层状LiMnO2正极材料的研究进展

层状LiMnO2化合物的研究是目前锂离子电池正极材料锂锰氧化物研究工作的新热点，本文综述了近年来国内外LiMnO2化合物的研究进展，主要阐述了具有层状和扭曲层状结构的m-LiMnO2和o-LiMnO2的结构、电性能、合成和改性方法等方面的研究状况，重点介绍了离子交换法合成层状LiMnO2的原因和机理。探索新的合成方法和掺杂其它金属离子改性以提高循环性能是今后LiMnO2的研究趋势。     

锂离子电池正极材料层状LiMnO2的掺杂改性

层状LiMnO2具有成本低、无毒和比容量高等优点，是一种非常有发展前景的正极材料。本文介绍了近年来国内外层状LiMnO2的研究进展。主要阐述了层状LiMnO2的结构与性能的关系。结合笔者的工作，着重探讨了离子掺杂改性对层状LiMnO2的电化学性能的影响。最后，简要指明了层状LiMnO2将来的可能研究方向。     

锂离子电池正极材料层状LiMn02的掺杂改性

层状LiMnO2具有成本低、无毒和比容量高等优点,是一种非常有发展前景的正极材料.本文介绍了近年来国内外层状LiMnO2的研究进展.主要阐述了层状LiMnO2的结构与性能的关系.结合笔者的工作,着重探讨了离子掺杂改性对层状LiMno2的电化学性能的影响.最后,简要指明了层状LiMnO2将来的可能研究方向.     

S-M(M=Cu, Co, Ti)复合掺杂层状LiMnO2 的合成及其电化学性能

用水热法合成了锂离子电池正极材料正交结构LiMnO2材料, 并对其进行S2－、大尺寸阳离子(Cu2＋, Co3＋, Ti4＋)以及硫-金属离子复合掺杂改性. 用X射线衍射(XRD)、X光电子能谱分析(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、恒电流充放电、交流阻抗谱(EIS)等测试技术进行表征. 实验结果表明: 当掺入离子的含量较低时, 得到的产物能保持完整的正交结构, 并表现出较好的电化学性能. S2－和非Jahn-Teller效应大尺寸阳离子的掺入使材料的循环稳定性能大幅度提高, 而这种提高是源于这些离子对LiMnO2结构的稳定作用. 电极材料Li1.02Mn0.988Ti0.012O1.989S0.011显示了最优的电化学性能, 在50 mA•g－1放电速率下, 其初始放电容量为142.6 mAh•g－1, 60次循环后放电容量为213.4 mAh•g－1. 硫-金属阳离子复合掺杂, 综合了大尺寸阳离子可以提高材料中Li＋的扩散能力和S2－掺杂抑制Jahn-Teller畸变两方面优势, 使层状结构LiMnO2正极材料既保持了较高的容量又获得良好的循环性能.     

二维层状分子筛前驱体的合成、改性及催化应用

二维层状分子筛前驱体具有三维分子筛的层结构单元,具备母体分子筛的特性,其开放二维片层骨架结构给合成新分子筛以及基于其改性得到新衍生结构分子筛提供新机遇,是近年来分子筛研究领域一个新热点。大量二维片层前驱体可直接合成或通过三维分子筛后处理获得,基于二维片层前驱体人们发展了溶胀、剥层、柱撑、原子扩孔、层重组等层操纵的策略,通过这些策略一些常规方法难以合成或不符合理论规则的分子筛被合成出来,这极大地丰富了二维层状分子筛前驱体的研究领域,扩展了其应用范围。本文概述了二维层状分子筛前驱体的结构特点,系统总结了近年来二维层状分子筛前驱体的合成方法,在此基础上着重阐述了其改性获得新结构分子筛的新策略,并介绍了在多相催化反应中的应用。     

