CO预处理对CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用XRD，TPR，CO吸附in-situ IR，CO氧化反应等对CuO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂经CO处理前后的结构、组成和催化性能进行了研究。结果表明，经CO在250 ℃下处理1 h后CuO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂中出现了分散态Cu⁺物种，该物种的产生使催化剂的活性明显提高。     

CuO/TiO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂表征及对NO+CO反应性能研究

采用色谱-微反流动法反应装置考察了w%CuO/15%TiO₂/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对NO+CO的反应活性;催化剂经空气氛或氢气氛预处理后,NO转化率达100%的反应温度分别是325和275 ℃;XRD仅能检测到γ-Al₂O₃晶相,负载15%CuO后可以检测到微弱的CuO晶相;H₂-TPR能检测到2个CuO的还原峰(α和β峰),将其归属于高度分散的CuO分别在裸露的γ-Al₂O₃和TiO₂/γ-Al₂O₃载体上的还原;原位红外分析结果表明催化剂经空气氛或氢气氛预处理后,吸附NO+CO反应气后,反应的中间产物N₂O出现的温度分别为200和150 ℃。     

Ni2+在γ-Al2O3上的分散状态及负载型Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂的α-蒎烯加氢活性

用X-射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫散射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、程序升温还原(TPR)、CO化学吸附和微反测试等方法研究了Ni²⁺在γ-Al₂O₃上的分散状态和负载型Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的α-蒎烯加氢催化活性。结果表明，当Ni²⁺负载量远低于其在γ-Al₂O₃载体表面分散容量时，Ni²⁺优先嵌入载体表面四面体空位，随着Ni²⁺负载量的增加，嵌入载体表面八面体空位Ni²⁺的比例增大。由于八面体Ni²⁺易被还原为金属态Ni⁰，NiO/γ-Al₂O₃样品的还原度随Ni²⁺负载量的增加而大幅度地增加，经氢还原所得Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的CO吸附量和α-蒎烯加氢催化活性大幅度增加。对La₂O₃助剂的作用进行了研究，结果表明分散在γ-Al₂O₃上的La³⁺物种可阻止Ni²⁺嵌入γ-Al₂O₃表面四面体空位，增大了八面体Ni²⁺物种所占比例，提高了催化剂的还原度，故Ni-La₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂催化活性高于Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂。     

MO(M=Cu和Ni)/TiO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂在CO+O2反应中的活性

采用X射线衍射(XRD)，程序升温还原(TPR)等表征手段考察了TiO₂改性对CuO(或NiO)在γ-Al₂O₃表面上分散以及还原性能的影响，同时检测了这些改性的催化剂在CO+O₂反应中的活性。结果表明:TiO₂的改性使得CuO和NiO在γ-Al₂O₃载体上的分散复杂化，产生了多种状态的氧化铜(氧化镍)物种。当负载量低于其在γ-Al₂O₃上的分散容量(0.56 mmol Ti⁴⁺/100 m² γ-Al₂O₃)时，TiO₂的加入主要是抑制了CuO和NiO在γ-Al₂O₃载体上的分散;而当负载量远大于其分散容量时，出现了CuO和NiO在晶相TiO₂(锐钛矿)上的分散。无论其负载量如何，TiO₂的加入促进了CuO的还原。因此，在250 ℃的CO+O₂反应中，改性的催化剂中具有更多的活性位，因而显示出更高的活性;相反，TiO₂的改性则抑制了NiO的还原。因此，在350 ℃的CO+O₂反应中，可还原的氧化镍的量明显少于未经改性的催化剂，导致改性催化剂的活性降低。     

