活性炭固载磷钨酸催化合成丙酸丙酯

用活性碳固载磷钨酸催化剂合成了丙酸丙酯，考察了磷钨酸固载量、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间、带水剂用量对酯化反应的影响。在优化条件(催化固载量30．0％、催化剂用量2．5g/0．2mol丙酸、醇酸摩尔比1．2：1、反应温度110--116℃、反应时问2．51h、带水剂环己烷用量10mL下反应，丙酸丙酯收率为95．8％，催化剂可重复使用。     

癸二酸二辛酯非酸性催化合成

以癸二酸与２－乙基己醇为原料，铝酸盐为催化剂，合成了癸二酸二辛酯。考察了影响合成收率的各种因素。在醇酸摩尔比为２．５∶１、催化剂用量为０．０４～０．０５％、反应温度２２０～２３０℃及反应时间２．５ｈ的最佳条件下，产品收率＞９８％。     

丙烯酸十八酯的合成新方法

以十八醇和丙烯酸为原料,在不加带水剂的条件下合成了丙烯酸十八酯。用正交实验确定了最佳合成工艺：十八醇108g(0．4mol),n(十八醇)：n(丙烯酸)=1．0：1．2,对甲苯磺酸1．0％(催化剂,以醇酸总质量计),对苯二酚0．7％(阻聚剂,以醇酸总质量计),反应温度135℃,反应时间6h,酯化率在92％以上。产物结构经元素分析,IR和^1H NMR表征。     

KI催化酯交换合成碳酸二正辛酯的研究

研究了碳酸二甲酯与正辛醇酯交换合成碳酸二正辛酯（DOC）的反应，比较了卤化钾与系列碳酸钾复合催化剂的性能，考察了物料配比、反应温度、反应时间诸因素对该反应的影响，得出了该反应的最佳工艺条件．结果表明，KI具有较好的催化活性和选择性；在最佳反应条件（常压、反应温度140℃、反应时间为4h、n（DMC）：n（n-OctOH）=1：4、催化剂用量为总重1．25％。）下，DMC的转化率为83．7％，DOC的收率为70．0％，DOC的选择性为83．7％，甲基辛基碳酸酯（MOC）的收率为13．7％．     

金属醋酸盐催化合成聚丁二酸乙二醇酯预聚体和碳酸二甲酯

研究了醋酸盐催化碳酸乙烯酯（EC）和丁二酸二甲酯（DS）同时合成聚丁二酸乙二醇酯 (PES) 预聚体和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的耦合反应新工艺。 采用气相色谱-质谱联用定性分析馏分组成;红外光谱、核磁共振表征了预聚物的结构;采用乌式粘度计测试了预聚物的特性粘数;气相色谱定量测定馏分碳酸二甲酯的收率以考察耦合反应的进度。 以对该反应催化效果最佳的无水醋酸锂为催化剂考察了物料配比、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量对耦合反应的影响,结果表明,最佳的工艺条件为：反应温度195～200 ℃,n(EC)∶n(DS)=2∶1,n(cat)∶n(EC+DS)=0.02∶1,反应时间为2 h,耦合反应所得的DMC收率为48.0%,聚丁二酸乙二醇酯预聚物的特性粘数为0.3787。     

环保增塑剂柠檬酸三(2-乙基)己酯的合成

以柠檬酸和2-乙基己醇为原料,用结晶硫酸高铈为催化剂合成环保增塑剂柠檬酸三(2-乙基)己酯,考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间等因素对反应结果的影响,对合成的产品进行了红外光谱分析。实验结果表明,硫酸高铈催化合成柠檬酸三(2-乙基)己酯的最佳反应条件为n(2-乙基已醇)∶n(柠檬酸)=3.60∶1,催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的1.5%,反应时间为90 m in,反应温度为150℃~160℃,在最佳反应条件下,柠檬酸三(2-乙基)己酯收率在98%以上。     

