中空介孔三氧化钨微球载钯催化剂的甲酸氧化电催化性能(英文)

采用喷雾干燥法和焙烧处理制备中空介孔三氧化钨微球(HMTTS),在其表面进一步负载活性成分Pd,得到纳米Pd/HMTTS复合催化剂.采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等对催化剂的形貌和晶型结构进行了表征.结果表明,Pd纳米粒子为面心立方晶体结构,均匀地分布在HMTTS表面.采用循环伏安和计时电流法研究了在酸性溶液中Pd/HMTTS催化剂对甲酸的电催化氧化性能,结果表明Pd/HMTTS催化剂比普通的三氧化钨载钯催化剂(Pd/WO3)对甲酸呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和稳定性.HMTTS独特的中空介孔结构和表面特性以及氢溢流效应有利于甲酸在钯表面的直接脱氢氧化过程的发生.     

氨基修饰Pd/TiO_2/C复合催化剂的制备及在碱性溶液中对乙醇的催化氧化性能

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,采用水热法合成二氧化钛纳米片(TiO2),通过3-氨基丙基-三甲氧基硅烷(APTMS)分子对TiO2表面进行氨基修饰后,将其与Vulcan XC-72活性炭复合作为载体,吸附钯前驱体后,再进行液相还原制得Pd/TiO2/C-APTMS复合催化剂.用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线能量色散谱(EDS)、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)、X射线衍射谱(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征了催化剂的形貌、组成和结构.电化学测试结果表明,与传统液相混合还原制备的Pd/TiO2/C复合催化剂和Pd/C相比,经氨基修饰后的Pd/TiO2/C-APTMS复合催化剂在碱性溶液中对乙醇氧化具有更高的电催化活性和稳定性.     

ZrO2及其含量对Pd/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了一系列Pd/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂,并考察了ZrO2-Al2O3复合载体及其ZrO2含量对Pd基催化剂噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)性能的影响,运用XRD和NH3-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,ZrO2-Al2O3复合载体及其ZrO2含量对Pd基催化剂的HDS性能有较大的影响,其中ZrO2含量为12wt%时Pd/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂的活性最好。ZrO2-Al2O3复合载体及其ZrO2含量对Pd基催化活性的影响是通过增加Pd的分散度、H吸附量和催化剂的酸量、以及降低活性组分与载体的相互作用来实现。     

中空介孔三氧化钨微球载钯催化剂的甲酸氧化电催化性能

采用喷雾干燥法和焙烧处理制备中空介孔三氧化钨微球(HMTTS),在其表面进一步负载活性成分Pd,得到纳米Pd/HMTTS复合催化剂. 采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等对催化剂的形貌和晶型结构进行了表征. 结果表明,Pd纳米粒子为面心立方晶体结构,均匀地分布在HMTTS表面. 采用循环伏安和计时电流法研究了在酸性溶液中Pd/HMTTS 催化剂对甲酸的电催化氧化性能,结果表明Pd/HMTTS 催化剂比普通的三氧化钨载钯催化剂(Pd/WO₃)对甲酸呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和稳定性.HMTTS独特的中空介孔结构和表面特性以及氢溢流效应有利于甲酸在钯表面的直接脱氢氧化过程的发生.     

