树枝状银微纳结构的表面增强拉曼散射效应研究

利用两电极电化学沉积法制备出一种树枝状银微纳结构基体.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的表征结果证实所制备的银基体呈现出完整的树枝状结构,具有对称性的树枝和树干,且树叶清晰可见.实验结果表明,树枝状银微纳结构的表面增强拉曼散射(Surface-enhanced Raman scattering,SERS)可以检测到超低浓度的罗丹明6G(Rhodamine 6G,R6G,10-10 mol/L)光谱信号,即树枝状银微纳结构作为SERS基体表现出较好的灵敏性;当R6G的浓度在10-5~10-10 mol/L范围依次降低一个数量级时,谱带610 cm-1处的拉曼散射强度的相对标准偏差分别为12.1%,12.0%,11.7%,10.9%,13.2%和14.3%,表明所制备银基体的SERS"热点"(Hot spots)分布较均一,树枝状银微纳结构作为SERS基体具有较好的重现性;当低SERS活性的3-巯基丙酸(3-Mercaptopropionic acid,3MPA)的检测浓度为10-5 mol/L时,利用树枝状银基体能检测到3MPA的SERS光谱,说明所制备的银基体对低活性物质也具有较好的SERS灵敏性.     

自组装有序纳米银线表面增强拉曼光谱检测牛奶中三聚氰胺

制备具有表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)增强效果的基底是获得灵敏SERS检测的基础.本研究以多元醇法合成、流体流动法组装制备的有序纳米银线作为三聚氰胺的SERS增强基底,实现了样品中痕量三聚氰胺的快速灵敏检测.通过理论计算及实验考察得到了三聚氰胺的拉曼特征峰,优化了三聚氰胺在有序纳米银线基底上的SERS检测条件.在pH=8、水为溶剂、溶剂挥发时间为14 min的最佳条件下,三聚氰胺特征峰强度与浓度在0.05 ～ 1.00 mg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,其线性相关系数R=0.997,检测限为0.05 mg/L.在牛奶中添加不同浓度的三聚氰胺,其回收率为89.7％～ 109.2％,相对标准偏差低于6.8％.本方法对三聚氰胺检测具有很好的灵敏度和稳定性,为其它小分子化合物的SERS检测提供技术支持.     

Ag/ZIF-90自组装薄膜的制备及SERS活性研究

合成了金属有机框架化合物沸石咪唑框架-90(ZIF-90)溶胶和ZIF-90晶体薄膜,分别以这2种材料为基底,制备出了Ag@ZIF-90复合材料和Ag/ZIF-90自组装薄膜.通过傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR),X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对产物进行表征,分析了它们的形貌和结构特征.以罗丹明6G(R 6G)作为检测分子,对所制备材料的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)性能进行测试.结果表明制备出的Ag/ZIF-90自组装薄膜具有好的SERS性能,而ZIF-90本身的拉曼峰并不会对Ag/ZIF-90自组装薄膜的SERS检测效果产生影响.这种材料可以作为一种较好的表面增强拉曼(SERS)活性基底,在农药残留检测方面具有很好的应用前景.     

基于便携式表面增强拉曼光谱仪检测血红蛋白

本研究以纳米Au溶胶为增强试剂,利用便携式拉曼光谱仪,建立了一种血红蛋白的快速无标记检测方法。测定了系列浓度梯度的不同粒径纳米Au溶胶对血红蛋白表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)信号的增强效果,并进行了重复性验证。结果表明,与血红蛋白溶液的普通拉曼测试效果相比,血红蛋白与纳米Au溶胶混合后,拉曼信号得到显著增强,且粒径为50±15 nm的纳米Au溶胶对血红蛋白拉曼信号的增强效果最好;血红蛋白的拉曼特征峰强度I_(1531)与其质量浓度间具有较好的线性关系,线性范围是5～30 mg/L,相关系数R~2=0.9223;不同批次、相同质量浓度的血红蛋白与纳米Au溶胶混合测定的实验结果重现性好,且与共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪测定血红蛋白的SERS结果相一致。该方法检测耗时短、设备操作简便且具有较好的重现性。     

基于MOF@TiN-Ag/银溶胶复合基底的茶碱表面增强拉曼检测

以制备的MOF@TiN-Ag/银溶胶复合基底为表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)活性基底，对茶碱进行SERS检测，探讨了基于该复合基底的表面增强拉曼技术在药物检测方面的应用。首先，利用电化学阳极氧化结合氨气还原氮化法制备了氮化钛纳米管阵列，随后通过电化学沉积法制备TiN-Ag复合基底，并在其表面原位生长金属有机框架(MOF)包覆层得到MOF@TiN-Ag复合基底，将茶碱与银溶胶混合后滴加在该复合基底上进行表面增强拉曼光谱检测。结果表明，MOF@TiN-Ag/银溶胶复合基底中存在面心立方晶型TiN、金属单质Ag和MOF钴基3种物相；扫描电镜结果显示，TiN纳米管排列整齐，Ag纳米结构呈树枝状均匀分散在其表面；作为隔绝层的MOF粒子形状规整，覆盖在TiN-Ag表面；银溶胶纳米粒子呈圆球状分布在MOF@TiN-Ag复合基底表面。由于银纳米粒子与TiN-Ag复合基底可发生协同增强作用，加之MOF的富集特性，使得该复合基底具有优异的SERS性能，其对茶碱溶液的SERS检出限为1×10^-5 mol/L，检测性能良好。所制备的MOF@TiNAg/银溶胶复合基底拓宽了SERS在药物检测...     