一个新型层状化合物[Ni(C10H8N2)2V3O8.5]的水热合成与晶体结构

多金属氧酸盐因其在医药临床、工业催化和功能材料等方面的广泛应用而引起人们的关注[1～7]. 由于钒化合物具有令人感兴趣的结构以及在材料领域中的重要的应用而倍受关注. 在以往的合成中, 常压溶液合成是主要手段, 利用水热合成方法制备多金属氧酸盐配合物晶体是近几年来国际上刚刚兴起的一项研究工作, 通过该方法已合成出一批具有新颖结构的层状、链状、多孔、高聚合度化合物[8～11], 一些已用于药物和催化剂的研究工作中. V-O体系化合物的合成与表征近来已引起人们的极大兴趣, 如: [VⅣVⅤ2O7(phen)]n[12]是一含有混合价钒的层状结构; Ni(en)3(VO3)2[13], Cu(dien)V2O6*H2O[14]是一维链状结构. 为了探究水热条件下钒物种的反应特性及生成规律, 制备新的钒配合物晶体, 目前我们正在积极开展这方面的研究并取得了一定成果.     

[Co(1,10-phen)(H_2O)(VO_3)_2]的水热合成、结构及电化学性质

采用水热方法并以邻菲啉为模板剂合成了一种过渡金属配合物连接的无机-有机层状结构的多金属钒酸盐Co(1,10-phen)(H2O)(VO3)2,该化合物经过X-射线单晶衍射、元素分析、红外光谱表征和热失重分析,并用循环伏安法研究了标题化合物的电化学性质.     

锂电池正极材料Li1.06Mn0.8Cr0.14O2的水热合成及其光谱研究

采用水热方法合成了掺铬锂锰氧化合物, X射线衍射和Raman光谱分析结果表明, 所得材料为具有NaFeO2结构的晶体. 由等离子发射光谱(CIP)确定其组分为Li1.06Mn0.8Cr0.14O2. X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究结果表明, 与未掺杂的LiMnO2相比, 所得材料中Mn的平均价态增加, 这将抑制因Mn3+离子的存在而产生的Jahn-Teller畸变, 有利于提高材料的电化学循环性能.     

第二结构导向剂诱导形成的二维有机模板稀土硫酸盐（英文）

水热条件下合成了具有超大孔道和层状结构的有机模板稀土硫酸盐。超大孔道的稀土硫酸盐(1)的分子式为[(CH3)2NH2]9[Pr5(SO4)12]·2H2O,它展现出有趣的交叉二十元环孔道结构。层状的稀土硫酸盐的分子式为[H3O]3[(CH3)2NH2]3[Ln2(SO4)6](Ln=Pr,2;Nd,3),它可以被看作是由双链和八元环结合而成。这3种化合物的合成揭示了大的有机胺(三聚氰胺)可能用作为第二结构导向剂,阻止形成高维数的无机骨架,从而诱导了二维层状结构稀土硫酸盐晶体的生长。对化合物1和3的磁性进行了研究,测试的温度范围在2~300 K。     

层状氢氧化苯甲酸锌的水热合成与表征

在110～180 ℃范围内, 以Zn(OH)2与苯甲酸为原料水热法成功合成了层状氢氧化苯甲酸锌化合物. 通过XRD、TG-DTA、SEM、TEM和元素分析研究了合成产物的结构、形貌、性质和化学组成, 探讨了合成条件对水热反应产物的影响. 当C6H5COOH/Zn的摩尔比为0.9～1.0, 水热温度130～150 ℃及水热反应12 h, 合成的层状化合物具有纤维状粒子特征, 层间距为1.44 nm, 化学组成为Zn(OH)1.12•(C6H5COO)0.88.     

