低聚糖的脉冲安培检测阴离子色谱测定法

高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析糖类,已经成为一种常见的分析方法。对多种分离方式和检测技术进行总结和比较,我们很容易发现高效液相色谱测定糖类的最大缺点是灵敏度比较低,选择性也不能完全满足分析的要求,对痕量的生化和临床分析还是比较困难的。 糖类在碱性条件下阴离子化,对恒电位的金电极或铂电极的安培检测会产生响应值,因此人们设想能否采用高灵敏度和选择性的安培检测器与色谱     

离子色谱中的安培检测方法及其应用

介绍了离子色谱中的安培检测方法(包括恒电位安培检测法、脉冲安培检测法和积分脉冲安培检测法)的原理和应用。脉冲安培检测法与高效阴离子交换色谱结合(HPAEC-PAD)是一种新的分析糖类化合物的方法;积分脉冲安培检测法与高效阴离子交换色谱结合(HPAEC-IPAD)是一种新的氨基酸分析方法。     

碳纳米管修饰电极离子色谱电化学法测定盐酸麻黄碱

采用阴离子交换分离,碳纳米管修饰电极安培检测离子色谱电化学法测定盐酸麻黄碱.在优化条件下,用碳酸钠溶液和甲醇溶液混合溶液为淋洗液,用碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极,在0.8 V电位处进行直流安培检测.结果发现在碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极后盐酸麻黄碱的电流响应值比未修饰前大大增加,方法的灵敏度比未修饰电极提高了10倍,用未修饰电极测定的检出限为2.4 μg·L-1,用修饰电极测定的检出限为0.2 μg·L-1,样品加标回收率为103.6%..     

流动注射双安培法测定葛根素

利用不可逆电对的双安培检测原理,建立了流动注射双安培直接检测葛根素的电化学新方法.使用经过恒电位预阳极化处理的双铂电极,通过耦合葛根素在一支电极上的氧化和氧化铂在另一支电极上的还原两个不可逆电极过程,构成流动注射双安培检测体系.在外加电位差为0.2 V时,pH 8.94的碳酸钠-碳酸氢钠缓冲溶液中,测得氧化电流与葛根素浓度在6.0×10-6～1.0×10-3 mol/L范围内呈线性关系(r=0.997 4,n=8),检出限为1.0×10-6 mol/L.连续40次测定6.0 ×10-4 mol/L的葛根素,RSD=1.58%.用该方法对葛根素含量进行了测定,结果令人满意.     

两个不可逆电对共存体系的流动注射双安培分析法

流动注射分析已有电位法[1]、单安培法[2]和双安培法[3～8]等电化学检测方法.安培法比电位法灵敏,颇受重视.单安培法由于在控制工作电位范围内受其它可氧化还原物质的干扰,选择性不高.双安培法仪器装置较简单,但应用范围仅限于I2/I-,Fe3+/Fe2+等少数几种可逆电对体系.迄今为止,尚未见到将双安培法应用于不可逆体系的报道.本文讨论两个独立的不可逆电对共存的流动注射双安培检测法,以拓展双安培法的应用范围,并选用溶解氧分别与抗坏血酸、羟胺和联氨构成的3个体系进行了考察验证.1　实验部分1.1　仪器和试剂　流动注射双安培检测系统由IFI…     

流动注射双安培法测定没食子酸

基于没食子酸在经预阳极化的铂电极上的催化氧化和不可逆电对的双安培检测原理,使用经过恒电位预阳极化处理的双铂电极,在外加电位差为0V时,通过偶合没食子酸在一支电极上的氧化和氧化铂在另一支电极上的还原两个不可逆电极过程,构建流动注射双安培检测体系,建立了一种流动注射双安培直接检测没食子酸的新方法。常用药物赋形剂、无机离子以及生化样品中一些共存物均不干扰没食子酸测定。没食子酸的氧化电流与其浓度在1.0×10-5～1.0×10-3mol/L范围内有良好的线性关系。检出限为5.0×10-6mol/L。连续20次测定2.0×10-4mol/L没食子酸,电流值的RSD为1.7%。该方法有很高的选择性和灵敏度,样品处理方法简单快速,适于在线分析。     

