石墨烯基材料在毛细管电泳中的应用进展

石墨烯基材料(石墨烯、氧化石墨烯、还原氧化石墨烯和石墨烯量子点)是一种新型的单层片状结构碳纳米材料,具有巨大的比表面积、良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性、较强的π-π电子共轭作用、疏水作用及氢键作用等,在分离科学领域展现了非常理想的应用前景。该文主要综述了石墨烯基材料近年来在毛细管电泳(CE)中的研究进展,包括作为背景电解质的添加剂、毛细管电色谱柱的固定相、CE-电化学检测电极的修饰材料和CE样品前处理的新型吸附剂材料等,并对其在CE领域未来的发展和应用进行了展望。     

共价有机框架材料在毛细管电色谱中的应用进展

毛细管电色谱(CEC)因兼具高效液相色谱(HPLC)的高选择性和毛细管电泳(CE)的高分离效率而受到越来越多研究者的关注。在毛细管电色谱中,选择合适的固定相材料对获得优异的分离效果起着十分重要的作用。近年来,多种新型材料如氧化石墨烯、蛋白质、金属有机框架(MOFs)及共价有机框架(COFs)等被作为固定相应用于毛细管电色谱领域以期获得更好的分离性能,同时拓展毛细管电色谱的应用范围。其中,COFs因具有孔隙率高、比表面积大、高稳定性、孔径可调和可设计性强等独特性质,在毛细管电色谱领域显示出了巨大的应用前景。鉴于此,本文对2016-2023年间COFs在毛细管电色谱领域的研究进展进行了综述,包括COFs毛细管电色谱柱的分类和制备方法,以及基于COFs固定相的毛细管电色谱技术在环境内分泌干扰物、农药、芳香族化合物、氨基酸及药物分离领域中的应用及分离机理等内容。最后对发展基于COFs固定相的毛细管电色谱应努力解决的问题和该技术未来的发展方向进行了分析和展望。     

磁场辅助毛细管电色谱

磁场辅助毛细管电色谱是液相色谱研究领域中出现的新技术．它利用外加磁场的引力将置于毛细管内的具有磁响应性的硅胶微球或四氧化三铁微球固定在管内任意位置．磁场固定微球聚集体既可用作填充柱,直接用于电色谱分离;也可用作柱筛,用于填装由商品色谱填料组成的色谱柱．这一技术的优势在于制备简便易行,柱管可以再生使用,适合于微流控芯片上柱筛或柱床的制作．本文简要评述磁场辅助毛细管电色谱的进展,包括磁性色谱填料的制备,磁场固定柱床电色谱,磁性柱筛电色谱及毛细管柱内柱结构参数的测定等方面．     

电化学方法在荧光碳点研究中的应用

作为以碳为骨架结构的新型纳米材料,碳点具有许多优良的性能,如发射波长可调、良好的光稳定性、抗光漂白、良好的水溶性以及易于生物偶联等. 正是因为这些优点,碳点和其它碳质纳米材料（富勒烯、碳纳米管、石墨烯）一样受到了广泛的关注. 电化学方法制备碳点具有条件温和、费用低廉、后处理简单等特点. 另外,电化学方法在材料的表面结构分析以及发光机理的研究中也有其独特的优势. 本文即就电化学方法在荧光碳点的制备以及发光机理探讨中的应用作了综述,并简略介绍了碳点在传感器中的应用,提出了优化电化学方法制备碳点的某些设想.     

基于碳点的色谱分离材料研究进展

色谱分离的核心是色谱柱,色谱柱的灵魂是色谱分离材料,色谱分离材料的种类和性质直接决定色谱的分离模式和分离性能。碳点作为一类新型的零维碳纳米材料,自2004年被首次报道以来,凭借其广泛的原料来源、低毒性、易于功能化、优异的生物相容性和抗光漂白性等独特性能,已广泛应用于生物成像、发光二极管、传感、催化等领域,并呈现出蓬勃的生机。同时,碳点还具有设计性强、粒径大小适中等优势,将其引入色谱分离新材料中开发高选择性的色谱固定相具有重要意义。本文首先简要回顾了碳点的分类、合成策略、发展历程,然后聚焦于色谱分离材料领域,系统综述了近年来碳点在液相色谱固定相(含亲水色谱、反相色谱、混合色谱、手性色谱等)、气相色谱固定相和毛细管电色谱固定相方面的最新研究进展,特别强调了各类固定相的制备方法及其应用,并对碳点在色谱分离材料领域的发展前景和未来努力方向进行了分析和展望,期望为基于碳点的色谱分离新材料的理性设计及应用提供一些参考。     

电色谱整体柱的研究进展*

电色谱整体柱是通过原位聚合或固化于柱管内部的方法来制备的一种新型色谱柱.与常规的填充毛细管柱不同的是,其制备方法具有简易性和易于实现色谱填料表面化学性质多样性的特点,已迅速成为优异的毛细管电色谱固定相形式.本文综述了毛细管电色谱整体柱研究的最新进展.     

