尿素甲醛聚合反应中的沉淀现象

首次研究了尿素甲醛聚合反应中的沉淀现象以及不同反应条件对沉淀产物半结晶结构特征的影响. 定量分析结果显示以尿素甲醛物质的量之比1.0∶1.0为基础, 增加甲醛用量沉淀产物质量减少, 但当增加尿素用量时沉淀质量为一定值. 根据聚合产物线型结构对应的反应计算, 沉淀产物收率接近100%. 改变体系酸性和反应物总量等条件也可得到类似的定量反应结果. 沉淀产物中特征官能团的伸缩振动光谱随着反应条件的变化而变化. 当增加甲醛用量时, 官能团振动吸收强度明显减弱; 增加尿素用量时吸收强度略有增加. 改变体系酸性和反应物总量同样可对产物的振动光谱产生影响. 这种吸收强度的变化与XRD表征所得样品结晶性变化规律完全一致, 这表明尿素甲醛聚合反应中的沉淀现象是一种线型分子之间氢键相互作用引起的半结晶聚积过程.     

硫脲甲醛聚合反应中的半结晶沉淀现象

首次报道了硫脲甲醛聚合反应中的半结晶沉淀现象.定量分析结果显示硫脲甲醛之间的聚合反应接近一种线性交替共聚反应过程.红外光谱的结果证明不同硫脲甲醛物质的量比反应条件下产物中始终存在较强的N—H特征振动吸收峰(v=3311cm-1,δ=1541cm-1).当甲醛用量较高和硫脲用量增加时分别在1008和1137cm-1处检测到较强的C—O—C和C=S伸缩振动吸收峰.结合XRD和核磁共振分析结果推测:硫脲甲醛聚合产物中存在着一种氢键导向型结晶结构;分子中含有醚键的聚合产物因具有复杂的氢键作用没有结晶性.扫描电镜分析显示较高硫脲用量反应条件下生成了层状半结晶碎片产物,而高甲醛比例条件得到的产物为细小的层状碎片交联聚集成的球形粒子.     

尿素加入量对水热合成法制备Mn取代六铝酸盐催化剂的影响

采用以尿素水解为基础的水热合成法制备了Mn取代的镧六铝酸盐催化剂.研究了尿素加入量对所制备催化剂的化学组成、相结构、孔结构及甲烷催化燃烧活性的影响.n(尿素)/n(M⁺)(其中M⁺为带单位正电荷的金属离子)为1.0时,Mn²⁺离子沉淀不完全,所得催化剂甲烷催化燃烧活性较低.n(尿素)/n(M⁺)增加到2.0时,Mn²⁺离子沉淀完全,催化剂中六铝酸盐相增加,平均孔直径增大,甲烷催化燃烧活性提高.n(尿素)/n(M⁺)再增加至4.0时,比表面积降低,六铝酸盐相减少,平均孔直径降低,甲烷催化燃烧活性下降.n(尿素)/n(M⁺)为2.0时,所制备的催化剂在780℃及反应生成水蒸汽下运行100h,催化剂比表面积及甲烷燃烧活性都保持稳定.     

新型非线性光学杂化材料结构与性能的研究

由硅烷染料ASD与钛酸四正丁酯在酸性条件下共水解、缩合得到杂化材料,利用透射电镜(TEM)和X射线能量色散谱仪(EDS)进行分析,结果表明,杂化溶胶粒子是由硅和钛的化合物组成的球形纳米粒子.由一维刚性取向气体模型计算杂化材料膜再极化后的二阶非线性光学系数χ⁽²⁾为1.43×10^-7esu.差示扫描量热法(DSC)测得杂化材料的玻璃化温度可达469K;用紫外-可见光谱对杂化膜在极化前后的取向及取向稳定性进行了研究.用原子力显微镜(AFM)和X射线衍射(XRD)研究了材料在极化过程中的结晶行为和微观结构对生色团取向稳定性的影响,初次在这种极化后的膜中观察到了介观结构.     