抗坏血酸的双安培流动注射分析

将流动注射双安培法应用于两种物质的不可逆电对体系。在两电极电位差即外加电压为零时，使用经过在0．01mol/LNaOH溶液中1．5V恒电位预处理的双铂丝电极，基于Vc的氧化和溶解氧的还原，拟定了流动注射双安培法测定Vc的新方法。Vc氧化电流与其浓度在1×10~(-5)mol/L－2×10~(-3)mol/L范围内呈线性关系，检测限为8×10~(－6)mol/L；两铂电极经预处理后，灵敏度增加4~6倍；连续进样24次，电流值RSD=1．58％。用本方法测定了Vc片剂和柑桔中Vc的含量，得到满意结果。     

用电生碘离子库仑滴定微量钯

钯的库仑分析主要用恒电位库仑法,恒电流库仑滴定法到目前为止很少见有文献报导。曾有过用一硫代乙二醇汞化合物电生巯基库仑滴定贵金属其中包括钯的工作报导,但由于方法选择性差,难以实际分析应用。利用钯同碘离子生成难溶沉淀的反应,在分析上已成功地用于安培滴定钯和电位滴定钯中。为了测定微量钯,作者在研究利用Ag-AgI电极发生碘离子作库仑滴定剂测定银     

流动注射双安培法测定维生素P

建立了一种快速准确的在线分析测定维生素P的电化学新方法。基于维生素P在经预阳极化的铂电极上的催化氧化和不可逆电对的双安培检测原理,使用经过恒电位预阳极化处理的双铂电极,在外加电位差为0V时,通过偶合维生素P在一支电极上的氧化和氧化铂在另一支电极上的还原两个不可逆电极过程,构建流动注射双安培检测体系。维生素P的氧化电流与其浓度在0.6~60mg.L-1范围内呈线性关系(r=0.9985,n=9)。检出限为0.3mg.L-1。用该方法对芦丁片与槐米中维生素P含量进行了测定,有很高的选择性和灵敏度,且样品处理方法简单快速,适于在线分析。     

流动注射双安培法测定辛弗林

基于辛弗林在经预阳极化的铂电极上的催化氧化和不可逆电对的双安培检测原理,建立了流动注射双安培直接检测辛弗林的电化学分析新方法.本法使用经过恒电位预阳极化处理的双铂电极,在外加电位差为0 V时,通过偶合辛弗林在一支电极上的氧化和氧化铂在另一支电极上的还原两个不可逆电极过程,构成流动注射双安培检测体系.实验发现,在pH=10.88的BR缓冲溶液中,测得氧化电流与辛弗林浓度在6.0×10-6～1.0×10-3 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9990,n=8).检出限为2.0×10-6 mol/L.连续20次测定5.0×10-4 mol/L辛弗林,电流值的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.2%.方法用于香砂养胃丸中辛弗林含量的测定,结果满意.     

Analysis of etimicin sulfate by liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection

A new method for determination of etimicin's (ETM) purity and content is developed by liquid chromatography (LC) and pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). A reversed-phase ion-pair LC method with pulsed amperometric detection on a gold electrode after post-added NaOH is described. The mobile phase consisted of an aqueous solution containing 0.033 mol L(-1) oxalic acid, 0.012 mol L(-1) heptafluorobutyric acid, and 210 mL L(-1) acetonitrile with pH 3.40 adjusting by dilute NaOH solution. The total analysis time was not more than 30 min. The effects of the different chromatographic parameters on the separation were also investigated. A number of commercial samples of etimicin sulfate were analyzed using this method.     