毛细管电色谱柱及其固定相制备技术的进展

毛细管电色谱结合了毛细管电泳的高分离效率和高效液相色谱的高选择性,因而在这几年受到了越来越多的关注。本文介绍了近期毛细管电色谱柱及其固定相制备方法和应用的进展。     

手性毛细管电色谱研究进展

手性化合物的分离分析一直是分析化学领域的一个重要研究课题。对映异构体在非手性环境中具有相同的化学和物理性质,但在生物体系中会展现出不同的生物和生理活性。因此,手性对映体的有效拆分对于医药、生物领域有着重大的意义。本文就近年来毛细管电色谱技术及其对手性化合物的拆分研究进行归纳及综述,介绍了基于不同材料,包括多糖衍生物、纳米材料、多孔有机骨架材料以及生物材料作为手性固定相的毛细管电色谱柱制备和应用。最后对手性毛细管电色谱的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

一种毛细管电色谱整体柱的制备及其在CEC-MS中的应用

本研究以烯丙基咪唑鎓β-环糊精(AI-β-CD)为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)为交联剂,采用原位聚合法制备了一种毛细管电色谱整体柱。优化制柱条件,通过红外光谱和扫描电镜对整体柱固定相的结构和形貌进行表征。以D,L-酪氨酸为分析物对整体柱性能进行评价。结果表明,所制备固定相成功键合到毛细管内,并形成错综复杂的网状结构。同时该整体柱具有较强的对映体分离能力及稳定性。应用毛细管电色谱与质谱联用技术对手性除草剂甲氧咪草烟对映体进行分离,分离度为2.25。     

非极性毛细管电色谱原位柱的阳离子表面活性剂动态修饰

毛细管电色谱是在毛细管中依靠电渗流来驱动流动相 ,同时溶质与固定相发生相互作用的一种色谱分离模式 ,它有高效液相色谱的高选择性 ,同时兼具毛细管电泳的高效性 [1] .传统电色谱柱是将HPLC填料装入毛细管 ,但由于装柱困难且易产生气泡而在一定程度上阻碍了电色谱的发展 [2～ 4 ] .通过柱内合成的方法直接在毛细管中制成连续床毛细管电色谱柱 ,可避免两端烧塞 . 1 995年 Svec等 [5,6]首次将连续床层色谱柱用于毛细管电色谱 ,此后 ,有关毛细管中原位合成连续床电色谱柱的方法得到了应用 [7～ 11] .为了使原位合成电色谱柱能产生电渗流 ,…     

Sol-gel stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography

A review is presented on the current state of the art and future trends in the development of sol-gel stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The design and synthesis of stationary phases with prescribed chromatographic and surface charge properties represent challenging tasks in contemporary CEC research. Further developments in CEC as a high-efficiency liquid-phase separation technique will greatly depend on new breakthroughs in the area of stationary phase development. The requirements imposed on CEC stationary phase performance are significantly more demanding compared with those for HPLC. The design of CEC stationary phase must take into consideration the structural characteristics that will provide not only the selective solute/stationary phase interactions leading to chromatographic separations but also the surface charge properties that determine the magnitude and direction of the electroosmotic flow responsible for the mobile phase movement through the CEC column. Therefore, the stationary phase technology in CEC presents a more complex problem than in conventional chromatographic techniques. Different approaches to stationary phase development have been reported in contemporary CEC literature. The sol-gel approach represents a promising direction in this important research. It is applicable to the preparation of CEC stationary phases in different formats: surface coatings, micro/submicro particles, and monolithic beds. Besides, in the sol-gel approach, appropriate sol-gel precursors and other building blocks can be selected to create a stationary phase with desired structural and surface properties. One remarkable advantage of the sol-gel approach is the mild thermal conditions under which the stationary phase synthesis can be carried out (typically at room temperature). It also provides an effective pathway to integrating the advantageous properties of organic and inorganic material systems, and thereby enhancing and fine-tuning chromatographic selectivity of the created hybrid organic-inorganic stationary phases. This review focuses on recent developments in the design, synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of sol-gel stationary phases in CEC.     

Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide as novel stationary phases via electrostatic assembly for open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography

We present here the application of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (GOOH) sheet as novel stationary phases for open‐tubular CEC (OTCEC) separation based on electrostatic assembly. The inner walls of a bare capillary column was first modified by ionic assembly of poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), and then negatively charged GO or GOOH was easily assembled on a positively charged interior walls of the capillary by electrostatic force. Scanning Electron Microscope images showed that GO and GOOH can still maintain sheet‐layer‐like structure when coated onto the capillary via electrostatic assembly. The chromatographic properties of the GO and GOOH coated columns were evaluated via OTCEC separations of various kinds of analytes, including three acid nitrophenol isomers, three basic nitroaniline isomers, and four neutral PAHs. Efficient separations of all the analytes were achieved with optimized buffer pH and organic additive. The reproducibility and stability of the GO or GOOH coated columns were investigated. Our results indicate the capability of application GO or GOOH sheet in OTCEC separation, which can be coated on the inner wall of fused‐silica capillary via electrostatic assembly.     