Pd/Fe_3O_4-C催化剂对甲醇、乙醇和丙醇氧化的电催化活性（英文）

制备对醇氧化反应具有优异电活性的钯催化剂是醇燃料电池研究的重要内容.本文用硼氢化钠还原法制备了钯纳米颗粒,然后沉积在Fe_3O_4/C复合物表面,得到了不同Fe_3O_4负载量的Pd/Fe_3O_4-C催化剂.透射电镜(TEM)检测显示,钯纳米颗粒均匀地分散在Fe_3O_4/C表面.对制备好的Pd/Fe_3O_4-C催化剂进行了循环伏安法(CV)、计时电流(CA)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)的测试,研究了其在碱性介质中对C1-C3醇类(甲醇、乙醇和丙醇)氧化的电催化活性.结果表明,所制备的不同Fe_3O_4负载量的Pd/Fe_3O_4(2%)-C、Pd/Fe_3O_4(5%)-C、Pd/Fe_3O_4(10%)-C和Pd/C催化剂中,Pd/Fe_3O_4(5%)-C催化剂表现出最高的醇氧化电流密度.依据循环伏安(CV)数据,Pd/Fe_3O_4(5%)-C催化剂对甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇和异丙醇氧化的阳极峰电流密度分别是Pd/C催化剂的1.7、1.4、1.7和1.3倍.Pd/Fe_3O_4(5%)-C催化剂对乙醇氧化的电荷传递电阻也远低于Pd/C催化剂.制备的所有催化剂对C1-C3醇类电氧化的电流密度大小排序如下:正丙醇乙醇甲醇异丙醇.此外,碳粉中Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒的存在提高了钯纳米颗粒的电化学稳定性.     

含钯类水滑石衍生复合氧化物Pd/M3AlO(M=Mg,Co, Ni,Cu, Zn)催化剂上氯苯的催化氧化

采用共沉淀法制备了系列含Pd类水滑石材料, 类水滑石基体为M3Al-HT (M=Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), 经焙烧制备出含Pd类水滑石衍生复合氧化物催化剂. 通过X射线衍射(XRD), 热重-差热分析(TG-DTG), H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR), O2程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)和N2吸脱附等表征技术手段研究了不同二价金属元素对含Pd类水滑石衍生复合氧化物催化剂物理化学性质及其对挥发性有机污染物氯苯催化氧化性能的影响. XRD和TG-DTG结果表明, 不同二价金属元素, 除Cu外, 都能形成类水滑石层状结构, Pd在不同类水滑石前驱物中均能良好分散. 不同的二价金属元素对催化剂性能的影响不同, 其中Pd/Co3AlO催化剂表现出最高的氯苯催化氧化活性, 其起燃温度和全转化温度分别为182和283 ℃. H2-TPR和O2-TPD测试表明, Pd和类水滑石衍生复合氧化物存在着协同作用, Pd的引入促进了复合氧化物的还原, 从而影响氧化物的氧化还原性能. Pd/M3AlO系列催化剂的活性主要受催化剂的氧化还原性能及其表面活性氧物种的影响.     

碳纳米管负载的纳米Pd-Ag催化剂对乙醇和丙醇氧化的电化学活性（英文）

在乙二醇和水混合溶剂中,采用硼氢化钠还原的方法制备了多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)负载的Pd和Pd-Ag纳米颗粒催化剂;在碱性介质中,用循环伏安法测试了这些催化剂对乙醇、正丙醇和异丙醇的电氧化性能。结果表明,Pd和Pd-Ag纳米颗粒均匀地分散在MWCNT表面;Pd/MWCNT、Pd4Ag1/MWCNT、Pd2Ag1/MWCNT和Pd1Ag1/MWCNT催化剂上金属颗粒的平均粒径分别为7、4、7和11 nm。相比乙醇和异丙醇,所制备的催化剂对正丙醇的氧化表现出较大的电流密度。与Pd/MWCNT催化剂相比,双金属PdnAg1/MWCNT(n=4、2、1)催化剂,尤其是Pd4Ag1/MWCNT上的电流密度更大,表明Ag的加入提高了Pd催化剂对醇氧化的电化学活性,其原因是因为醇氧化过程所产生的中间体物种在双金属Pd-Ag/MWCNT催化剂上的吸附力有所减弱。     

高催化活性Pd-Co3O4/MWCNTs催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

以Co(NO3)3·6H2O为钴源,聚乙二醇(PEG)20000为表面活性剂,与多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)混合后通过水热氧化法成功地合成了表面均匀分布纳米絮状Co3O4的MWCNTs复合物,进一步还原Pd的前驱体而制备得到Pd-Co3O4/MWCNTs复合催化剂.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)及X射线粉末衍射(XRD)等手段对样品的形貌和晶型结构进行了表征,结果表明Pd纳米粒子为面心立方晶体结构,均匀地分布在Co3O4修饰的MWCNTs表面.用循环伏安法和计时电流法表征结果表明:催化剂Pd-Co3O4/MWCNTs具有较大的电化学活性表面积,在碱性介质中对甲醇氧化具有更高的电催化活性和稳定性.研究结果表明,过渡金属氧化物纳米Co3O4颗粒在提高直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)催化性能研究中具有十分重要的作用,是一类很有潜力的载体催化剂.     