稀土复合氧化物催化合成丙交酯的研究

以新型稀土La—Ti复合氧化物作为催化剂，催化乳酸合成丙交酯，考察了催化剂对反应体系粘度、丙交酯产率、反应时间、反应温度的影响，获得了较佳的反应工艺条件：减压下，70～90℃脱自由水1．5h；随后加入催化剂，用量为乳酸重量的0．8％，缓慢升温到120～140℃进行缩聚反应3～4h；再在170～260℃，保持升温速率为4℃／10min进行裂解，产物纯度和结构分别由Thiele管和红外光谱进行测定，丙交酯粗产率达88．5％，纯产率为40．2％，表明该催化剂具有良好的催化性能。     

固体酸ZrO2-Ce2O3／SO4^2-催化合成丙二酸二丁酯

以含铈固体超强酸ZrO2-Ce2O3／SO4^2-为催化剂，丙二酸和正丁醇为原料合成了丙二酸二丁酯。最佳反应条件为：催化剂活化温度500℃，丙二酸100mmol，n(酸)：n(醇)=1．0：2．5，催化剂用量1g,反应时间2h，酯化率达95．8％。结果表明，加入铈有助于提高固体超强酸的使用寿命。     

四丁基二锡氧烷催化合成碳酸二酯类化合物的新方法

 以四丁基二锡氧烷为催化剂，通过尿素的醇解反应，合成了四种\r\n高沸点碳酸二酯化合物．研究结果表明，尿素的第一步醇解反应较易进\r\n行，产物收率大于60％；第二步从氨基甲酸酯醇解变为碳酸二酯的反应\r\n较难进行．尿素醇解反应与所用的醇有密切的关系，其中尿素与苯甲醇\r\n醇解为碳酸二酯的反应最易进行，正己醇次之，而正辛醇反应最难进行\r\n．提高反应温度到195℃，以官能团为NCS的四丁基二锡氧烷代替官能团\r\n为Cl的四丁基二锡氧烷为催化剂时，适当提高醇的配比，尿素与正辛醇\r\n醇解为碳酸二酯的产物收率有较大的提高．提出了尿素醇解反应的可能\r\n机理．     

TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化合成苹果酯

以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40/TiO2为多相催化剂，通过乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙二醇反应合成了苹果酯，探讨TiSiW12O40/TiO2对缩酮反应的催化活性，较系统地研究了原料量比，催化剂肜量，反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响，实验表明：TiSiW12O40/TiO2是合成苹果酯的良好催化剂，在n(乙酰乙酸乙酯）：n(乙二醇）＝1：1．5，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1．0％，环己烷为带水剂，反应时间50min的优化条件下，苹果酯的收率可达84．1％。     

Kinetics of polyesterification. II. Foreign acid-catalyzed dibasic acid and glycol systems

Polyesterification of diacid and diol in the presence of the foreign acid p-toluene sulfonic acid as catalyst was carried out under constant reaction temperatures of 140–166°C (rather than at the usual constant oil-bath temperature) and at molar ratios r of diol to diacid of 1.2–3.5. The experimental data obtained do not fit conventional rate equations as they appear in the literature. On the basis of ion pair formation, consideration of proton transfer from acid to alcohol, variation in dielectric constant of the reaction mixture as conversion increases, and inclusion of reverse reaction due to presence of unremoved water, we proposed a reaction mechanism and rate equations. The rate equation fitted our experimental data quite well. In addition the self-catalysis (absence of foreign acid) also showed promise, as confirmed by the experimental data measured under constant reaction temperatures, which appear in Part I.     

Synthesis of cyclic oligo(ethylene adipate)s and their melt polymerization to poly(ethylene adipate)

We present here the first synthesis of cyclic oligo(ethylene adipate)s(COEAs) via pseudo-high dilution condensation reaction of adipoyl chloride with ethylene glycol, and the synthesis of corresponding poly(ethylene adipate)(PEA) via the melt polymerization of COEAs. The structure of COEAs was characterized and proved by 1H-NMR and MALDI-TOF mass measurements. The effects of organic base, reaction temperature and the ratio of adipoyl chloride to ethylene glycol on the yield of COEAs were studied, and the optimum reaction condition was revealed. PEA, a diacid and diol based semi-crystalline green aliphatic polyester, was synthesized by the melt polymerization of COEAs using Ti(n-C4H9O)4 as catalyst and 1,10-decanediol as initiator at 200 °C, which follows the polycondensation-coupling ringopening polymerization method. Our strategy should be applicable to the synthesis of versatile aliphatic polyesters based on diacid and diol monomers, which have potential applications as biocompatible and biodegradable materials.     