SERS活性液芯光纤的制备及超灵敏检测应用

表面增强拉曼光谱 (SERS)和表面增强共振拉曼光谱 (SERRS)技术的发展使拉曼光谱在各方面的应用突飞猛进 .利用粗糙银电极、蒸镀银岛膜、金和银溶胶的自组装膜等方法制备 SERS活性基底 ,可使拉曼光谱对样品的检测浓度达到 1 0 - 7～ 1 0 - 12 mol/ L,目前可在 1 .0 n L 内检测数十个分子[1～ 3] .1 997年 Nie[4 ] 和 Kneipp等[5] 几乎同时报道拉曼检测达到了单分子水平 .表面修饰的光纤作为传感器 ,在实时、原位或现场检测等应用领域的研究十分活跃 [6～ 9] .液芯光纤作为光纤光谱研究的分支 ,以其在液体样品检测中的独特优势备受关注…     

超疏水性三维银纳米树SERS基底的制备及用于阿奇霉素检测

制备了一种超疏水性三维银纳米树表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)基底，利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)及X射线衍射(XRD)对三维银纳米树进行表征，利用接触角(CA)分析其疏水性能。以罗丹明B(RB)为拉曼探针进行条件优化，并考察阿奇霉素(AZM)在该基底上的SERS性能，发现该SERS基底对AZM具有较强的拉曼增强效应，在1.0×10^-11～1.0×10^-9 mol/L范围内，AZM浓度的对数值与拉曼峰强度I_SERS呈良好的线性关系，线性拟合方程为I_SERS=4098logc+47769(R²=0.987)，检出限为4 pmol/L。使用该方法检测AZM分散片、人血清及猪血清中的AZM，加标回收率在91.2%～118.1%之间，相对标准偏差为1.1%～6.2%。     

手持式拉曼光谱仪结合双金属Au@AgNPs聚集体检测环境水中结晶紫

构建了一种基于手持式拉曼光谱仪,结合双金属银包金粒子(Au@AgNPs)聚集体的现场快速检测结晶紫的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)方法。首先制备了“核-壳”粒径分别约为30 nm和6 nm的双金属银包金粒子(Au@AgNPs),并以NaCl作为聚集剂,获得了具有SERS活性的Au@AgNPs聚集体。结合激发光源785 nm的手持式拉曼光谱仪,实现了结晶紫的快速检测。以结晶紫位于1621 cm^-1处的特征峰进行定量分析,方法检出限为8.20μg/L,对河水和湖水中结晶紫的加标回收率为71.0%～128.4%。本文所构建的方法可用于监测结晶紫的非法使用。     

表面增强拉曼光谱结合乘子效应模型对血浆和药片中甲巯咪唑的定量检测

将表面增强拉曼散射(Surface-enhanced raman scattering,SERS)技术与乘子效应模型结合,采用2-巯基异烟酸作为内标,以银纳米颗粒为SERS增强基底,对血浆和药片样本中甲巯咪唑的进行准确的定量分析.实验结果表明,本方法对血浆样本中甲巯咪唑的平均相对预测误差为5.1％,检出限为32 nmol/L;对药片中甲巯咪唑的定量结果与LC-MS/MS方法基本一致,其加标回收率在93.3％ ～ 110.9％之间.     

基于光谱净信号算法的紫外分光光度法快速同时测定复方盐酸阿米洛利片中的盐酸阿米洛利和氢氯噻嗪

结合光谱净信号算法,对紫外光谱相互干扰的复方盐酸阿米洛利片中盐酸阿米洛利和氢氯噻嗪进行快速同时测定。在240～400nm内,通过光谱净信号算法计算盐酸阿米洛利和氢氯噻嗪的光谱净信号,两种组分的质量浓度与其光谱净信号分别在1.6～2.4mg·L~(-1)和16～24mg·L~(-1)内呈线性关系。盐酸阿米洛利和氢氯噻嗪的平均回收率分别为105%～106%和104%～105%。测定结果的相对标准偏差(n=5)分别为0.77%,0.69%。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

美国化学教育中的科学道德教育

介绍了近年来美国科学界维护科学道德的行动及美国某些大学化学系开设科学道德教育课程的情况     

Styrol in Polystyrol und in Styrol-Methylmethacrylat-Copolymeren

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Electrolysis in nanochannels for in situ reagent generation in confined geometries

In situ generation of reactive species within confined geometries, such as nanopores or nanochannels is of significant interest in overcoming mass transport limitations in chemical reactivity. Solvent electrolysis is a simple process that can readily be coupled to nanochannels for the electrochemical generation of reactive species, such as H(2). Here the production of hydrogen-rich liquid volumes within nanofluidic structures, without bubble nucleation or nanochannel occlusion, is explored both experimentally and by modeling. Devices comprised of multiple horizontal nanochannels intersecting planar working and quasi-reference electrodes were constructed and used to study the effects of confinement and reduced working volume on the electrochemical reduction of H(2)O to H(2) and OH(-). H(2) production in the nanochannel-embedded electrode reactor output was monitored by fluorescence emission of fluorescein, which exhibits a pH-dependent emission intensity. Initially, the fluorescein solution was buffered to pH 6.0 prior to stepping the potential cathodic of E(0)' for the generation of OH(-) and H(2). Because the electrochemical products are obtained in a 2:1 stoichiometry, local measurements of pH during and after the cathodic potential steps can be converted into H(2) production rates. Independent experimental estimates of the local H(2) concentration were then obtained from the spatiotemporal fluorescence behavior and current measurements, and these were compared with finite element simulations accounting for electrolysis and subsequent convection and diffusion within the confined geometry. Local dissolved H(2) concentrations were correlated to partial pressures through Henry's Law and values as large as 8.3 atm were obtained at the most negative potential steps. The downstream availability of electrolytically produced H(2) in nanochannels is evaluated in terms of its possible use as a downstream reducing reagent. The results obtained here indicate that H(2) can easily reach saturation concentrations at modest overpotentials.