Pd/Fe3O4-C催化剂对甲醇、乙醇和丙醇氧化的电催化活性

制备对醇氧化反应具有优异电活性的钯催化剂是醇燃料电池研究的重要内容。本文用硼氢化钠还原法制备了钯纳米颗粒, 然后沉积在Fe3O4/C复合物表面, 得到了不同Fe₃O₄负载量的Pd/Fe₃O₄-C催化剂. 透射电镜（TEM）图显示钯纳米颗粒均匀地分散在Fe₃O₄/C表面. 对制备好的Pd/Fe₃O₄-C催化剂进行了循环伏安法（CV）、计时电流（CA）和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）的测试, 研究了其在碱性介质中对C1-C3醇类（甲醇、乙醇和丙醇）氧化的电催化活性. 结果表明, 所制备的不同Fe₃O₄负载量的Pd/Fe₃O₄(2%)-C,Pd/Fe₃O₄(5%)-C, Pd/Fe₃O₄(10%)-C和Pd/C催化剂中, Pd/Fe₃O₄(5%)-C催化剂表现出最高的醇氧化电流密度. 依据循环伏安（CV）数据,Pd/Fe₃O₄(5%)-C催化剂对甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇和异丙醇氧化的阳极峰电流密度分别是Pd/C催化剂的1.7、1.4、1.7和1.3倍. Pd/Fe₃O₄(5%)-C催化剂对乙醇氧化的电荷传递电阻也远低于Pd/C催化剂. 制备的所有催化剂对C1-C3醇类电氧化的电流密度大小排序如下: 正丙醇﹥乙醇﹥甲醇﹥异丙醇. 此外, 碳粉中Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒的存在提高了钯纳米颗粒的电化学稳定性.     

炭载体的表面处理对Pd/C催化剂电催化活性的影响

采用处理与未处理的活性炭制备Pd/c催化剂,运用循环伏安法(CV)和计时电流法检测两种Pd/C催化剂对甲酸的电催化氧化活性和稳定性.通过透射电镜(TEM)对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,用硝酸处理的活性炭所制备的Pd/C催化剂中Pd粒子的分散更均匀,对甲酸的电催化氧化活性和稳定性都有不同程度的提高.     

Catalytic Performance of Carbon Materials Supported Pd Nanoparticles in Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene

Pd/C catalysts were prepared by deposited Pd nanoparticles (NPs) on different carbon supports including activated carbon (AC), graphite oxide (GO), and reduced graphite oxide (rGO) using sol-immobilization method. Through transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray di raction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the role of the carbon supports for the catalytic performances of Pd/C catalysts was examined in selective hydrogenation of acetylene. The results indicate that Pd/AC exhibited higher activity and selectivity than Pd/GO and Pd/rGO in the gas phase selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Thermal and chemical treatment of AC supports also have some effect on the catalytic performance of Pd/AC catalysts. The differences in the activity and selectivity of various Pd/C catalysts were partly attributed to the metal-support interaction.     

二氧化锰含量对活性炭电极电化学性能的影响

本文采用液相法、热分解MnCO₃法以及电解沉积法制备不同二氧化锰粉末,并将其与活性炭复合,应用于水系超级电容器. 使用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）技术对材料形貌进行表征. 使用循环伏安法以及恒流充放电法对其电化学性能进行测试. 实验数据表明,α-MnO₂（质量分数70%）掺杂活性炭电极的最大比容量为151 F•g^-1,β-MnO₂（质量分数60%）掺杂活性炭电极的最大比容量为172F•g^-1,γ-MnO₂（质量分数50%）掺杂活性炭电极的最大比容量为141F•g^-1,但二氧化锰粉末对电极内阻的影响呈无规律性.     