单斜层状LiMnO2的球磨-离子交换法合成及其电化学性能研究

通过球磨促进固相反应法合成出了具有单斜层状结构的前驱物NaMnO₂，随后通过离子交换得到了单斜层状LiMnO₂。XRD测试结果显示产物为单相。扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观测结果显示LiMnO₂的粒子尺寸为300～500 nm，HRTEM分析显示干扰条纹的间距为0.485 nm，基本对应于m-LiMnO₂的(001)晶面间距。红外吸收光谱(IR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)被用来测量m-LiMnO₂中Mn-O键的伸缩和弯曲振动吸收和Mn元素的价态。合成的m-LiMnO₂在电化学充放电循环初期表现了较好的电化学性能，但其循环寿命仍需要进一步改善。     

Interconvertable modular framework and layered lanthanide(III)-etidronic acid coordination polymers

Isostructural modular microporous Na2[Y(hedp)(H2O)0.67] and Na4[Ln2(hedp)2(H2O)2].nH2O (Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Er) framework-type, and layered orthorhombic [Eu(H2hedp)(H2O)2].H2O and Na0.9[Nd0.9Ge0.10(Hhedp)(H2O)2], monoclinic [Ln(H2hedp)(H2O)].3H2O (Ln = Y, Tb), and triclinic [Yb(H2hedp)].H2O coordination polymers based on etidronic acid (H5hedp) have been prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and characterized structurally by (among others) single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR. The structure of the framework materials comprises eight-membered ring channels filled with Na+ and both free and lanthanide-coordinated water molecules, which are removed reversibly by calcination at 300 degrees C (structural integrity is preserved up to ca. 475 degrees C), denoting a clear zeolite-type behavior. Interesting photoluminescence properties, sensitive to the hydration degree, are reported for Na4[Eu2(hedp)2(H2O)2].H2O and its fully dehydrated form. The 3D framework and layered materials are, to a certain extent, interconvertable during the hydrothermal synthesis stage via the addition of HCl or NaCl: of the 3D framework Na4[Tb2(hedp)2(H2O)2].nH2O, affords layered [Tb(H2hedp) (H2O)].3H2O, whereas layered [Tb(H2hedp)(H2O)2].H2O reacts with sodium chloride yielding a material similar to Na4[Tb2(hedp)2(H2O)2].nH2O. In layered [Y(H2hedp)(H2O)].3H2O, noncoordinated water molecules are engaged in cooperative water-to-water hydrogen-bonding interactions, leading to the formation of a (H2O)13 cluster, which is the basis of an unprecedented two-dimensional water network present in the interlayer space.     

单斜层状结构锂离子电池正极材料LiYxMn1-xO2的合成及电化学性能

以Na2CO3 、(CH3CO2)2Mn•4H2O、Y2O3和CH3COOLi•2H2O为原料,采用高温固相法经过2次灼烧和水热离子交换法得到一系列钇掺杂的LiMn1-xYxO2 (x=0.01,0.02,0.03,0.05) 化合物。通过XRD、XPS、循环伏安及恒电流充放电测试,研究了钇掺杂离子对合成正极材料结构及电化学性能的影响。X射线衍射测试结果表明,所得产物均具有单斜层状结构。循环伏安及恒电流充放电测试结果表明,合适的钇掺杂可以起到扩展锂离子脱嵌通道和稳定骨架结构的作用, 钇离子的引入可以部分取代原有的三价锰离子, 由于钇离子的离子半径较三价锰离子大, 因此稀土掺杂锰酸锂材料的晶胞参数比未掺杂材料大, 在一定程度上扩充了锂离子迁移的三维通道, 更有利于锂离子的嵌入与脱嵌,提高单斜层状LiMnO2 材料的电化学循环可逆性及循环稳定性。通过对所得化合物进行了钇掺杂量及电化学性能的研究,得到性能比较优良的LiY0.021Mn0.979O2化合物,其首次放电比容量为125.7 mA·h/g,100次循环以后,放电比容量达212.1 mA·h/g,远高于未掺杂材料的放电容量138 mA·h/g。交流阻抗测试结果表明, Y3+的掺入能降低材料的电化学反应阻抗和提高材料中Li+的扩散能力。     