乙二醛存在时脲醛树脂的控制性聚合现象

考察了乙二醛存在时脲醛树脂的控制性聚合现象.聚合微球的粒径分散在1.0～14μm之间,但当乙二醛存在时粒径集中在6.5～9.0μm;控制乙二醛的用量和比例可以调整所得微球的大小、改善微球的形貌和均匀性.添加乙二醛或增加乙二醛的比例能大幅延长沉淀反应的诱导期(延长25%以上);红外分析以及XRD分析结果证明醛基总量或甲醛比例的增加都可减小聚合产物的结晶性特征;乙二醛的存在调整了脲醛树脂的成核过程或初级粒子的生长速度,推测乙二醛覆盖了聚合物的表面或表面活性位,限制了尿素甲醛的扩散反应过程.乙二醛存在时杂化过程所得氧化硅微球的粒径仅为杂化微球的20%,分析结果推测杂化微球中存在氧化硅的径向含量梯度,这种梯度是氧化硅纳米粒子的杂化和脲醛树脂的聚合速度差异造成的.     

特定条件下的定向ZnO纳米棒的制备及表征

采用改进的溶胶凝胶和化学溶液生长两步法, 并控制特定条件在镀银载玻片上制备出定向ZnO纳米棒. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、选区电子衍射(SAED)、能谱(EDS)及傅里叶红外吸收光谱(FTIR)对纳米棒的表面形貌、结构、组分进行分析. XRD和SEM结果表明该ZnO纳米棒具有六角纤锌矿结构, 结晶质量良好, 垂直衬底生长. TEM和SAED结果表明该ZnO纳米棒形状规则, 为单晶结构. FTIR谱中的位于418 和541 cm^－1的吸收峰对应于棒状ZnO结构的伸缩振动吸收峰, 1384 和1636 cm^－1对应于六方纤锌矿ZnO晶体的Zn—O伸缩振动吸收峰. 利用负离子配位四面体生长理论初步解释ZnO纳米棒的生长过程.     

具有不对称孔道结构的小介孔二氧化硅粒子的合成及其高分子杂化膜的构建

利用手性阴离子酸表面活性剂, 采用软模板法制备了具有不对称孔道结构的小介孔二氧化硅(SiO₂)粒子. 将小介孔SiO₂粒子引入聚偏四氟乙烯(PVDF)和聚酰亚胺(PI)中构建了两种有机/无机杂化膜. 利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和比表面积分析等表征了小介孔SiO₂粒子和有机/无机杂化膜的微结构, 并通过超滤实验和气体渗透实验分别考察两种杂化膜的性能. 研究结果表明, 表面含有大量亲水基团的小介孔SiO₂粒子具有规则有序排列的孔道结构, 该孔道结构呈现螺旋扭曲和不对称性. 构建的两种有机/无机杂化膜的极性显著提升, 进而有效增强了PVDF杂化膜的膜通量和抗污染性能及PI杂化膜对CO₂气体的分离性能, 克服了高分子膜的博弈效应(Trade-off效应). 另外, SiO₂的小介孔孔道还可以在PI杂化膜中引入优先通过CO₂分子的限域传质通道, 加速了CO₂气体在杂化膜中扩散. 但过多小介孔SiO₂粒子的加入导致其在高分子基质中团聚, 削弱杂化膜的极性和亲水性, 从而降低了两种杂化膜的分离性能.     

乙二胺和聚乙二醇在纳米介孔氧化铝制备中的协同导向作用

以无机铝盐Al(NO₃)₃为原料, 以乙二胺和聚乙二醇为协同模板导向剂, 与氨水反应, 经过“沉淀-超声-煅烧”等过程, 制得介孔纳米氧化铝. 用TEM, XRD, N₂吸附-脱附等测试技术对样品进行了测试和表征. 研究结果表明, 所得样品具有相当高的比表面积(510 m²•g^－1)、较大孔容(1.13 cm³•g^－1)和较为集中的孔径(5.8 nm)分布. 根据乙二胺和氧化铝表面的溶液化学反应及在不同pH条件下的溶液组分分布, 探讨了它们在介孔氧化铝制备过程中的协同模板作用机理.     

纳米CeO2/聚苯乙烯杂化材料的制备及表征

用反相胶束微乳液法制备了纳米CeO2/聚苯乙烯杂化材料 .XRD分析表明,纳米CeO2/聚苯乙烯杂化材料中,CeO2是无定形粒子.XPS分析表明,杂化材料并非简单的物理混合,CeO2纳米粒子与有机物之间存在着一定强度的化学键.FTIR分析表明,CeO2粒子的吸收存在蓝移现象.     

