的SDC-(Li/Na)₂CO₃相比,其电导率均显著提高,如550 ^oC时SDC-(Li/Na)₂SO₄的电导率可达0.217 S·cm^-1,分别为SDC和SDC-(Li/Na)₂CO₃的25倍和3.2倍. 硫酸盐的熔融改变了离子在电解质中的传导机制,显著提高了SDC-(Li/Na)₂SO₄复合电解质的中温电导率.     

Co3(HCOO)6@rGO 作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究

MOFs材料作为一类新型的锂离子电池电极材料而受到广泛关注和研究. 作者通过溶液扩散法将Co₃(HCOO)₆原位负载在 rGO（还原氧化石墨烯）上制备出Co₃(HCOO)₆@rGO复合材料. 将Co₃(HCOO)₆@rGO作为锂离子电池负极材料,以500 mA·g^-1的电流密度恒电流充放电循环 100 周后,仍然保持有 926 mAh·g^-1 的比容量,亦表现出很好的倍率性能. 循环伏安和X-射线光电子能谱测试表明,Co₃(HCOO)₆@rGO材料上的Co²⁺和甲酸根在充放电过程中均发生可逆的电化学反应. 对比同样采用溶液扩散法合成的 Co₃(HCOO)₆ 的测试结果发现,rGO起到活化甲酸根的电化学反应的作用,同时也改善了Co₃(HCOO)₆的倍率性能. 将MOFs材料与rGO复合为优化 MOFs 材料的电池性能提供了一个新思路.     

单斜层状LiMn0.97Al0.03O2-x(PO4)x材料的合成及其电化学性能

以Na₂CO₃, (CH₃CO₂)₂Mn·4H₂O, Al₂O₃, Na₃PO₄·12H₂O和CH₃COOLi·2H₂O为原料, 通过2次高温固相法和一步水热离子交换法得到一系列铝和磷掺杂的LiMn_0.97Al_0.03O₂, LiMnO_1.99(PO₄)_0.01和LiMn_0.97Al_0.03O_2-x(PO₄)_x(x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05)化合物. 用X射线衍射(XRD)表征了前驱体及交换产物的晶体结构, 用扫描电镜(SEM) 测定了晶体的形貌. 通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶红外光谱及恒电流充放电测试, 研究了掺杂离子对合成材料结构及电化学性能的影响. 研究结果表明, Al-PO₄复合掺杂综合了Al³⁺掺杂提高材料的电化学反应活性和减低材料的电化学反应阻抗以及PO₄^3-掺杂增大材料的晶胞体积的特点, 提高材料中Li⁺的扩散能力, 有效地抑制了材料由于Jahn-Teller效应引起的结构畸变, 改性后的LiMnO₂正极材料既保持了较高的容量又获得了良好的电化学循环性能.     

Ce1-xGdxO2-x/2的溶胶-凝胶法合成及其性质

利用溶胶-凝胶法合成了Ce₁-xGdxO_2-x/2(x=0.1～0.6)系列固体电解质,系统地研究了其结构、热膨胀系数和导电性.XRD结果表明,160℃即完全形成立方萤石结构.由于溶胶-凝胶法合成的物质粒度均匀,颗粒小,故在较低温度(1300℃)时即可形成高致密样品,此温度明显低于传统的高温固相法烧结温度(1600～1650℃).高温X射线衍射测得Ce_0.8Gd_0.2O_1.9的热膨胀系数为8.125×10^-6K₁.阻抗谱表明,溶胶-凝胶法合成可减少或消除固体电解质的晶界电阻,600℃时Ce_0.8Gd_0.2O_1.9的电导率为5.26×10^-3S/cm,活化能E_a=0.82eV.     