High-energy 'composite' layered manganese-rich cathode materials via controlling Li2MnO3 phase activation for lithium-ion batteries

The 'composite' layered materials for lithium-ion batteries have recently attracted great attention owing to their large discharge capacities. Here, the 0.5Li(2)MnO(3)·0.5LiMn(0.42)Ni(0.42)Co(0.16)O(2)'composite' layered manganese-rich material is prepared and characterized by the synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXPD). The relationship between its electrochemical performance and its 'composite' components, the Li(2)MnO(3) phase activation process during cycling and the cycle stability of this material at room temperature are elucidated based on its kinetic controlled electrochemical properties, dQ/dV curves and Raman scattering spectroscopies associated with different initial charge-discharge current densities (5 mA g(-1), 20 mA g(-1) and 50 mA g(-1)), cut-off voltages (4.6 V and 4.8 V) and cycle numbers (50 cycles and 150 cycles). Furthermore, its reaction pathways are tracked via a firstly introduced integrated compositional phase diagram of four components, Li(2)MnO(3), LiMn(0.42)Ni(0.42)Co(0.16)O(2), MO(2) (M = Mn(1-α-β)Ni(α)Co(β); 0 ≤α≤ 5/12, 0 ≤β≤ 1/6) and LiMnO(2), which turns out to be a very important guiding tool for understanding and utilizing this 'composite' material.     

Recent advance in electromagnetic shielding of MXenes

As a new type of two-dimensional material,MXene's unique layered structure,outstanding electrical conductivity,low density,tunable surface chemistry,and solution processability make it receive extensive attention in various fields,especially for the lightweight shielding mate rials since the report on electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding of 2D Ti_3 C_2 T_x in 2016.In this review,the progress on the MXe nes material including their synthetic strategies,prope rties and EMI application is highlighted.First,the recent advance on the different synthesis methods and properties of MXene is summarized.According to their intrinsic characteristics,the application of MXene in EMI fields is then discussed.Finally,the challenges and perspective on the future development of MXene in low-cost preparation and practical application are proposed.     

单层类水滑石纳米片的可控合成及规模生产展望

水滑石(LDHs)是一种阴离子黏土材料,由于其主体层板厚度的可调性,使其在光/电催化、电池、超级电容器、传感器以及生物医药等领域都具有广泛应用。降低层厚至单层可使材料的物理化学性质发生根本改变,从而优化催化性能。近期研究表明,利用自上而下,自下而上的方法,可以实现单层LDHs类材料的合成,但是受限于产量(g级)以及成本设备等问题,目前规模化制备高质量单层LDHs类材料还没有工业案例。成核晶化隔离法是目前唯一规模化合成纳米LDHs的工业化方法,具有成本低,产量可吨级放大等优点。本综述从合成方法、表征手段、应用三个角度讨论了单层及超薄LDHs的精准调控,详细论述了近期关于单层及超薄LDHs合成突破以及LDHs的规模化生产进展,并对其性能进行了总结,为后续设计高性能单层LDHs提供思路。     

A comprehensive understanding of the anionic redox chemistry in layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) have demonstrated great application prospects in large-scale energy storage systems and low-speed electric vehicles due to the cost effectiveness and abundant resources. Layered transition-metal oxides are recognized as one of the most attractive sodium-ion storage cathode candidates by virtue of their high compositional diversity, environmental friendliness, ease of synthesis, and promising theoretical capacities. The practicability, however, is still limited by the fact that the energy densities of most Na-storage layered oxide cathodes solely using the conventional cationic redox are not comparable to those of the lithium-ion storage counterparts. Recently, the strategy of activating anionic redox(O_2~-/O~(n-)) which is popular in Li-rich layered materials has been successfully applied in oxide cathodes of SIBs to promote the energy density to a new level. It is interesting to note that excess Na is not the prerequisite to induce anionic redox in sodium oxides, indicating a new mechanism underlying Na-ion materials. Herein, the latest advances on the anionic redox chemistry in layered oxide cathodes for SIBs,including the fundamental theories, triggering strategies, and applicable cathode materials, are comprehensively reviewed.Moreover, the challenges(mainly O_2 release) facing anionic redox are discussed, and the possible remedies are outlined for future developments toward a highly reversible oxygen usage. We believe that this review can provide a valuable guidance for the exploration of high-energy layered oxide cathode materials of SIBs.     