沉淀剂对镍基甲烷化催化剂性能的影响

利用尿素、碳酸铵、氨水三种沉淀剂制备了不同的镍基甲烷化催化剂,考察了沉淀条件对催化剂性能的影响。通过XRD、H₂-TPR、BET、TPO等方法对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,使用不同沉淀剂所得催化剂性能各不相同。采用尿素沉淀剂,颗粒的比表面积达到了223.55m²/g,具有较稳定的催化活性;碳酸铵沉淀颗粒粒径较大,分散也不够均匀,催化剂更容易积炭;氨水沉淀制备的催化剂粒径小,与载体结合性强,高温下活性组分易于流失。分析认为,沉淀剂影响了催化剂前驱体的形态和结构,造成了分散度、晶相结构、对氢的吸附性质以及抗积炭性等多方面的差异,表现出甲烷化反应活性和稳定性的不同。     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠改性的尿素和甲醛聚合杂化法合成氧化硅微球

本文在存在十二烷基苯磺酸钠时利用正硅酸乙酯水解液中尿素和甲醛的结晶性聚合反应合成得到了氧化硅微球。首次考察了尿素和甲醛的物质的量比、尿素和甲醛的总用量、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)用量、酸用量、以及十二烷基苯磺酸钠用量对所得氧化硅微球结构和形貌特征的影响。适当选择这些用量范围可以得到结构稳定、分散均匀的氧化硅微球。在微球生长中尿素和甲醛的量不足时,其突出的结晶性聚合与氧化硅杂化反应进程相互影响,导致了氧化硅微球核壳结构的形成。酸用量增加使氧化硅微球的孔径分布从复杂的双峰转变成均匀的单峰。表面活性剂的使用使氧化硅微球的孔分布从0～80 nm范围内的连续分布转化成单一分布。这些结果对正硅酸乙酯水解液直接合成氧化硅微球方法的推广和应用具有重要指导意义。     

疏水介孔二氧化硅膜的制备与表征

用甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)代替部分正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)作为前驱体，以聚乙烯醚-聚丙烯醚-聚乙烯醚三嵌段共聚物(P123)作有机模板剂，通过共水解缩聚反应制备了甲基修饰的介孔SiO₂膜。利用N₂吸附、FTIR、²⁹Si MAS NMR以及接触角测量仪对膜的孔结构和疏水性进行了表征。结果表明，修饰后的膜材料具有良好的介孔结构，最可几孔径为4.65 nm，孔体积为0.69 cm³·g^-1，比表面积为938.4 m²·g^-1；同时疏水性明显提高，当n_MTES/n_TEOS达到1.0时，其对水的接触角达到109°± 1.1°。气体渗透实验表明气体通过膜孔的扩散由努森机制所控制。     

苄基磺酸接枝MCM-41介孔分子筛的合成与表征

在采用溶胶-凝胶法合成纯硅MCM-41基础上，经过两步后合成处理，在纯硅MCM-41上接枝苄基磺酸，并通过X射线衍射、低温氮气吸附、红外光谱、元素分析、热重分析和酸度滴定，对所得样品进行了表征。结果表明，经过苯甲醇、氯磺酸两步接枝处理，苄基及磺酸成功地接入MCM-41上，并保持MCM-41的介孔结构，接枝后的磺酸型MCM-41比表面积和孔容均减小，分别为 976 m²·g^-1和0.42 cm³·g^-1，酸量为4.2 mmol·g^-1。     

Preparation of Tin Oxide-Based Metal Oxide Particles

Tin oxide-doped hybrid particles were prepared by a wet chemical process with organic-inorganic (phenyl/silica) hybrid particles in an alcoholic solution. The phenyl/silica hybrid particles, with a diameter of ca. 790 nm were used as a new support material for tin oxide (SnO₂) particles from tin(IV) chloride. The surface of the particles was modified via nitration of aromatic groups in the particles, to promote formation of the tin oxide coating on the particles. The thickness and surface morphology of the tin oxide layer coated on the nitrated-phenyl/silica hybrid particles could be controlled by varying the tin(IV) chloride concentration and reaction time. The size and morphology of the resultant particles were investigated with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The particles obtained were also characterised by infrared (FTIR) and solid-state ¹³C magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-CP/MAS NMR) spectroscopy. The effect of processing parameters on the crystallinity and structure of the doped hybrids were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns.     