在CeO2-ZrO2中加入La2O3对改善单Pd三效催化剂性能的作用

浸渍法制备了CeO₂-ZrO₂-La₂O₃复合氧化物，用XRD、热分析（TG-DTA，DSC）、BET表面积、H₂-TPR等对合成样品进行表征，研究了La₂O₃的加入对CeO₂-ZrO₂和单钯Pd/CeO₂-ZrO₂/γ-Al₂O₃/蜂窝陶瓷催化剂性能和热稳定性的影响。结果表明，在CeO₂-ZrO₂-La₂O₃中，La的存在能促进CeO₂-ZrO₂固溶体的还原，提高贮氧能力；在Pd/CeO₂-ZrO₂/γ-Al₂O₃中加入La有利于提高催化剂的耐热稳定性，阻止γ-Al₂O₃在高温下的晶相转变，进一步稳定Al₂O₃的结构，保持其高的表面积。在贵金属Pd的负载量为1 g·L^-1的条件下，测定了Pd/CeO₂-ZrO₂-La₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃/蜂窝陶瓷催化剂对CO、C₃H₈和NOx的三效催化净化活性。结果表明，在Pd/CeO₂-ZrO₂/Al₂O₃/蜂窝陶瓷催化剂中加入La₂O₃后，能明显地改善催化剂的低温活性和三效催化性能，经1 000 ℃老化10 h后，CO、C₃H₈和NO_x净化的起燃温度（T₅₀）分别为330 ℃、350 ℃和380 ℃。     

Pt/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂催化氧化C3H6和CO性能

采用共沉淀法合成了ZrO₂与Al₂O₃的不同质量比的ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物,并以此为载体通过等体积浸渍法制备了1.5% Pt/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃（w/w）催化剂。以C₃H₆和CO为反应物的催化性能评价显示,在系列催化剂中以Pt/Zr（0.4）-Al₂O₃催化剂催化氧化活性最为优异,其C₃H₆和CO的起燃温度（T₅₀）小于125℃,完全转化温度（T₉₀）小于150℃。采用XRD、低温N₂吸附、H2-TPR、CO脉冲吸附等分析表征技术探索了催化剂物相结构、比表面积、颗粒尺寸等对催化活性的影响规律。结果发现,ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物具有Al₂O₃材料的介孔织构和大比表面积特性,且产生了Al_xZr_1-xO_y固溶体新物相。适当的ZrO₂与Al₂O₃的质量比,是改善Pt与ZrO₂-Al₂O₃的相互作用强度,促进贵金属Pt的分散,提升Pt/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂的低温氧化活性的关键。     

Pt/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂催化氧化C3H6和CO性能

采用共沉淀法合成了ZrO₂与Al₂O₃的不同质量比的ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物,并以此为载体通过等体积浸渍法制备了1.5% Pt/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃（w/w）催化剂。以C₃H₆和CO为反应物的催化性能评价显示,在系列催化剂中以Pt/Zr（0.4）-Al催化剂催化氧化活性最为优异,其C₃H₆和CO的起燃温度（T₅₀）小于125℃,完全转化温度（T₉₀）小于150℃。采用XRD、低温N₂吸附、H₂-TPR、CO脉冲吸附等分析表征技术探索了催化剂物相结构、比表面积、颗粒尺寸等对催化活性的影响规律。结果发现,ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物具有Al₂O₃材料的介孔织构和大比表面积特性,且产生了Al_xZr_1-xO_y固溶体新物相。适当的ZrO₂与Al₂O₃的质量比,是改善Pt与ZrO₂-Al₂O₃的相互作用强度,促进贵金属Pt的分散,提升Pt/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂的低温氧化活性的关键。     

Ni-Cu-Mn-K/γ-Al2O3高温变换催化剂的结构和性能表征

以γ-Al₂O₃为载体，采用二步等体积浸渍法，制备了Ni-Cu-Mn-K/γ-Al₂O₃高温水煤气变换催化剂。采用低温氮吸附-脱附，DTA，XRD，H₂-TPR等方法对催化剂进行了表征，比较了载体、单组分、双组分、以及多组分浸渍的样品结构及各物种的存在形式，探讨了催化剂的活性相组成。结果表明，所制备的催化剂具有较大的比表面积，孔径呈介孔分布结构;低温时，催化剂活性相主要为高度分散的Cu、Ni、Ni-Cu-O、xCuO·yMnO₂和xNiO·yMnO₂复合氧化物;高温时，活性相可能为 xCuO·yMnO₂和xNiO·yMnO₂等复合氧化物。经530 ℃耐热15 h后催化活性测试结果分析认为，活性相xCuO·yMnO₂和xNiO·yMnO₂等复合氧化物提高了该催化剂的热稳定性。     