Kinetics of polyesterification. I. Dibasic acid and glycol systems

Polyesterification of diacid and diol in the absence of foreign acid is carried out under constant reaction temperatures from 140 to 180°C (rather than under constant oil bath temperature as is usually done) and molar ratios r of diol to diacid from 1 to 3.55. The experimental data obtained cannot fit conventional rate equations as they appear in the literature. Based on ion pair formation and considering additional proton transfer from acid to alcohol, we propose a reaction mechanism and rate equations. The rate equation is found to fit our experimental data very well except for r = 1. At r = 1, the kinetic plot shows two straight lines rather than one as predicted. This is attributed to unremoved water due to the higher molecular weight (and therefore higher viscosity) at r = 1 which causes a reverse reaction and slower apparent reaction rate.     

Esterification of palmitic acid with epichlorohydrin on anion exchange resin catalyst

The esterification reaction of palmitic acid with epichlorohydrin catalyzed by an anionic macroporous resin was studied. Purolite A-500 resin proved to be a very effective catalyst in the synthesis of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl palmitate. The effects of certain parameters such as speed of agitation, catalyst particle size, catalyst loading, temperature, initial molar ratio between reactants on the rate of reaction were studied. It was found that the overall rate is intrinsically kinetically controlled. The structure of synthesized ester was confirmed by FTIR and ¹H NMR analyses.      

纳米固体酸催化合成无毒增塑剂柠檬酸三辛酯的研究

以柠檬酸和正辛醇为原料,采用自制的纳米固体酸S04^2-／SnO2、SO4^2-／ZrO2、SO4^2-／TiO2及SO4^2-／Fe2O3催化剂合成无毒增塑剂柠檬酸三辛酯（trioctylcitrate,TOC）。分别考察了纳米催化剂种类、催化剂用量、醇／酸物质的量比、反应时间、反应温度等因素对合成TOC反应酯化率的影响,对合成的产品进行红外光谱分析。实验结果表明,自制的固体酸SO4^2-／SnO2催化合成无毒增塑剂柠檬酸三辛酯的最佳反应条件：催化剂用量为1．0g,酸醇比为1：6.3,反应时间1．0h,反应温度190℃。在最佳反应条件下,柠檬酸三辛酯的酯化率可达到98．5％。     

Effects of Zr/Ti molar ratio in SO42-/ZrO2-TiO2 calcined at different temperatures on its surface properties and glucose reactivity in near-critical methanol

Effects of Zr/Ti molar ratio in SO42-/ZrO2-TiO2 solid acid catalyst calcined at different temperatures on its surface properties and catalytic activity were thoroughly investigated in this paper. The physicochemical characteristics of prepared samples were determined by N2 adsorptiondesorption, XRD, NH3-TPD and XPS techniques, respectively. It was found that the crystallization temperature of the samples increased after the combination of ZrO2 and TiO2; and phase transformations from the anatase to the rutile of TiO2 species and the tetragonal to the monoclinic of ZrO2 species were effectively suppressed at higher temperature. The sample with a Zr/Ti molar ratio of 3/1 calcined at 450℃ showed the highest surface area and the most acid sites among all the tested samples. The acid site densities of samples were relatively closed to each other if they were calcined at the same temperature, however, decreased with the calcination temperature. The result indicates that the sulfur content in samples is a crucial factor to control the acid site density. Calcining the sample at 650℃ and higher temperatures resulted in a significant desorption of sulfate ion on the samples. The synthesized samples were evaluated as a potential catalyst for glucose conversion under the near-critical methanol conditions (200℃/4 MPa). The results suggested that the relatively weaker acid sites of the catalyst were more favorable for the accumulation of methyl glucosides, while the moderate acid sites were responsible for the formation of methyl levulinate. The catalytic activity for methyl levulinate production almost increases linearly with the catalyst acid site density. The catalyst deactivation is due to the loss of sulfate ion and the two catalysts with Zr/Ti molar ratios of 3/1 and 1/3 could effectively alleviate the deactivation caused by sulfate solution in the reaction medium and can be reused after calcination with the reuse rate of over 90% in terms of the methyl levulinate selectivity.     

