胰脂肪酶抑制剂电位滴定筛选法的研究

建立了一种简单快速的胰脂肪酶抑制剂筛选研究的新方法,特别适用于深颜色或浑浊体系的天然药物活性分析。本研究采用临床减肥药Orlistat论证了电位滴定筛选胰脂肪酶抑制活性的可靠性和稳定性,探讨了酶抑制活性测定的影响因素,并成功应用于天然药物活性成分—黄芩苷的抑制活性研究。研究结果显示,Orlistat对胰脂肪酶具有很强的抑制活性(IC50=0.011g/L),实验结果与临床效果吻合,表明构建的胰脂肪酶抑制活性电位滴定筛选法是可靠的。此外,黄芩苷也显示出良好的胰脂肪酶抑制活性,其IC50为0.027 g/L。本研究为从天然药物筛选胰脂肪酶抑制剂作为绿色减肥药提供了一种新颖的研究思路。     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法测定枳壳中黄酮苷类化合物

利用高效液相色谱与电喷雾质谱联用技术研究了枳壳中的黄酮苷类化合物.实验采用反相C18色谱柱,二元线性梯度洗脱,分离并检测了枳壳中的6种黄酮苷类化合物;它们分别是新圣草苷(neoeriocitrin)、异柚皮苷(isonaringin)、柚皮苷(naringin)、橙皮苷(hesperidin)、新橙皮苷(neohesperidin)和新枸橘苷(neoponcirin);通过与电喷雾质谱联用获得了这6种黄酮苷的准分子离子峰([M+H]+)及分子加钠峰([M+Na]+),利用质谱的碰撞诱导解离技术获得了碎片裂解信息.通过这此质谱信息并结合文献,对这6种化合物进行了结构鉴定.     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法测定枳壳中黄酮苷类化合物

利用高效液相色谱与电喷雾质谱联用技术研究了枳壳中的黄酮苷类化合物。实验采用反相C18色谱柱，二元线性梯度洗脱，分离并检测了枳壳中的6种黄酮苷类化合物；它们分别是新圣草苷（neoeriocitrin）、异柚皮苷（isonaringin）、柚皮苷（naringin）、橙皮苷（hesperidin）、新橙皮苷（neohesperidin）和新枸橘苷（neoponcirin）；通过与电喷雾质谱联用获得了这6种黄酮苷的准分子离子峰（[M＋H]^＋）及分子加钠峰（[M＋Na]^＋），利用质谱的碰撞诱导解离技术获得了碎片裂解信息。通过这此质谱信息并结合文献，对这6种化合物进行了结构鉴定。     

虎杖和大黄中α-葡葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的超滤质谱研究

通过体外酶活性实验结合离心超滤LC-ESI-MSn技术从富含蒽醌类成分的中药虎杖和大黄提取物中筛选α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂。首先,以4-硝基苯-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(PNPG)为底物,对虎杖和大黄提取物的体外酶抑制活性进行了初步评价,结果表明,虎杖和大黄提取物对α-葡葡萄糖苷酶的半抑制浓度分别为0.027和0.050 g/L。其次,利用离心超滤技术对虎杖和大黄提取物种的潜在的α-葡葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂进行了筛选,并通过LC-ESI-MSn对筛选得到的潜在抑制剂结构进行了鉴定,结果显示,虎杖和大黄中各鉴定得到12和7种,共计16种活性小分子成分。其中大黄素等7种化合物属于蒽醌类;虎杖苷等5种化合物属于多元酚类;莲花掌甘等4种化合物都具有没食子酰基取代基。结果表明,蒽醌类化合物具有较好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,可以为开发新的安全有效的富含蒽醌类成分的中药降糖药物奠定基础。     

血脑屏障药物筛选模型的建立及丹参活性成分筛选分析

ECV304细胞在C6细胞的诱导下生长,通过细胞培养时间优化、渗透系数测定和细胞形态学观察等,建立ECV304/C6共培养血脑屏障(BBB)药物筛选模型.将该模型应用于从丹参提取液中筛选可能作用于中枢神经系统(CNS)的活性成分,结合液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)分析,发现丹参提取液中至少有16种成分能够穿越BBB模型,其中4种成分被确认为隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ、丹参素和原儿茶酸.通过定量构效关系(QASR)分析,进一步从理论上证明所确认的4种化合物均符合CNS靶向药物的特征.研究结果表明,ECV304/C6共培养BBB模型能够在模拟生理状态下从中药复杂体系中筛选分离跨越BBB的活性成分组,可用于CNS药物开发的早期快速筛选,服务于中药现代化研究.     