微波辅助合成具有优异电化学性能的rGO/CeO2超级电容器电极材料

CeO₂具有良好的赝电容, 但有关碳/CeO₂复合材料的电化学性能有待改善. 本工作采用简单的微波辅助合成法, 将氧化石墨烯与Ce(NO₃)₃混合发生氧化还原反应, 获得还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)/CeO₂复合材料. 通过形貌观察, CeO₂以颗粒形式均匀分布在褶皱的rGO上, 且沿着rGO表面仿形生长; 纳米级CeO₂颗粒之间存在微小间隙. N₂吸/脱附测试结果表明, rGO/CeO₂具有大的比表面积和介孔孔径, 有益于与电解液充分接触. 通过电化学测试, rGO/CeO₂的比电容高达468 F•g^-1, 经过10000次充放电循环, 电容保持率高达107.3%. 优异的循环稳定性归因于大表面积的rGO与均匀薄层的CeO₂良好的协同效应减少了离子传输的阻力以及CeO₂颗粒之间微小的间隙, 缓解了Ce⁴⁺还原为Ce³⁺过程中发生的晶格膨胀. 将rGO/CeO₂组装成对称型超级电容器rGO/CeO₂||rGO/CeO₂获得的能量密度达18.16 Wh•kg^-1. rGO/CeO₂作为超级电容器电极材料具有广阔前景.     

CeO2/γ-Al2O3复合材料制备及其光催化性能研究

以Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O及Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O为原料,NH₄HCO₃为造孔剂,以沉淀法制备了具有介孔结构的CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃光催化材料。研究了不同NH₄∶Al及Ce∶Al摩尔比等条件下制备CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃样品的光催化性能。结果表明,所制备CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃复合材料具有优异的光催化性能,最佳NH₄∶Al及Ce∶Al摩尔比分别为1及0.2,该条件下制备的样品BET比表面积为94.4642 m²·g^-1,孔径为5.8565 nm,对亚甲基蓝(MB)的光催化降解率可达93.59%,动力学常数k为0.0218 m...     

锆掺杂以提升LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2正极材料的高温电化学性能

为解决LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂正极材料在高温下循环性能差的问题,本文通过固相法对材料进行锆掺杂改性,研究了不同掺杂量对LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂晶体结构和电化学性能的影响。研究表明,当锆掺杂量为1% (x)时,可以降低LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂结构中的Li⁺/Ni²⁺离子混排,有助于材料电化学性能的提高,尤其是高温循环性能。在25 ℃、3.0-4.3 V下, Li(Ni_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3)_0.99Zr_0.01O₂在1C循环95次后容量保持率为92.13%,优于未掺杂样品(87.61%)。在55 ℃下, Li(Ni_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3)_0.99Zr_0.01O₂在1C循环115次后容量保持率仍有82.96%,远高于未掺杂样品(67.63%)。因此,少量锆掺杂对提升LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂的高温循环性能有积极作用。     

M/(MgO)y(CeO2)1－y(M=Ni、Co、Cu)催化剂的催化甲烷燃烧性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了M/(MgO)_y(CeO2)_1－y(M=Ni、Co、Cu)催化剂. 研究了催化剂Ni/(MgO)y(CeO₂)_1－y催化活性与Ce含量的关系, 当y＝0.9时, 催化剂的活性和稳定性最好. 对比研究了(MgO)_0.9(CeO2)_0.1为载体, 负载Ni、Co、Cu活性组分的催化剂催化甲烷燃烧性能. 结果表明, 负载Cu的催化剂活性最好, 但二次评价后催化剂已烧结；负载Ni的催化剂活性与负载Cu的催化剂相差不大, 且稳定性最好, 经1000 ℃焙烧的Ni/(MgO)_0.9(CeO2)_0.1催化剂比表面仍有14.32 m₂•g^－1, 具有较高的催化活性和很好的热稳定性；负载Co的催化剂活性不如前两者, 稳定性居中, 但比表面降低得最少, 抗烧结能力强.     