Synthesis of mesoporous Stöber silica nanoparticles: the effect of secondary and tertiary alkanolamines

The effect of secondary (diethanolamine) and tertiary (triethanolamine) alkanolamines as catalysts on the formation of mesoporous Stöber silica nanoparticles by sol–gel method was studied. The particles were characterized by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N₂ physisorption measurements, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. By using ammonia and different alkanolamines as catalysts, the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area and pore volume increased in the order of ammonia < diethanolamine < triethanolamine. A maximum BET surface area of 140.1 m² g^?1 and pore volume of 0.66 cm³ g^?1 were obtained from triethanolamine catalyzed silica particles. The average particle size of silica prepared by ammonia and different alkanolamines as catalysts decreased in the order of ammonia > diethanolamine > triethanolamine. The role of different alkanolamines on the textural properties and particle size of silica is explained in terms of their relative steric hindrance and basicity.     

Preparation of magnetite-loaded silica microspheres for solid-phase extraction of genomic DNA from soy-based foodstuffs

Solid-phase extraction has been widely employed for the preparation of DNA templates for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analytical methods. Among the variety of adsorbents studied, magnetically responsive silica particles are particularly attractive due to their potential to simplify, expedite, and automate the extraction process. Here we report a facile method for the preparation of such magnetic particles, which entails impregnation of porous silica microspheres with iron salts, followed by calcination and reduction treatments. The samples were characterized using powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD data show that magnetite nanocrystals of about 27.2 nm are produced within the pore channels of the silica support after reduction. SEM images show that the as-synthesized particles exhibit spherical shape and uniform particle size of about 3 μm as determined by the silica support. Nitrogen sorption data confirm that the magnetite-loaded silica particles possess typical mesopore structure with BET surface area of about 183 m²/g. VSM data show that the particles display paramagnetic behavior with saturation magnetization of 11.37 emu/g. The magnetic silica microspheres coated with silica shells were tested as adsorbents for rapid extraction of genomic DNA from soybean-derived products. The purified DNA templates were amplified by PCR for screening of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The preliminary results confirm that the DNA extraction protocols using magnetite-loaded silica microspheres are capable of producing DNA templates which are inhibitor-free and ready for downstream analysis.     

Synthesis of hollow spherical silica with MCM-41 mesoporous structure

Hollow spherical mesoporous silica was synthesized by using sodium silicate as a precursor and a low concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (0.154 mol dm^–3). The resulting hollow spherical particles were characterized with scanning electron microcopy (SEM), small-angle X-ray diffraction (SXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N₂ gas adsorption and desorption techniques. The results showed that regular spherical mesoporous silica could be obtained only if the molar ratio of propanol to CTAB was in the range of approximately 8:1–9:1. The spherical particles were hollow (inside), and the shell consisted of smaller particles with a pore structure of hexagonal symmetry. With an increase of the molar ratio of propanol to CTAB, the distance (a value) between centers of two adjacent pores increased, and the pore structure of mesoporous silica became less ordered. N₂ adsorption–desorption curves revealed type IV isotherms and H1 hysteresis loops; with an increase of the molar ratio of propanol to CTAB, the pore size with Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) diameter of the most probable distribution decreased, but the half peak width of the pore size distribution peak increased     

杂原子介孔Ce-MCM-41分子筛的制备及其吸附脱除甲硫醚性能

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,硝酸铈为铈源,采用水热法合成了杂原子介孔分子筛Ce-MCM-41。XRD和FT-IR表征结果表明,当加入的Ce/Si物质的量比小于0.04时合成了规整有序的介孔结构,并将Ce原子引入到MCM-41骨架中。N₂吸附-脱附测试获得MCM-41和Ce-MCM-41(Ce/Si物质的量比为0.04)的平均孔径分别为2.82和2.46 nm,孔容分别为0.762 1和 0.689 4 m³/g,BET比表面积分别为986.42和756.8 m²/g。NH₃-TPD表征结果表明,Ce-MCM-41的酸性要明显强于MCM-41,但两种分子筛的酸性均较弱。利用合成的MCM-41和Ce-MCM-41吸附脱除甲硫醚浓度为58 μg(甲硫醚)/g的甲硫醚/氮气混合气中的甲硫醚。甲硫醚分子尺寸的模拟结果为0.464 8 nm,可以很容易地进入分子筛的介孔孔道中。由于Ce-MCM-41分子筛具有较多的酸量,其硫吸附容量7.52 mg(S)/g明显高于MCM-41的4.57 mg(S)/g。MCM-41和Ce-MCM-41都具有较好的再生性能,再生3次后硫吸附容量仍可恢复到初始容量的80%,分别为3.52和 5.86 mg(S)/g。