葛根中抑制磷酸二酯酶4活性成分的筛选研究

实验选取与抗炎免疫密切相关的磷酸二酯酶4为靶点,应用超滤液质联用技术和酶体外活性抑制实验筛选并鉴定了葛根中抑制磷酸二酯酶4活性成分.实验结果表明葛根提取物具有抑制磷酸二酯酶4的作用,IC50值为0.04g/L.葛根素抑制磷酸二酯酶4作用最强,其次为大豆苷和大豆苷元,IC50值分别为52.79,71.54和122.17μmol/L.超滤液质联用实验筛选结果与体外活性实验一致.3′-羟基葛根素和3′-甲氧基葛根素在2个实验中均没有抑制磷酸二酯酶4的作用.     

银杏叶中α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的超滤质谱筛选

采用体外酶抑制活性检测方法结合超滤质谱(UF-LC/MS)筛选方法对中药提取物中的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂进行了筛选.以4-硝基苯-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(PNPG)为底物,阿卡波糖为阳性对照药,对5种富含黄酮类化合物的中药提取物进行了α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的初步测定.结果表明,银杏叶具有最强的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,可作为进一步复筛的对象.利用超滤质谱技术对银杏叶中潜在的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂进行了筛选,从中筛选出4种潜在的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂,并利用液相色谱-串联质谱技术(LC-MSn)对其结构进行了鉴定.本文结果为开发新一代安全有效的降糖药物奠定了基础.     

中药黄酮的提取及其脂肪酶抑制活性研究

涉及中药黄酮类物质的提取、鉴定和含量测定,以及建立了适用于中药脂肪酶抑制活性研究的新方法。以夏枯草、桑叶为候选药物,采用醇提酸沉淀+超声法提取其中的黄酮类物质;通过化学显色法进行快速的定性鉴定;采用分光光度法测定其含量;并选用电位滴定法研究其对胰脂肪酶的抑制活性。研究发现,夏枯草黄酮在高浓度时对脂肪酶呈现一定的抑制作用,但在低浓度时却表现出促进活性,IC_(50)=0.036 g/L;而不同浓度的桑叶黄酮具有不同程度的抑制作用,且抑制率与浓度呈正相关,IC_(50)=0.027 g/L。建立的脂肪酶活电位滴定法适用于有背景颜色干扰的中药提取物的活性筛选     

TLC-HPLC-Q-TOF-MS法快速鉴定柑橘提取物消毒液中桔皮素、蜜橘黄素、新橙皮苷和柚皮苷及其含量测定

建立了薄层色谱-高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱法联用技术(TLC-HPLC-QTOF-MS)快速鉴定柑橘提取物消毒液中桔皮素、蜜橘黄素、新橙皮苷和柚皮苷4种活性物质并测定其含量的方法。样品经氯仿-丙酮洗脱剂梯度洗脱,TLC检识,半制备HPLC纯化,HPLCMS/MS鉴定及HPLC含量测定。结果表明,以氯仿-丙酮(3:1,V/V)作为展开剂分离效果最好。以甲醇-水(7:3,V/V)作为流动相测定桔皮素和蜜橘黄素的含量,以甲醇-0.2%乙酸(13:7,V/V)作为流动相对柚皮苷和新橙皮苷进行定性和定量分析,分离度及峰形最佳。方法测定桔皮素、蜜橘黄素、新橙皮苷和柚皮苷含量的相关系数均大于0.999,检测限分别为:0.3,0.1,0.4,1.2μg/mL,相对标准偏差分别为1.9%,1.9%,2.2%,1.5%,平均回收率分别为97.0%,103.5%,97.8%,100.1%。方法可用于柑橘提取物消毒液质量控制。     

微透析/液相色谱-质谱联用筛选黄芩中α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂

应用微透析/液相色谱-质谱联用法筛选黄芩中α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂,并对筛选出的具有酶抑制活性的化合物进行结构鉴定。实验采用迪马C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以0.5%醋酸水-乙腈溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.5 mL/min,柱温30℃,以正离子电喷雾质谱模式采集数据,从黄芩中筛选出10种潜在的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂,10种化合物与α-葡萄糖苷酶的结合率为36.18%~52.71%。该方法可快速、有效地筛选黄芩中的α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制剂,同时可为从其他中药中筛选酶抑制剂提供方法学借鉴。     

Screening of lipase inhibitors in Folium Mori with lipase‐linked magnetic microspheres by high‐performance liquid chromatography and evaluation in diabetic mice

A new method for the screening of compounds with hypoglycemic effect from traditional Chinese medicines employing high‐performance liquid chromatography and lipase‐linked magnetic microspheres has been proposed. We hypothesized that the interaction of traditional Chinese medicine extracts with lipase‐linked magnetic microspheres should decrease the concentration of compounds with hypoglycemic effect. Using this approach, the potential lipase inhibitors in Folium Mori extract were investigated. First, lipase was immobilized on magnetic microspheres by a chemical method. Then, by comparing the chromatograms of samples before and after the interaction with lipase‐linked magnetic microspheres, seven compounds of Folium Mori extract were identified. It was found that protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechualdehyde, rutin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and dicaffeoylquinic acid B had evident combination with lipase‐linked magnetic microspheres. Their hypoglycemic effects were verified in streptozocin‐induced diabetic mice. In the present study, astragalin was verified to improve the glucose tolerance and lower the level of glucose in streptozocin‐induced diabetic mice, which indicated that astragalin might be a new highly efficient lipase inhibitor. Based on these significant results, this method could be a convenient approach to screen potential lipase inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicines. Meanwhile, it also could be expanded to screen other active compounds in traditional Chinese medicines.     