Influence of NaCl on Cathode Performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Degradation induced by sodium chloride in air was investigated for (La_0.8Sr_0.2)_0.98MnO₃(LSM) and La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe_0.8O₃(LSCF) cathodes in solid oxide fuel cells(SOFC). Cell performance was measured by volatilizing NaCl to be supplied to the cathode at a constant current density of 200 mA/cm² for up to 100 h. At 800 ℃, an exposure of the cathode to 30 mg/L NaCl caused negligible degradation of LSM at least for 100 h. Slight change in the composition of the cathode materials was observed which may imply the gradual degradation of cell performance for the long-term. In addition, cell performance degradation was compared between 700 ℃ and 900 ℃, being poisoned by 30 mg/L NaCl. Degradation was negligible for LSM cathode, while LSCF cathode showed slightly poor tolerance at 700 ℃ due to the decomposition of the cathode material. Further studies should be done to clarify the long-term influence of NaCl on cathode performance.     

Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Cobalt-free Cathode Material Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe0.9Nb0.1O3-δ for Intermediate-temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Perovskite oxide Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe0.9Nb0.1O3-δ（BSFN） as a cobalt-free cathode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells（IT-SOFCs） on the Ce0.5Sm0.2O1.9（SDC） and La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.23O3-δ（LSGM） electrolytes was prepared and investigated. The single phase BSFN oxide with a cubic perovskite structure and relatively high elec- trical conductivities was obtained after sintering at 1250℃ for 10 h in air. The BSFN cathode exhibited excellent chemical stability on the SDC and LSGM electrolytes at temperatures below 950 ℃. The area specific resistance of the BSFN cathode on the SDC and LSGM electrolytes were 0.024 and 0.021 Ω·cm2 at 800℃, respectively. The maximum power densities of the single cell with BSFN cathode in 300 μm-thick SDC and LSGM electrolytes achieved 414 and 516 mW/cm2 at 800℃, respectively. These results show that the BSFN material is a promising co- bait-free cathode candidate to be used in IT-SOFCs. A combination of the BSFN cathode and LSGM electrolyte is preferred owing to its excellent electrochemical performance.     

负载型钙钛矿催化氧化NO及抗SO_2性能研究

采用柠檬酸络合浸渍法制备了负载型钙钛矿氧化物La1-xCexCoO3/CeO2(x=0~0.3)催化剂,考察了不同Ce掺杂量对其催化氧化NO和抗硫性能的影响,并运用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、氮气物理吸附、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、氧气程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的活性与其比表面积大小和氧化还原性质密切相关;其中,负载型钙钛矿La0.8Ce0.2CoO3/CeO2催化剂在300℃时催化氧化NO的转化率达78%。在添加CeO2作载体后,不仅改善了非负载性钙钛矿的低温活性,而且抗硫性能也显著提高。     

Effects of MoO3 Amounts on Sintering and Electrical Properties of Ce0.8Nd0.2O1.9

The high purity (Ce_0.8Nd_0.2O_1.9)_1-x(MoO₃)_x(x=0, 0.005, 0.010, 0.020; Ce_0.8Nd_0.2O_1.9=NDC) solid solutions were prepared by modified sol-gel method. The structures and electric conductivities were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy( EIS). The XRD results show that the materials were pure phase with a cubic fluorite structure. Compared to the undoped-NDC samples, MoO3 doped-NDC showed higher sintered density(over 96%) at reduced sintering temperature. The electric conductivity(σ_t) of (Ce_0.8Nd_0.2O_1.9)_1-x(MoO₃)_x at 400 ℃ was 9.58×10^–4 S/cm when x=0.010, which was higher than that of undoped-NDC samples(σ_t=3.29×10^–4 S/cm). The obtained optimal amount of the MoO₃ was x=0.010 in this system.     