Ni/SiO2-Al2O3催化乙酰丙酸加氢制γ-戊内酯

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一系列不同Al₂O₃含量的SiO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物,以该系列复合氧化物为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni负载量15%（重量百分比）的催化剂,用于催化乙酰丙酸加氢制γ-戊内酯.采用N₂物理吸附、X射线衍射（XRD）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、H₂程序升温脱附（H₂-TPD）、NH₃程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）和吡啶吸附红外（Py-IR）等手段对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,不同载体催化剂的活性组分分散度及表面酸性质存在明显差异,显著影响了催化剂吸附、活化H₂与C=O键的能力,进而影响了催化剂的乙酰丙酸加氢活性.其中,Ni/SiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂上的L酸中心能够促进C=O键的吸附、活化,与金属Ni上的H₂吸附活性位协同作用,大大提高了乙酰丙酸加氢活性.因此,具有最多L酸中心和丰富H₂吸附活性位的Ni/SiO₂-8Al₂O₃催化剂表现出最高的乙酰丙酸加氢活性,在180℃、4 MPa氢气压力下,乙酰丙酸转化率达到90.5%,目标产物γ-戊内酯选择性为100%.     

Non-centrosymmetric Ba3Ti3O6(BO3)2

The compound previously reported as Ba₂Ti₂B₂O₉ has been reformulated as Ba₃Ti₃B₂O₁₂, or Ba₃Ti₃O₆(BO₃)₂, a new barium titanium oxoborate. Small single crystals have been recovered from a melt with a composition of BaTiO₃:BaTiB₂O₆ (molar ratio) cooled between 1100°C and 850°C. The crystal structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction: hexagonal system, non-centrosymmetric space group, a=8.7377(11) Å, c=3.9147(8) Å, Z=1, wR(F²)=0.039 for 504 unique reflections. Ba₃Ti₃O₆(BO₃)₂ is isostructural with K₃Ta₃O₆(BO₃)₂. Preliminary measurements of nonlinear optical properties on microcrystalline samples show that the second harmonic generation efficiency of Ba₃Ti₃O₆(BO₃)₂ is equal to 95% of that of LiNbO₃.     

g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO32D纳米片复合材料的制备及可见光催化性能研究

采用自组装和化学沉淀法分别制得两种可见光驱动复合材料石墨相氮化碳/碳酸氧铋(g-C_3N_4/Bi_2O_2CO_3).采用X射线衍射光谱(XRD),紫外可见光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)、N_2吸附、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段对制备的催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,制备方法对纳米复合材料的晶相、形态及光学性能没有影响,但是影响g-C_3N_4和Bi_2O_2CO_3之间的相互作用力,导致光生电子-空穴对的分离速率存在显著差异.以可见光驱动苯酚和罗丹明B的降解实验为探针反应检测催化剂的光催化性能.实验结果表明自组装法得到的异质结催化剂中相互作用力更强,催化效果最高.O_2-是罗丹明B降解反应的主要活性物种,染料的光敏化、Bi_2O_2CO_3与g-C_3N_4综合效应,导致光生载流子电荷分离效率更高.     

B2O3-Bi2O3-ZnO-Al2O3玻璃助烧剂对BaTiO3陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响

通过调节B₂O₃‐Bi₂O₃‐ZnO‐Al₂O₃(BBZA)玻璃的添加量研究其对钛酸钡(BaTiO₃)陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响。结果表明：添加适量的BBZA玻璃能够有效地将BaTiO₃陶瓷烧结温度由1350℃降至950℃,并使其致密化。同时,添加BBZA玻璃后,BaTiO₃的晶体结构随着烧结温度的升高而发生转变(立方相→四方相)。另外,BBZA玻璃的引入使BaTiO₃陶瓷的居里峰得到了有效的抑制和拓宽。陶瓷微观形貌显示,玻璃相均匀分布在BaTiO₃晶粒表面。优化的BaTiO₃陶瓷制备条件如下：BBZA添加量(质量分数)为2.0%,烧结温度为950℃。在该条件下制备的BaTiO₃陶瓷介电常数达到1364,介电损耗低至1.2%。     

