用全氟表面活性剂改善Nafion膜表面的亲水性

在Ｎａｆｉｏｎ膜表层引入全氟表面活性剂可改善膜表面的亲水性，其中全氟磺酸表面活性剂ＦＣ－９９效果好，经后者处理的Ｎａｆｉｏｎ膜几乎不溶胀，而能使水溶液在膜上的接触角显著减小，并改善“气泡效应（零间距效应）”。     

光催化抗雾膜材料的制备及其亲水性研究

采用改进的Ｓｏｌ－Ｇｅｌ技术制备负载型复合光催化抗雾膜材料,ＡＥＳ和接触角测定等手段研究了膜厚度、热处理条件及光照条件等因素对材料亲水性的影响,光催化抗雾膜的亲水性受控于ＴｉＯ２的晶型和膜比表面,大比表面和高锐钛矿含量可降低膜对水的接触角,膜的厚度通过改变催化剂量和光利用率影响材料的亲水性。膜材料亲水性保持或恢复效果相当。     

接枝丙烯酰胺改善聚乙烯膜表面亲水性的研究

利用等离子体技术和紫外照射接枝相结合在聚乙烯膜表面接枝丙烯酰胺(AAm)以改善其亲水性。通过衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和接触角测定验证了在无光引发剂的条件下,将等离子体预处理和紫外照射接枝结合起来可以有效地提高AAm的接枝效果,很好地改善PE膜表面的亲水性。探讨了等离子体复合参数W/(FM)、等离子体预处理时间、AAm单体浓度以及紫外照射时间对改善PE膜表面亲水性的影响,确定改善PE膜表面亲水性的最佳实验条件。     

丙烯酸水溶液聚合法制备PTFE/PAA/Nafion膜及其性能

采用廉价的多孔聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)膜作为基底, 用少量的Nafion与PTFE膜复合可制备低成本的质子膜. 但疏水性的PTFE膜与亲水性的Nafion膜结合性不佳. 基于此, 本文对疏水性的PTFE膜材料表面进行设计, 先采用丙烯酸对疏水性的PTFE膜表面进行亲水性改性, 再喷涂亲水性Nafion膜, 完成低成本PTFE/PAA/Nafion膜的制备. 实验结果表明, 改性前的PTFE膜材料水接触角为150°, 改性后的膜接触角变为55.6°, 亲水性大幅上升, 膜的机械强度和尺寸稳定性(断裂强度为25.2 MPa, 80 ℃下的溶胀率为11.9%)均优于Nafion117膜, 而 Nafion用量则节省了60%. PTFE/PAA/Nafion膜具有高质子导通率(80 ℃下达到131.9 mS/cm), 接近于Nafion117膜, 最大功率密度可以达到404.2 mW/cm².     

聚氨酯载体的逐层自组装亲水改性研究

利用自组装技术在聚氨酯载体表面制备超支化重氮盐(HB-DAS)/聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)多层膜,通过红外和椭偏仪表征膜的组装过程,利用接触角研究改性后载体的亲水性和稳定性,并对载体改性前后的生物学性能进行评价。结果表明,HB-DAS和PSS可在聚氨酯表面形成均匀的薄膜。改性后聚氨酯表面具有良好的亲水性,接触角随组装层数的增加而降低,改性载体具有良好的耐酸碱性。改性后载体对微生物的吸附性能明显优于改性前,明显缩短生化系统的启动周期。     

紫外辐射接枝法修饰聚乳酸表面及其细胞相容性

通过紫外辐射接枝在聚乳酸膜表面引入聚丙烯酸的方法使聚乳酸材料表面的亲水性和细胞相容性得到改善,研究了各种处理条件对材料表面的羧基密度、表面形态和表面接触角的影响,同时还考察了紫外辐射接枝聚丙烯酸的聚乳酸表面的成骨细胞相容性.红外光谱分析和羧基密度测定结果表明:通过紫外光引发接枝,聚丙烯酸被成功接枝到聚乳酸表面,而且接枝密度受接枝时间和聚丙烯酸质量分数的影响很大.接触角和原子力显微镜研究结果表明:接枝聚丙烯酸后的聚乳酸表面的亲水性和粗糙度明显增加,能够促进成骨细胞的生长.     