Application of an efficient strategy based on MAE,HPLC‐DAD‐MS/MS and HSCCC for the rapid extraction,identification, separation and purification of flavonoids from Fructus Aurantii Immaturus

This study presents an efficient strategy based on microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE), HPLC‐DAD‐MS/MS and high‐speed counter‐current chromatography (HSCCC) for the rapid extraction, identification, separation and purification of active components from the traditional Chinese medicine Fructus Aurantii Immaturus. An LC‐DAD‐MS/MS method was applied for the screening and structural identification of main components in crude extract, and five components were preliminarily identified as neoeriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin according to their UV and mass spectra. An efficient MAE method for the extraction of the three most abundant components (narirutin, naringin and neohesperidin) was optimized by the combination of univariate and multivariate approaches. The crude extract was then separated and purified by HSCCC and a total of 61.6 mg of narirutin, 207.3 mg of naringin and 159.5 mg of neohesperidin at high purities of 98.1, 97.2 and 99.5%, respectively, were obtained from 1.42 g of crude extract. The recoveries of these compounds were 86, 93 and 89%, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Liquid Chromatography for Separation and Quantitative Determination of Adrenergic Amines and Flavonoids from Poncirus trifoliatus Raf. Fruits at Different Stages of Growth

The fruits of Poncirus trifoliatus Raf. (Rutaceae) have been used against allergic diseases for generations and still occupy an important place in traditional oriental medicine. They have also been used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers. Chemical analysis of extracts of Poncirus trifoliatus Raf. fruit at different stages of maturation revealed variations in the concentrations of flavonoids present. Fourteen flavonoids (neoeriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, neoponcirin, poncirin, naringenin, hesperetin, sinensetin, nobiletin, heptamethoxyflavone, 5-O-demethylnobiletin, and tangeretin) and five amines (synephrine, octopamine, N-methyltyramine, hordenine, and tyramine) in extracts from the fruit of Poncirus trifoliatus Raf. were analyzed by HPLC with a C₁₈ reversed-phase column. The concentrations of the four flavonoids naringin, poncirin, narirutin, and neoponcirin was maximum during the first stage of growth and gradually decreased until the fruits were fully developed. The paper also discusses the anatomical variations observed at different stages of development of the fruit.     

An HPLC/MS method for identifying major constituents in the hypocholesterolemic extracts of Chinese medicine formula 'Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu decoction'

In this paper, HPLC-ESI-MS technique was used to analyze the hypocholesterolemic extracts of 'Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu decoction', a traditional Chinese medicine consisting of six crude drugs (i.e. Paeonia lactiflora, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Citrus aurantium, Carthamus tinctorius, Prunus persica and Bupleurum falcatum). A total of 17 compounds were identified and their plant derivations were also distinguished. Nine compounds among them were unambiguously determined as oxypaeoniflorin, amygdalin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, naringin, hesperidin, senkyunolide I and neohesperidin by comparing the retention times (tR), UV spectra and m/z values with those of the reference compounds. The other eight compounds were tentatively identified as prunasin, 6-hydroxy-kaempferol 3,6-diglucoside, 6-hydroxykaempferol 3-rutinoside-6-glucoside, galloylpaeoniflorin, 6-hydroxy-kaempferol 3-glucoside, anhydrosafflor yellow B, narirutin and kaempferol 3-rutinoside by MS2 spectra and the comparison of their UV spectra and MS spectra with literature data.     