A novel octadecylsilane functionalized graphene oxide/silica composite stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography

An octadecylsilane functionalized graphene oxide/silica stationary phase was fabricated by assembling graphene oxide onto the silica particles through an amide bond and subsequent immobilization of octadecylsilane. The chromatographic properties of the stationary phase were investigated by reversed-phase chromatography with alkylbenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, amines, and phenolic compounds as the analytes. All the compounds achieved good separation on the column. The comparison between a C18 commercial column and the new stationary phase indicated that the existence of π-electron system of graphene oxide allows π-π interaction between analyte and octadecylsilane functionalized graphene oxide/silica stationary phase except for hydrophobic interaction, while only hydrophobic interaction presented between analyte and C18 commercial column. This suggests that some analytes can be better separated on the octadecylsilane functionalized graphene oxide/silica column.     

Analytical application of carbon nanotubes,fullerenes and nanodiamonds in nanomaterials-based chromatographic stationary phases: A review

An overview of the most significative results so far attained in the application of carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and nanodiamonds as chromatographic separation media is presented. In particular, the authors focus on their use in capillary and packed-column gas chromatography, in high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography, paying also attention to recently developed stationary phases for fast chromatography and nanochromatography. The performance of the nanomaterials is compared to that of planar and amorphous carbon sorbents and critically discussed in regard to retentive capability and selectivity. A wide part of this review is devoted to the most recent improvements achieved in terms of selectivity by use of functionalized nanotubes and by combination of carbon nanotubes with ionic liquids. Practical aspects of synthetic procedures in preparing novel stationary phases in relationship with their chromatographic behaviour are also commented.     

Polymeric monolithic stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography

This review summarizes the contributions of a number of groups working in the rapidly growing area of monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatography (CEC), with a focus on those prepared from synthetic polymers. Monoliths have quickly become a well-established stationary phase format in the field of CEC. The simplicity of their in situ preparation method as well as the good control over their porous properties and surface chemistries make the monolithic separation media an attractive alternative to capillary columns packed with particulate materials. A wide variety of approaches as well as materials used for the preparation of the monolithic stationary phases are detailed. Their excellent chromatographic performance is demonstrated by numerous separations of different analytes.     

Comparison of the chromatographic behavior of monolithic capillary columns in capillary electrochromatography and nano-high-performance liquid chromatography

Porous monoliths based on N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) or methacrylamide (MAA) were prepared inside fused silica capillaries as stationary phases for nano-chromatography. The columns were characterized in terms of flow rate and backpressure and showed, e.g. differences as a function of the salt concentration added to the polymerization mixture. When the columns were investigated for the separation of uncharged (polar hydroxylated aromatic compounds) and charged (amino acids) analytes under pressure driven conditions (pLC), differences to the previously observed behavior under voltage driven conditions (CEC) were observed. Whereas the non-charged analytes showed similar behavior in both cases--thus, corroborating the previous assumption of a mainly chromatographic separation mode driven by hydrophilic interactions in CEC--the charged amino acids did not. Assuming that the separation was governed by chromatographic phenomena in the pLC mode and by both chromatographic and electrophoretic effects in the CEC mode, the experiments allowed deconvoluting the two contributions. In particular, the charged amino acids appeared to interact with the stationary phases mainly by electrostatic interactions modified by some hydrophilic effects.     

Impact of nanomaterials on high-throughput separation methodologies

Due to the unique properties, such as their large surface to volume ratio and easy modification, nanomaterials have recently been studied as effective sorbents in the field of separation science. It has proven to be more effective and efficient to use nanoparticles (NPs) as a stationary phase in solid-phase extraction separation. In addition, NPs can be also used as buffer additives in capillary electrophoresis separation. This review highlights recent developments in high-throughput separation methodologies employing nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles and magnetic NPs etc.     

金属有机骨架及其复合材料在分离领域中的应用进展

金属有机骨架（MOFs）是一类由无机金属离子与有机配体自组装形成的新型有机-无机杂化多孔材料,因具有比表面积超高、结构多样、热稳定性良好、孔道尺寸和性质可调等优势,在分离领域表现出重要的应用价值。然而,采用传统方法制备的MOFs多为粒径在微米或亚微米尺度的晶体,且颗粒形貌不规则,因此限制了MOFs在样品前处理和色谱固定相等领域的应用和发展。构建基于MOFs的复合材料是弥补MOFs应用缺陷的一项有效措施,有望在保留MOFs优越的分离特性的同时,引入基体材料的特定性能。该文简要综述了近年来MOFs及其复合材料在吸附、样品前处理和色谱固定相等分离领域中的应用进展,并对MOFs在分离科学中的应用前景做出展望。     

Recent advances in polymeric monolithic stationary phases for electrochromatography in capillaries and chips

This review article summarizes the advances made over the last two years in polymeric monoliths for capillary electrochromatography (CEC). It covers the scientific literature in the period extending form the second half of 2002 until the end of first half of 2004. Currently, there is an increasing interest in monolithic stationary phases in CEC as an alternative to particulate packed capillary columns due in major part to the simplicity of the in situ preparation of monolithic stationary phases and the availability of a wide chemistry for surface ligands, which allow for tailoring the chromatographic sorbent needed for solving a given separation problem(s). The various approaches, formats, and chemistries used for the preparation of monolithic stationary phases are described.