Comparison of pulsed amperometric detection and integrated voltammetric detection for inorganic sulfur compounds in liquid chromatography

A Variety of potential–time waveforms are useful in pulsed electrochemical detection (PED) when applied for the amperometric detection of numerous polar organic compounds following their separation by liquid chromatography (LC). Here, we compare the waveforms for pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) and integrated voltammetric detection (IVD) applied for detection of organosulfur compounds at Au electrodes in acidic media. In PAD waveforms, electrodes response is measured at a constant detection potentials. In IVD waveforms, electrodes current is integrated throughout a fast cyclic scan of the detection potential. As a consequence of this difference in detection strategy, the background signal for IVD is significantly smaller for PAD in the detection of organosulfur compounds whose response mechanisms require the concomitant formation of surface oxides on Au electrodes. Furthermore, in comparison to Pad, IVD has a larger sensitivity and a diminished system peak from 0₂ dissolved in the sample. Use of a preadsorption step increases detection sensitivity in both PAD and IVD. The limit of detection (S/N=3)for cysteine in LC-IVD is ca. 6 nM for a 50-μl injection (i.e., 300 fmol) using a detection waveform that includes a 1000-ms preadsorption period.     

A method for the determination of the hepatic enzyme activity catalyzing bile acid acyl glucuronide formation by high-performance liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection

A method for the determination of the activity of hepatic glucuronyltransferase catalyzing formation of bile acid 24-glucuronides using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) has been developed. Bile acid 24-glucuronides were simultaneously separated on a semimicrobore column, Capcell Pak C18UG120, using 20 mM ammonium phosphate (pH 6.0)-acetonitrile (27:10 and 16:10) as the mobile phase in the stepwise gradient elution mode. A 1 M potassium hydroxide solution for the hydrolysis of the 24-glucuronides, which liberates the corresponding bile acids and glucuronic acid, was mixed with the mobile phase in a post-column mode, and the resulting eluant was heated at 90 degrees C, the 24-glucuronides being monitored using a pulsed amperometric detector; the limit of detection was 10 ng. The proposed method was applied to the determination of the hepatic enzyme activity catalyzing bile acid 24-glucuronide formation and the result exhibited the efficient 24-glucuronide formation of the monohydroxylated bile acid, lithocholic acid.     

离子色谱-脉冲安培电化学检测引流组织液中的妥布霉素

建立了一种离子色谱(IC)分离,脉冲安培电化学法(PAD)直接检测人体引流组织液中妥布霉素的分析方法.采用高交换容量阴离子交换柱和低浓度KOH在线淋洗分离,不需要采用衍生化和离子对-柱后加碱等实现分离,并可在短时间内完成妥布霉素的测定.采用本方法测定的妥布霉素线性范围为0.05～10 mg/L,线性相关系数为0.9997,保留时间、峰面积和峰高的相对标准偏差分别为0.14％,0.38％和0.81％,检出限为7.11 μg/L.本方法成功应用于骨髓炎患者引流组织液中妥布霉素的测定,样品实际加标回收率为100.8％.     

Development of a Liquid Chromatography/Amperometric Detection Method for the Determination of Multiresidue Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Meat‐Based Baby Foods

Sulfonamides were oxidized at a polycrystalline gold electrode in neutral buffered phosphate medium at pH 7 and the electrochemical behavior was investigated using cyclic voltammetry technique. A liquid chromatography methodology based on the C₁₈ reverse phase for the simultaneous separation of nine sulfamides, was studied and optimized. The amperometric detector using a polycrystalline gold substrate as working electrode and operating under pulsed amperometric detection mode (PAD) was tested for the determination of the selected molecules. Under optimal chromatographic and amperometric conditions, the limit of detection of the investigated sulfamides are comprised between 1 µM and 0.05 µM and the dynamic linear range spanned generally over three orders of magnitude. A liquid extraction procedure based on the use of acetonitrile solvent was tested and proposed for the quantitative extraction of sulfonamides from homogenized meat samples. The analytical method was successful tested for the determination of sulfonamides in homogenized meat‐based baby foods with reproducibility and recovery levels ranged between 5.0 % and 7.6 %. and 86 %–106 %, respectively.     

Iodide analysis by anion-exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection in surface water and adsorbable organic iodide

An anion-exchange chromatography method in combination with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) was developed for the analysis of dissolved iodide in surface water and in absorption solutions obtained from adsorbable organic iodide (AOI) determination. The development of the amperometric waveform for a selective detection using a silver-working electrode together with the optimization of the injection volume and digital signal smoothing is described in detail. This combination of excellent selectivity, exhibits a detection limit of 0.02 microg/L, without any need of sample treatment other than micro-filtration. The results of AOI determination of the method described in this article are compared with results obtained with a different ion chromatography approach applying UV detection.     