负载金属催化剂Ir(γ-Al2O3)对阿维菌素选择加氢反应研究

分别采用氢气、NaBH₄、醇水混合溶剂还原, PVP(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮)保护和微乳液法制备了γ-Al₂O₃负载的Ir金属催化剂, 通过XPS、XRD、TEM对催化剂的结构进行了表征, 考察了催化剂对阿维菌素选择加氢制备伊维菌素的性能, 探讨了催化剂制备方法对催化剂活性和选择性的影响. 实验结果表明, 在不同金属催化剂Ru/γ-Al₂O₃、Pd/γ-Al₂O₃、Pt/γ-Al₂O₃、Ir/γ-Al₂O₃中, Ir/γ-Al₂O₃的活性和选择性最好. 用PVP保护的Ir/γ-Al₂O₃, 其催化活性和选择性比没有PVP保护的催化剂有显著提高; 采用微乳液法制备的Ir/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂显示出最好的活性, 但反应选择性比PVP保护的催化剂差.     

聚苯胺炭复合载体制备的钯催化剂对甲酸的电催化氧化

制备了导电高分子聚苯胺与活性炭的复合载体(PAnC),用PAnC作为载体制备的钯催化剂性能优于单独活性炭作为载体制备的催化剂。此外掺杂十二烷基磺酸钠制备的聚苯胺碳载体(PAnC-S)具有比PAnC更低的电荷传递电阻,10~25 nm的介孔数量明显增加,比表面积增大到94.9 m²/g。PAnC-S与PAnC粒径均匀,粒径均在30 nm左右。以PAnC-S和 PAnC为载体制备的钯催化剂比活性炭作载体制备的钯催化剂具有更大的电化学比表面积,分别为84.7和62.6 m²/g。对甲酸的氧化具有更高的电化学活性和稳定性。     

Palladium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan/PAAS nanofibers: A highly stable catalyst for Heck reaction

Palladium chloride doped chitosan composite nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning with sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) as the co-spinning agent. The composite nanofibers are subsequently treated at elevated temperature to improve their solvent resistance. The Pd (II) cations inside the composite nanofibers were reduced into uniform palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) with mean diameter of ~4.93 nm. These Pd NPs inside the chitosan composite nanofibers exhibited excellent catalytic activity for Heck reactions of aromatic iodides with alkenes with yields over 85%. Moreover, due to the fibrous structure, this novel fibrous palladium catalyst could be readily recovered by simple filtration and reused for 18 times without loss of initial catalytic activity. It was found that the reactants could readily diffuse from the reaction solution to the active Pd NPs inside the nanofibers and the products could departure from composite fibers into the reaction solution, while the Pd NPs were tightly restricted inside the chitosan composite nanofibers.     

甘油在氧化物/钯复合催化剂上的电氧化研究

应用交替微波加热法制备碳载氧化物和Pd的复合催化剂,并以电化学方法研究这一新型催化剂在碱性条件下对甘油的氧化性能.实验表明,Pd/C催化剂对甘油的电化学氧化有较好活性,但氧化物复合的非铂催化剂对甘油的电化学氧化显示出更高的活性,相对于Pd/C催化剂,其氧化起始电位发生负移及峰电流大幅度提高.本工作还优化了氧化物与Pd的比例.结果证明,氧化物的加入使复合催化剂对甘油氧化产生了协同效应.     