B2O3-Bi2O3-ZnO-Al2O3玻璃助烧剂对BaTiO3陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响

通过调节B₂O₃-Bi₂O₃-ZnO-Al₂O₃(BBZA)玻璃的添加量研究其对钛酸钡(BaTiO₃)陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响。结果表明：添加适量的BBZA玻璃能够有效地将BaTiO₃陶瓷烧结温度由1 350℃降至950℃,并使其致密化。同时,添加BBZA玻璃后,BaTiO₃的晶体结构随着烧结温度的升高而发生转变(立方相→四方相)。另外,BBZA玻璃的引入使BaTiO₃陶瓷的居里峰得到了有效的抑制和拓宽。陶瓷微观形貌显示,玻璃相均匀分布在BaTiO₃晶粒表面。优化的BaTiO₃陶瓷制备条件如下：BBZA添加量(质量分数)为2.0%,烧结温度为950℃。在该条件下制备的BaTiO₃陶瓷介电常数达到1 364,介电损耗低至1.2%。     

Cr2(WO4)3和Cr2(MoO4)3的负热膨胀特性研究

用液相反应-前驱物烧结法制备了Cr₂(WO₄)₃和Cr₂(MoO₄)₃粉体。298～1 073 K的原位粉末X射线衍射数据表明Cr₂(WO₄)₃和Cr₂(MoO₄)₃的晶胞体积随温度的升高而增大, 本征线热膨胀系数分别为(1.274±0.003)×10^-6 K^-1和(1.612±0.003)×10^-6 K^-1。用热膨胀仪研究了Cr₂(WO₄)₃和Cr₂(MoO₄)₃在静态空气中298～1 073 K范围内热膨胀行为，即开始表现为正热膨胀，随后在相转变点达到最大值，最后表现为负热膨胀，其负热膨胀系数分别为(-7.033±0.014)×10^-6 K^-1和(-9.282±0.019)×10^-6 K^-1。     

Preparation and photocatalytic activity of Sb2S3/Bi2S3 doped TiO2 from complex precursor via gel-hydrothermal treatment

Sb₂S₃/Bi₂S₃ doped TiO₂ were prepared with the coordination compounds [M(S₂CNEt)₃] (M=Sb, Bi; S₂CNEt=pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate) as precursors via gel-hydrothermal techniques. The doped TiO₂ were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS and UV-vis diffuse reflectance means. The photocatalyst based on doped TiO₂ for photodecolorization of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) was examined. The optimal Bi₂S₃/Sb₂S₃ content, pH and different doped techniques have been investigated. Photocatalytic tests reveal that M₂S₃ doped TiO₂ via the gel-hydrothermal route performs better photocatalytic activity for photodegradation reaction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP).     

Direct dynamics studies for the reactions of CF3CHFCF3 and CF3CF2CHF2 with H atoms

The rate constants of the hydrogen abstraction reactions of CF₃CHFCF₃ + H (R1) and CF₃CF₂CHF₂ + H (R2) have been calculated by means of the dual-level direct dynamics method. Optimized geometries and frequencies of stationary points and extra points along the minimum-energy path (MEP) are obtained at the MPW1K/6-311+G(d,p) level, and the classical energetic information is further corrected with the interpolated single-point energy (ISPE) approach by the G3(MP2) level of theory. Using the canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with small-curvature tunneling corrections (SCT), the rate constants are evaluated over a wide temperature range of 200-2000 K. The calculated CVT/SCT rate constants are in good agreement with available experimental values. It is found that the variational effect is very small and almost negligible over the whole temperature region. However, the small-curvature tunneling correction plays an important role in the lower temperature range. Furthermore, the heats of formation of species CF₃CF₂CHF₂ (SC₁ or SC₂) and CF₃CF₂CF₂ are studied using isodesmic reactions to further elucidate the thermodynamic properties.     