Pulsed Amperometric Detection of Histamine at Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanocrystal‐modified glassy carbon electrodes (nAu‐GCE) were prepared and used for the determination of histamine by flow injection and high performance liquid chromatography using pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) as the detection mode. Experimental variables involved in the electrodeposition process of gold from a HAuCl₄ solution were optimized. A catalytic enhancement of the histamine voltammetric response was observed at the nAu‐GCE when compared with that obtained at a conventional Au disk electrode, as a consequence of the microdispersion of gold nanocrystals on the GC substrate. The morphological and electrochemical characteristics of the nAu‐GCE were evaluated by SEM and cyclic voltammetry. PAD using a very simple potential waveform consisting of an anodic potential (+700 mV for 500 ms) and a cathodic potential (?300 mV for 30 ms), was used to avoid the electrode surface fouling when histamine was detected under flowing conditions. Flow injection amperometric responses showed much higher I_p values and signal‐to‐noise ratios at the nAu‐GCE than at a conventional gold disk electrode. A limit of detection of 6×10^?7 mol L^?1 histamine was obtained. HPLC‐PAD at the nAu‐GCE was used for the determination of histamine in the presence of other biogenic amines and indole. Histamine was determined in sardine samples spiked at a 50 μg g^?1 concentration level, with good results. Furthermore, the chromatographic PAD method was also used for monitoring the formation of histamine during the decomposition process of sardine samples.     

Pulsed voltammetric/amperometric detection of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) at the gold disc electrode for studies in petroleum asphalts

This work describes the voltammetric and amperometric behavior of a high number of PASHs (sulfides, thiophenes, benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, indenothiophenes, naphtothiophenes, thienothiophenes, phenanthrothiophenes, and acenaphtothiophenes) at gold disc electrodes aiming at their identification and determination in petroleum asphalts. The adsorption/redox processes expected for sulfur compounds at gold electrodes could be observed in all the studied PASHs in DMSO and hydromethanolic medium. Differential pulse (DP) voltammetry in non-aqueous solutions (0.1 mol L⁻¹ NaClO₄ in DMSO) was approached for determining non-volatile PASHs in asphalts submitted to different aging processes. It was found herein that the DP voltammetric monitoring of PASH oxidation at + 0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/LiCl 3 mol L⁻¹) for virgin/aged asphalts can be used for the comparative study of asphalts based on the consumption of PASHs. Additionally, pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) in hydroalcoholic solution (10 mmol L⁻¹ acetate buffer in 65% methanol) coupled with a chromatographic separation was approached for determining volatile PASHs in asphalts submitted to thermal decomposition processes. A detection cycle of 2 s involving oxidative (0.4 s at + 0.4 V) and reductive (1.2 s at − 1.0 V) cleaning pulses after a detection pulse of − 0.8 V (0.4 s) applied successively to the gold electrode (vs. Pd/PdO) was found to be optimal for regenerating the gold surface during successive chromatographic runs of PASHs. Thus, reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC)–coupled PAD was found useful to separate a complex mixture of PASHs. The optimized PAD and LC separation was further applied to investigate the presence of electroactive PASHs as volatile compounds in asphalt fumes generated at 260 °C.

     

Analysis of saikosaponins in Bupleuri Radix and Caihu-shugan-san using reversed-phase HPLC with pulsed amperometric detection

A simple and sensitive reversed-phase (RP) HPLC coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) method was developed to determine the saikosaponin content in Bupleuri Radix or Caihu-shugan-san. Four saikosaponins in Bupleuri Radix and Caihu-shugan-san were extracted with a 6:4 solution of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8)/100% ethanol. Pulsed amperometric detection of carbohydrates in four major saikosaponins was highly sensitive when used with a water-acetonitrile gradient on an alkaline RP column with a post-column delivery system. The limits of detection (S/N=3) and of quantification (S/N=10) of saikosaponins were 0.01-0.02 and 0.03-0.05 μg/mL, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision (RSDs) were each <9.7% and the average recoveries were 95.0-97.6% in Bupleuri Radix. This method can be used to analyze saikosaponins in Bupleuri Radix and Caihu-shugan-san.