Highly catalytic spherical carbon nanocomposites allowing tunable activity via controllable Au-Pd doping

We report the synthesis of highly catalytic spherical carbon composite particles with Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticle doping using a microwave-assisted technique that allows control over the location of the nanoparticles (NPs), putting them into stable interior, but still near-surface locations (within a 100 nm thick shell). First, composite particles with Pd NPs inside of nanoporous carbon spheres (CSs) were synthesized. Subsequent immersion of the composite particles in HAuCl(4) solutions containing PVP led to an addition of Au near the Pd. Au-Pd/CS composites with Au:Pd atomic ratios varying from 0.4 to 4.6 were prepared. The growth of Au and its location relative to the carbon's surface and the Pd are discussed. The catalytic activity towards the reduction of 4-nitrophenol is tunable via the Au:Pd atomic ratio. Optimizing the composition increases the activity a hundredfold over that of the corresponding monometallic Pd/CS. The catalytic activity arises from the synergy between different contributing mechanisms, here especially the interaction between the carbon matrix and metals, metal-metal interfaces, and the hydrogen absorption capabilities of Pd.     

Selective Hydrogenation of Citral over a Carbon‐titania Composite Supported Palladium Catalyst

A novel carbon‐titania composite material, C/TiO₂, has been prepared by growing carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on TiO₂ surface via methane decomposition using Ni‐Cu as a catalyst. The C/TiO₂ was used for preparing supported palladium catalyst, Pd/C/TiO₂. The support and Pd/C/TiO₂ catalyst were characterized by BET, SEM, XRD and TG‐DTG. Its catalytic performance was evaluated in selective hydrogenation of citral to citronellal, and compared with that of activated carbon supported Pd catalyst. It was found that the Pd/C/TiO₂ catalyst contains 97% of mesopores. And it exhibited 88% of selectivity to citronellal at citral conversion of 90% in citral hydrogenation, which was much higher than that of activated carbon supported Pd catalyst. This result may be attributed to elimination of internal diffusion limitations, which were significant in activated carbon supported Pd catalyst, due to its microporous structure.     

In Situ Formation of Au–Pd Bimetallic Active Sites Promoting the Physically Mixed Monometallic Catalysts in the Liquid‐Phase Oxidation of Alcohols

The catalytic oxidation of alcohols with molecular oxygen on supported nanometallic catalysts represents one of the green methods in a crucial process for the synthesis of fine chemicals. We have designed an experiment using physically mixed Au/AC and Pd/AC (AC=activated carbon) as the catalyst in the liquid‐phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol by aerobic oxygen. The evolution of the physically mixed catalyst structures at different stages in the catalytic reaction was investigated by aberration‐corrected high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and spatially resolved element mapping techniques at the nanometre scale, and they were also compared with the structure of the bimetallic alloy. For the first time we show the formation of surface Au–Pd bimetallic sites by reprecipitation of Pd onto Au nanoparticles. Negligible Au leaching was observed. The in situ structural evolution can be directly correlated to the great enhancement of the catalyst activity. Moreover, we distinguish the different behaviours of Au and Pd, thus suggesting an oxygen differentiating mechanism for Au and Pd sites. The findings are of great importance to both the understanding of the structure–activity correlation and the design of highly active catalysts in green chemistry.     

CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3 的制备及其负载钯三效催化剂的催化性能

 采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同 Al2O3 含量的 CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3(CZA) 氧化物,并用 X 射线衍射、激光拉曼光谱和 N2 吸附-脱附等手段进行了表征. 以 CZA 为载体, 采用浸渍法制得钯基催化剂. 结果表明, 当 Al2O3 含量为 80%时, 新鲜 CZA 样品中出现γ-Al2O3 相. 经 600 ºC 焙烧后, Al2O3 在 CZA 样品中的溶域值略小于 80%. 经 1 000 ºC 老化后, CZA 样品中 Al2O3 含量为 60%时, 才开始出现微弱 γ-Al2O3 相, 而其他氧化物物相结构稳定. 添加 Al2O3 后材料比表面积和储氧量明显增大. 随着 Al2O3 含量的增加, CZA 样品的储氧量由 336.2 增至 486.2 μmol/g, 表现出良好的抗高温老化性能. 当 Al2O3 含量为 40% 时, 新鲜催化剂对 C3H8 的起燃温度和完全转化温度分别为 238 和 292 ºC, 同时具有良好的温度特性和较宽的空燃比窗口.