单斜层状LiMn0.97Al0.03O2-x(PO4)x材料的合成及其电化学性能

以Na₂CO₃, (CH₃CO₂)₂Mn·4H₂O, Al₂O₃, Na₃PO₄·12H₂O和CH₃COOLi·2H₂O为原料, 通过2次高温固相法和一步水热离子交换法得到一系列铝和磷掺杂的LiMn_0.97Al_0.03O₂, LiMnO_1.99(PO₄)_0.01和LiMn_0.97Al_0.03O_2-x(PO₄)_x(x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05)化合物. 用X射线衍射(XRD)表征了前驱体及交换产物的晶体结构, 用扫描电镜(SEM) 测定了晶体的形貌. 通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶红外光谱及恒电流充放电测试, 研究了掺杂离子对合成材料结构及电化学性能的影响. 研究结果表明, Al-PO₄复合掺杂综合了Al³⁺掺杂提高材料的电化学反应活性和减低材料的电化学反应阻抗以及PO₄^3-掺杂增大材料的晶胞体积的特点, 提高材料中Li⁺的扩散能力, 有效地抑制了材料由于Jahn-Teller效应引起的结构畸变, 改性后的LiMnO₂正极材料既保持了较高的容量又获得了良好的电化学循环性能.     

Reinvestigation of the OP4-(Li/Na)CoO2-layered system and first evidence of the (Li/Na/Na)CoO2 phase with OPP9 oxygen stacking

The composition and synthesis conditions of the (Li/Na)CoO(2) phase with an ordered 1:1 Li/Na stacking alternating with CoO(2) slabs were determined from a careful study of the P2-Na(～0.7)CoO(2)-O3-LiCoO(2) system. An in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) thermal study emphasizes the metastable character of this phase that can be stabilized only by very fast quenching. Its composition, (Li(0.42)Na(0.37))CoO(2), is significantly different from the ideally expected one, (Li(0.50)Na(0.35))CoO(2), and its structure, confirmed by Rietveld refinement of the XRD pattern, presents an ideal alternate ordering of lithium, cobalt, and sodium layers within OP4-type oxygen packing. The presence of vacancies in both alkali-ion layers was confirmed by electrochemical intercalation of lithium and sodium. For the first time, a new type of layered oxide exhibiting OPP9-type oxygen packing was evidenced. Between the CoO(2) slabs, alkali ions are intercalated in the following order: Li(octa)-Na(prism)-Na(prism). This material crystallizes in the R3m space group with a(hex) = 2.828 ? and c(hex) = 46.85 ? cell parameters.     

二硒化钼基材料的制备及其在二次电池中的研究进展

二次电池由于具循环寿命长、成本低廉、绿色环保等优点受到科研工作者的广泛关注,而电极材料对整个电池系统的性能起着至关重要的作用。二硒化钼由于具有独特的层状结构、电导率高、带隙较窄等特点,被认为是储能领域的明日之星。然而,金属硒化物在循环过程中体积变化严重,导致动力学和电化学稳定性较差,限制了其在二次电池中的进一步实际应用。因此,研究者通过调整合成方法、与碳质材料复合、设计独特的结构等手段来缓解金属硒化物电极的稳定性问题。本文综述了二硒化钼材料的制备工艺、复合改性方法及其在二次电池中应用现状,最后对该材料在二次电池中所面临的挑战和应用前景进行了总结。