Synthesis and nonlinear optical properties of BaTi(BO3)2 and Ba3Ti3O6(BO3)2 crystals in glasses with high TiO2 contents

The ternary BaO-TiO₂-B₂O₃ glasses containing a large amount of TiO₂ (20-40 mol%) are prepared, and their optical basicities (Λ), the formation, structural features and second-order optical nonlinearities of BaTi(BO₃)₂ and Ba₃Ti₃O₆(BO₃)₂ crystals are examined to develop new nonlinear optical materials. It is found that the glasses with high TiO₂ contents of 30-40 mol% show large optical basicities of Λ=0.81-0.87, suggesting the high polarizabity of TiO_n polyhedra (n=4-6) in the glasses. BaTi(BO₃)₂ and Ba₃Ti₃O₆(BO₃)₂ crystals are found to be formed as main crystalline phases in the glasses. It is found that BaTi(BO₃)₂ crystals tend to orient at the surface of crystallized glasses. The new XRD pattern for the Ba₃Ti₃O₆(BO₃)₂ phase is proposed through Rietvelt analysis. The second harmonic intensities of crystallized glasses were found to be 0.8 times as large as α-quartz powders, i.e., I^2ω(sample)/I^2ω(α-quartz)=0.8, for the sample with BaTi(BO₃)₂ crystals and to be I^2ω(sample)/I^2ω(α-quartz)=68 for the sample with Ba₃Ti₃O₆(BO₃)₂ crystals. The Raman scattering spectra for these two crystalline phases are measured for the first time and their structural features are discussed.     

Synthesis, crystal structure, infrared and Raman spectra of Sr4Cu3(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)4·3H2O and Ba2Cu4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)3

The two new compounds, Sr₄Cu₃(AsO₄)₂(AsO₃OH)₄·3H₂O (1) and Ba₂Cu₄(AsO₄)₂(AsO₃OH)₃(2), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. They represent previously unknown structure types and are the first compounds synthesized in the systems SrO/BaO-CuO-As₂O₅-H₂O. Their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction [space group C2/c, a=18.536(4) Å, b=5.179(1) Å, c=24.898(5) Å, β=93.67(3)°, V=2344.0(8) Å³, Z=4 for 1; space group P4₂/n, a=7.775(1) Å, c=13.698(3) Å, V=828.1(2) Å³, Z=2 for 2]. The crystal structure of 1 is related to a group of compounds formed by Cu²⁺-(XO₄)³⁻ layers (X=P⁵⁺, As⁵⁺) linked by M cations (M=alkali, alkaline earth, Pb²⁺, or Ag⁺) and partly by hydrogen bonds. In 1, worth mentioning is the very short hydrogen bond length, D···A=2.477(3) Å. It is one of the examples of extremely short hydrogen bonds, where the donor and acceptor are crystallographically different. Compound 2 represents a layered structure consisting of Cu₂O₈ centrosymmetric dimers crosslinked by As1φ₄ tetrahedra, where φ is O or OH, which are interconnected by Ba, As2 and hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional network. The layers are formed by Cu₂O₈ centrosymmetric dimers of CuO₅ edge-sharing polyhedra, crosslinked by As1O₄ tetrahedra. Vibrational spectra (FTIR and Raman) of both compounds are described. The spectroscopic manifestation of the very short hydrogen bond in 1, and ABC-like spectra in 2 were discussed.     

La2O3对Ni/γ-Al2O3甲烷化催化剂的助催化作用

我国将稀土作为助剂引入镍基甲烷化催化剂,大大提高了催化剂的活性和热稳定性,并已投入工业应用［1－3］．稀土对不同镍催化剂反应性能及其作用机理的研究已有一些报导［3－7］．谢有畅等观察到镍负载在经单层La2O3改性的γ－Al2O3表面,其晶粒要比没有La2O3时小得多．Rotgerink等认为添加La后反应速率的增加不只是由于几何效应,而是La对甲烷化本身有促进作用,单位镍表面的活性是随La含量不同而改变的,活性增加的同时表观活化能也增加［5］．作为助剂的La2O3在氢还原和反应过程中的变化及其作用的研究和讨论较少,目前一般认为添…