十二烷基苯磺酸钠对碳酸钙结晶行为的影响

以CaCl_2和(NH_4)_2CO_3为原料,以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)为模板剂,采用气体扩散法制备了CaCO_3颗粒,研究了溶液中不同浓度SDBS对Ca CO_3结晶行为及形貌特征的影响.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征结果表明,当溶液中不添加SDBS时,Ca CO_3样品主要为方解石型晶体,呈规则菱形六面体形貌;当溶液中添加SDBS时,CaCO_3样品主要以球霰石型晶体存在,呈球形.这说明在溶液中添加SDBS可以改变CaCO_3的结晶生长方式.随着溶液中SDBS浓度增加,所生成的CaCO_3样品中球霰石型晶体相对含量逐渐增加.当SDBS浓度为1. 2×10-3mol/L时,样品中几乎全部为球霰石型晶体.继续增加溶液中SDBS浓度,由于胶束形态改变和稳定性变差,样品中亚稳态的球霰石型晶体向稳定的方解石型晶体转变,球霰石型晶体相对含量逐渐减少,并呈现花形、六边形和纺锤形等多种形貌特征.     

胆固醇(Cholesterol)嵌入卵磷脂(PC)有序体后对其中CaCO3晶型结构的影响

在PC和Chol/PC有序体中进行CaCO₃沉淀反应,用X射线衍射和扫描电镜方法表征了反应物结构,研究了作为有机模板剂的不同分子有序体对CaCO₃的晶型和形态的指导作用.在反胶束合成中出纳米级CaCO₃颗粒.胆固醇对有序体有显著影响,进而影响此体系中形成的CaCO₃晶型,可诱导生成3种CaCO₃异构体:胶体CaCO₃、球霰石和方解石.方解石含量随胆固醇含量增加减少.     

柠檬酸钠与碳酸钙晶型和形貌的控制

晶体的晶型和形貌是碳酸钙制备中的关键问题之一。 采用尿素水解均匀沉淀法来控制碳酸钙的晶型和形貌。 利用XRD和SEM等技术手段对CaCO₃晶体的结构和形貌进行了表征。 结果表明,高温条件下(90 ℃)水溶液中得到均匀的针状结构的文石晶体。 添加适量柠檬酸钠后,则得到的是特殊形貌的方解石晶体。 在乙醇/水混合溶剂中,柠檬酸钠对CaCO₃晶体的形貌也有重要影响,通过改变乙醇体积分数,得到了中空绒毛球状的球霰石。     

碳酸钙模板法制备高分子微球

模板法是一种制备粒径可控、形貌均一微球的有效途径。以球霰石形态存在的CaCO₃多孔微球具有生物相容、孔径均一,以及可在温和条件下分解等优点,适用于作为模板制备微球。本文在对CaCO₃模板进行简单介绍的基础上,从原料选取与应用角度综述了用CaCO₃模板法制备微球的研究进展。常用的装载CaCO₃多孔微球的方法有物理吸附、共沉淀和渗透法等,所用原料有天然高分子(如多糖、蛋白质、DNA)和合成高分子(如聚苯乙烯磺酸钠、聚乙烯醇)。利用CaCO₃模版制备的微球具有多孔洞或空心结构,尺寸形貌均一可控,特别适用于制药、药物递送、生物传感器及化学分析等领域。预计随着纳米技术的发展和生物医药领域的需求将推动CaCO₃模板法的研究,以期通过该方法制备出应用领域更加广泛的微球。     

以葡聚糖为模板控制合成文石型碳酸钙

依据生物矿化的基本原理,在动态条件下以葡聚糖为模板,采用仿生的方法控制合成了具有独特形貌并含有少量葡聚糖的碳酸钙复合材料.用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(FTIR)和电导率测定等手段对所得的复合碳酸钙进行了形貌与结构表征.结果表明,所得CaCO₃为文石晶型,外貌类似菜叶.进一步的研究发现,在CaCO₃结晶过程中葡聚糖与CaCO₃之间存在超分子相互作用,并讨论了这种作用的可能机理.     