有机相酶催化转酯化反应拆分西酞普兰中间体

利用脂肪酶催化的不对称转酯反应成功远程拆分具有季碳手性中心的西酞普兰中间体4-[4-(二甲基氨基)-1-(4’-氟苯基)-1-羟基丁基]-3-(羟基甲基)苄腈(1). 以乙酸乙烯酯作为酰基供体, 通过筛选酶和溶剂, 确定最佳脂肪酶及溶剂分别为Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435)和乙腈; 并在该反应体系中考察了反应温度、二醇1与酰基供体的比例、酶浓度和摇床转速等对反应的影响, 确定优化的反应条件为: 温度30 ℃, 二醇1与酰基供体的物质的量比为1∶5, 酶浓度为10 mg/mL, 摇床转速200 r/min. 分别考察二醇1浓度为60和180 mmol/L的反应情况, 均具有较高的选择性和反应速度. 实验结果表明酶能够多次重复利用.     

Pyrimidine based carboxylic acid terminated aromatic and semiaromatic hyperbranched polyamide-esters: synthesis and characterization

Carboxylic acid terminated aromatic and semiaromatic hyperbranched polyamide-esters (HBPAEs) containing pyrimidine moieties were prepared by polycondensation of 4-hydroxy-2,6-diaminopyrimidine (CBB′) to a double molar ratio of various diacid chlorides (A₂) without any catalyst. The products were soluble in organic solvents, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and displayed glass transition temperature (T_g) between 180 and 244 °C. The polymerization products have been investigated with FTIR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR analyses and the degree of branching was higher than 60%. Amorphous polymers had inherent viscosity (η_inh) ranging between 0.21-0.28 dL/g and had excellent thermal stability with 10% weight loss at 346-508 °C.     

固体超强酸ZrO_2/S_2O_8~(2-)催化合成乙酸正己酯

以固体超强酸ZrO2/S2O2-8为催化剂,乙酸和正己醇为原料合成了乙酸正己酯,考察了反应条件对酯化率的影响.结果表明,最佳反应条件为:醇酸摩尔比1.4,催化剂用量0.5g(当乙酸用量为0.1mol时),带水剂苯15mL,在110～118℃反应1.5h,其酯化率达92%以上.该方法的优点是酯化率高,催化剂可重复使用且基本不腐蚀设备.     

Preparation of sulfonyl aromatic polyamides and copolyamides by means of di- or triphenyl phosphite

High molecular-weight aromatic polyamides were obtained by the direct polycondensation reaction of 4,4′-sulfonyldibenzoic acid (SDA) with various aromatic diamines, by means of di- (DPP) or triphenyl phosphite (TPP) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)-pyridine solution containing metal salts such as LiCl and CaCl₂. The factors affecting the phosphorylation reaction were investigated, in particular for the reaction of SDA and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA). For the polymerization by means of TPP, the optimum conditions are: molar ratio of TPP to diacid, higher than 2.3; concentration of metal salts, 8 wt % LiCl or 6 wt % CaCl₂; reaction temperature, 100°C; and monomer concentration, 0.4 mol/L. For the polymerization by means of DPP, the optimum conditions are: molar ratio of DPP to diacid, higher than 3.8; concentration of metal salts of 8 wt % LiCl or 10 wt % CaCl₂; reaction temperature, 110°C; and monomer concentration, 0.4 mol/L. Copolyamides were also prepared from the reaction of ODA with the mixed diacids of SDA and other dicarboxylic acids such as terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid by using TPP and DPP as the condensing agents.