HPLC Fingerprint with Multi-components Analysis for Quality Consistency Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Si-Mo-Tang Oral Liquid Preparation

Si-Mo-Tang(SMT) oral liquid preparation, a traditional Chinese medicine, was prepared from four crude herbal drugs, Fructus Aurantii Submaturus, Radix Aucklandiae, Semen Arecae and Radix Linderae Aggregatae. A combinative method using HPLC fingerprint and quantitative analysis was developed and validated for quality consistency evaluation of SMT. Individual HPLC chromatograms were evaluated against the mean chromatogram generated via a similarity evaluation computer program. Data from chromatographic fingerprints were also processed with principal component analysis(PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA). Additionally, six components (naringin, isonaringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, norisoboldine and potassium sorbate) in SMT were simultaneously determined to interpret the quality consistency. For fingerprint analysis, 20 peaks were selected as the characteristic peaks to evaluate the similarities of 26 SMT collected from different manufacturers. Among the 20 characteristic peaks, 10 peaks were assigned to be naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, isonaringin, neoeriocitrin, tangeretin, nobiletin, norisoboldine, 5-(ethoxymethyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde and potassium sorbate, respectively. The results of similarity analysis, PCA and HCA, indicate that the samples from different manufacturers were consistent with each other in composition. The results from the quantitative data show that the contents of six compounds were significantly different in SMT oral liquid preparations from different manufacturers. The combinative method of chromatographic fingerprint with quantitative analysis developed here offered an efficient way for the quality consistency evaluation of the traditional Chinese medicine SMT.     

Rapid screening and identification of α-glucosidase inhibitors from mulberry leaves using enzyme-immobilized magnetic beads coupled with HPLC/MS and NMR

α-Glucosidase plays important roles in the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine. The inhibition of α-glucosidase is regarded as a potential way to treat diabetes. We established an approach to screening α-glucosidase inhibitors from medicinal plants using enzyme-coated magnetic bead. Using 1-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide as reaction reagents, α-glucosidase was immobilized on the magnetic beads by covalent linkage. The conjugation of α-glucosidase to the magnetic beads was characterized using scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The proposed approach was applied in fishing potential α-glucosidase inhibitors from extract of Morus alba, a Chinese medicinal plant. The structures of potential active compounds were identified via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results demonstrated that two flavonoids (isoquercitrin and astragalin) could bind to α-glucosidase, which was confirmed via conventional α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. Our findings suggested that enzyme-coated magnetic beads may be suitable for discovering active compounds from medicinal plants.     

Extraction and isolation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Citrus limon peel using an in vitro method

A simple and efficient ultrafiltration–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry–based method was developed for the rapid screening and identification of ligands from Citrus limon peel, which are suitable acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Subsequently, the anti‐Alzheimer's activity of these compounds was assessed using a PC12 cell model. Six major compounds, viz. neoeriocitrin, isonaringin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, and limonin, were identified as potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. A continuous and efficient online method, which involved the use of a microwave‐assisted extraction device, solvent concentration tank, and centrifugal partition chromatography column, was developed for the scale‐up of these compounds, and the obtained compounds presented high purity. Next, their bioactivity was evaluated using a PC12 cell model. This novel approach, which was based on ultrafiltration–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, microwave‐assisted extraction online coupled with solvent concentration tank, and centrifugal partition chromatography along with in vitro evaluation, could represent a powerful tool for the screening and extraction of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from complex matrices, and could be a useful platform for the large‐scale production of bioactive and nutraceutical ingredients.     

Affinity selection-based two-dimensional chromatography coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for discovering xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae

Xanthine oxidase (XOD) is a key oxidative enzyme to the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia and certain diseases induced by excessive reactive oxygen species. XOD inhibitors could provide an important therapeutic approach to treat such diseases. A new method using affinity selection-based two-dimensional chromatography coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for the online screening of potential XOD inhibitors from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. Based on our previous study, the two-dimensional, turbulent-flow chromatography (TFC) was changed to a mixed-mode anion-exchange/reversed-phase column and one reversed-phase column. The developed method was validated to be selective and sensitive for screening XOD-binding compounds, especially weak acidic ones, in the extracts. Three salvianolic acids were screened from the Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae extract via the developed method. The XOD inhibitory activities of salvianolic acid C and salvianolic acid A were confirmed, and their inhibitory modes were measured. Salvianolic acid C exhibited potent XOD inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ of 9.07 μM. This work demonstrated that the developed online, two-dimensional TFC/LC-MS method was effective in discovering the binding affinity of new compounds from natural extracts for target proteins, even at low concentrations.

Screening inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from natural products using enzyme immobilized magnetic beads by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

In this study, high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to assess the results of bioactive compound screening from natural products using immobilized enzyme magnetic beads. We compared three commercial magnetic beads with modified amino, carboxy, and N‐hydroxysuccinimide groups, respectively. Amino magnetic beads performed best for immobilization and were selected for further experiments. Xanthine oxidase was immobilized on amino magnetic beads and applied to screen potential inhibitors in fresh Zingiber officinale Roscoe, extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and Pueraria lobata Ohwi. In total, 12 potential xanthine oxidase ligands were identified from fresh Zingiber root and Scutellaria root extracts, of which eight were characterized and the concentration required for 50% inhibition was determined. Preliminary structure–function relationships were discussed based on these results. A convenient and effective method was therefore developed for the identification of active compounds from complex natural product mixtures.