双重包埋激活脂肪酶内花凝胶微球的制备与表征

首先利用聚乙二醇8000(PEG8000)将脂肪酶激活为开放构象(PEG-Lip),再将PEG-Lip与Ca₃(PO₄)₂共结晶制得Ca₃(PO₄)₂@PEG-Lip晶体花,然后将晶体花包覆于海藻酸钙(CA)凝胶(Gel)微球中,制得一种双重包埋激活脂肪酶的内花凝胶微球CA-Gel@Ca₃(PO₄)₂@PEG-Lip.该微球呈白色椭圆状,直径约2 mm.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(EDS)、共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征了其微观形貌和组成,发现脂肪酶被包埋在Ca₃(PO₄)₂晶体中,形成的Ca₃(PO₄)₂@PEG-Lip晶体花被包覆于海藻酸钙凝胶微球内的网络中.CA-Gel@Ca₃(PO<...     

乙醇/水混合溶剂体系中碳酸钙晶体晶型和取向的控制

采用(NH4)2CO3分解法,制备得到了晶型和形貌可控的CaCO3晶体。研究结果表明,乙醇/水混合溶剂、陈化时间和L-半胱氨酸自组装单层模板对CaCO3晶体的晶型、取向和形貌都具有重要影响。无单层模板情况下,溶液中主要得到了球霰石,球霰石的形貌随陈化时间从花朵外形变为树叶形。同样的醇/水体系中,在自组装单层上却得到了取向为(104)晶面的方解石。这与水溶液中同一自组装单层上主要获得(001)结晶面的方解石有明显不同。方解石的形貌也随陈化时间变化而改变。陈化时间为3h时,得到具有孔洞结构的方解石;陈化时间为12 h时,得到表面光滑的菱面体方解石。     

鲫鱼牙齿提取液对碳酸钙晶型和形貌的影响

25℃下,在鲫鱼牙齿提取液存在时,用Na_2CO_3和Ca(NO_3)_2·4H_2O作为原料合成碳酸钙,研究提取液的浓度和反应时间对产物组成和粒子形貌的影响。用粉末X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和红外光谱仪(FT-IR)对合成的产品进行了表征,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了粒子的形貌。研究结果显示,在反应时间是30s时,合成得到的产物是球霰石晶型和方解石晶型的混合物,并且随着提取液浓度的增加,球霰石所占比例呈现增加趋势;随着反应时间的增加,球霰石的含量会降低,但是产物粒子的形貌没有明显变化。结果说明,提取液的确能够影响碳酸钙的晶型和粒子形貌。     

六偏磷酸钠对碳酸钙矿化的影响

常温下,在CaCl2与NaCO3反应体系中加入一定量的六偏磷酸钠调控合成CaCO3晶体,用粉末XRD衍射仪、FT-IR对合成的晶体进行了表征,用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了生成的CaCO3晶体的形貌,研究了六偏磷酸钠浓度对CaCO3晶型和形状的影响。研究表明:在水体系中,CaCl2与NaCO3反应生成CaCO3晶体,当加入六偏磷酸钠的量小于50mg时,得到的是纯的方解石晶型,当加入六偏磷酸钠的量大于80mg时,得到的是方解石和球霰石的混合体,随着六偏磷酸钠量的增加,生成的球霰石晶体增多,实验结果说明六偏磷酸钠对球霰石晶体有一定的稳定作用。     

CaCO3粉末表面光聚合处理的研究

采用表面光聚合技术处理CaCO₃粉末,研究了反应温度、时间、单体浓度等对丙烯酰胺(AAM)在CaCO₃粉末表面光聚合的影响,并采用X光电子能谱(ESCA)、粒度分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和模型模拟分析等研究了表面光聚合处理碳酸钙(CaCO₃)的结构.结果表明:紫外光能有效地引发AAM在CaCO₃粒子表面聚合.经光聚合处理后,CaCO₃粒子表面形成了聚丙烯酰胺(PAAM)包覆层,该包覆层与CaCO₃粒子结合紧密,不能被溶剂洗涤清除.光聚合处理后CaCO₃粒子表面较光滑,分散性可得到提高,CaCO₃粒子粒径增大.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。