纳米MgO掺杂改善LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2正极材料

将氢氧化物共沉淀法制备的(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)（OH）₂在500℃热处理5 h得到具有尖晶石结构、纳米尺寸的氧化物M₃O₄(M=Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3).将其与LiOH及不同量的纳米MgO混合均匀,并在850℃热处理24 h制备了Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)_1/xMg_xO₂（x=0,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05）正极村料.随着Mg掺杂量的增大,正极材料的晶胞参数增大;少量的Mg掺杂增大了锂离子的扩散系数,而过度掺杂却使锂离子扩散系数有所降低,其中Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)_0.98Mg_0.02O₂的锂离子扩散系数最大,其脱出和嵌入扩散系数分别为D_Li-dein=29.20×10^-11cm²·S^-1和D_Li-in=4.760×10^-11cm²·s^-1;其以3C倍率充放电的平均放电比容量为139.3 mAh·g^-1,比未掺杂的原粉约高9.5 mAh·g^-1;另外其循环性能也得到了大幅度改善.     

CeO2/RP-PSCFM@CoFe阳极材料用于质子导体乙烷燃料电池共生乙烯和电能

The continuous consumption and excessive use of fossil fuels promote the exploration of new energy conversion technologies. Meanwhile, the increase in the supply of ethane encourages the development of industrial technology for the production of ethylene chemical raw materials. Compared with traditional fossil fuel energy conversion equipment, solid oxide ethane cogeneration fuel cells are an efficient energy processing device. Through selective oxidation of fuel gas on the anode, the endothermic process of ethane dehydrogenation is converted into an exothermic oxidation reaction, which has a greater driving force for reaction thermodynamics, and simultaneously produces clean electricity and value-added chemicals without CO₂ emissions. The anode material used for the proton conductor ethane fuel cells needs to operate stably and efficiently under hydrocarbon fuel. Consequently, excellent catalytic activity, low polarization resistance, and anti-coking stability are essential. In this work, CeO₂ was uniformly impregnated into the surface of the porous cubic perovskite Pr_0.4Sr_0.6Co_0.2Fe_0.7Mo_0.1O_3−δ anode by wet impregnation, and then calcined and reduced to obtain a CeO₂/RP-PSCFM@CoFe composite anode embedded with nanoparticles, which was successfully used in electrolyte-supported proton conductor fuel cells. CeO₂ has a high ionic conductivity and transport capacity, which accelerates the transfer rate of protons on the anode and improves the catalytic reaction and transport process. Moreover, uniformly dispersed CeO₂ can effectively increase the three-phase interface of the anode reaction and increase the range of reaction activity. The peak power densities before and after wet impregnation reached 172 and 253 mW·cm⁻², respectively, at 750 ℃. When switching to ethane as the fuel, the peak power densities reached 136 and 183 mW·cm⁻², respectively. The polarization resistance of the impregnated single cell was significantly reduced, and the catalytic activity improved. Moreover, there was no attenuation for 10 h in the long-term test. Inversely, the current density increased with the continuous reduction of the composite anode. Product analysis revealed that the yield of ethylene increased from 23.52% at 650 ℃ to 34.09% at 750 ℃, and the ethylene selectivity exceeded 94%. These results clearly show that the impregnated anode exhibited excellent catalytic activity and anti-coking ability in hydrocarbon fuels at high temperatures. Combining CoFe nanoparticles with CeO₂ enhanced the electronic conductance and ionic conductance of the electrode, improved the transmission of electric energy and the efficient conversion of chemicals, thus successfully producing the cogeneration of electric energy and ethylene.     

高功率镍氢电池La1-xMgx(NiCoAl)3.6金属氢化物电极的电化学性能研究

MH-Ni电池具有电化学比能量高、耐过充/放电性能好、无记忆效应和环境友好等优点而得到广泛应用.金属氢化物电极是MH-Ni电池的核心材料,其研究工作主要集中在稀土AB₅系、钛系、锆系和镁基等合金作为MH-Ni电池金属氢化物电极方面.但这些体系合金的电化学容量低.