壳聚糖-聚丙烯腈复合纳滤膜的氨气等离子改性

利用氨气低温等离子体对壳聚糖聚丙烯腈复合膜进行表面改性,制成了在低压、弱酸条件下,带正电荷的壳聚糖一聚丙烯腈复合纳滤膜。探讨了等离子处理时间、放电功率对膜亲水性改善效果的影响,采用单因素实验确定了最佳等离子体处理条件。通过扫描探针显微镜、接触角测试、表面光电子能谱检测等手段对膜表面进行了表征。经过等离体改性后,复合膜的亲水性及纳滤性能均大幅提高。改性后,在0．05MPa、pH≈6．7条件下,壳聚糖一聚丙烯腈复合膜对0．1mol／L的）,一氨基丁酸溶液的通量为3．19L／（m^2·h）,截留率为78％。     

不饱和糖功能单体接枝聚氨酯膜的制备及其血液相容性

通过葡萄糖、丙烯酸羟乙酯和丁二胺反应,制备了含不饱和双键的糖基功能单体。 采用傅里叶红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对合成的产物进行结构表征确定。 采用紫外光引发接枝聚合技术,将制备的不饱和糖单体接枝聚合到聚氨酯膜的表面,以衰减全反射模式下傅里叶红外光谱对表面接枝反应进行了确认。 通过静态水接触角实验和血小板黏附实验,分别对改性聚氨酯膜表面的亲水性和血液相容性进行了研究,结果表明,改性聚氨酯膜表面的接触角从86°降低到45°,血小板的粘附量由14.36×10³ cells/mm²减少到2.57×10³ cells/mm²,亲水性明显增强,血液相容性显著改善。     

氧化锌薄膜的可控浸润性研究

采用一步电沉积的方法在导电玻璃基底上制备了具有粗糙表面的氧 化锌薄膜．用SEM和XPS表征了薄膜的表面形貌和化学组成,用接触角测定仪 测定接触角以评估薄膜的浸润性．结果显示,薄膜表面布满了无序生长的花瓣状 的微晶,形成疏松的结构．薄膜与水的接触角为133．2°,呈现了疏水的性质．通 过紫外光照射的方法可以使其由疏水性薄膜转化为亲水性薄膜,接触角降低到 4．8°。     

聚丙烯表面接枝PNIPAAm膜Ⅱ.表面特性和温度响应性研究

通过吸水率和接触角测定研究了聚N 异丙基丙烯酰胺 (PNIPAAm)接枝膜的温度敏感特性 .尽管非交联型接枝膜和交联型接枝膜的吸水特性没有显著差别 ,但是交联组分的引入确实在一定程度上延缓了接枝膜的失水趋势 ,同时也有利于接枝膜亲水性的提高 .对接枝膜进行接触角研究发现 ,在某临界温度以下 ,接触角随时间的变化表征了探测水滴与膜表面之间的相互作用过程 .为了消除接触角测定过程中水份蒸发造成的影响 ,建立了接触角修正算法和修正经验关系式 ,并发展了一种适合于温度敏感性接枝膜LCST测定的变温实时接触角测定方法 .提出了接枝膜与水滴相互作用过程分为两个阶段的模型 ,并得到交联型PP接枝膜表面性能发生明显变化的临界接枝率为 0 6mg cm2 左右     

Electrolithographic investigations of the hydrophilic channels in Nafion membranes

Nafion membranes are used as semisolid electrolytes in methanol and hydrogen fuel cells. The ion conduction takes place through those hydrophilic channels in the Nafion that can provide continuous pathways through the membrane. There is as yet limited information about the density, the size, and the shape of these channels. We have developed two electrochemical methods of visualizing the pore structure which involve the creation of metal lithographs using the membrane pores as templates. In the experiments, the membrane is supported on a flat solid surface on one side, and is in contact with an electrolyte on the other side. Using hydrogen-terminated n-doped Si(111), we deposited gold from an electrolyte containing a gold salt. The Au ions traverse the membrane through the pores, reach the silicon surface, and are spontaneously reduced. A metallic Au deposit is formed on the silicon surface, at the base of the hydrophilic channel. The Au deposits are imaged after the membrane is dissolved. Another method involves supporting the membrane on a Pt surface and depositing silver wires through the hydrophilic channels of the membrane. The scanning electron microscope pictures of these wires provide an image of the size and the shape of the hydrophilic channels.     

Wetting and absorption of water drops on Nafion films

Water drops on Nafion films caused the surface to switch from being hydrophobic to being hydrophilic. Contact angle hysteresis of >70 degrees between advancing and receding values were obtained by the Wilhelmy plate technique. Sessile drop measurements were consistent with the advancing contact angle; the sessile drop contact angle was 108 degrees . Water drop adhesion, as measured by the detachment angle on an inclined plane, showed much stronger water adhesion on Nafion than Teflon. Sessile water and methanol drops caused dry Nafion films to deflect. The flexure went through a maximum with time. Flexure increased with contact area of the drop, but was insensitive to the film thickness. Methanol drops spread more on Nafion and caused larger film flexure than water. The results suggest that the Nafion surface was initially hydrophobic but water and methanol drops caused hydrophilic sulfonic acid domains to be drawn to the Nafion surface. Local swelling of the film beneath the water drop caused the film to buckle. The maximum flexure is suggested to result from motion of a water swelling front through the Nafion film.     

Trimethyl borate‐treated polytetrafluoroethylene micropowders with improved hydrophilic and adhesive properties based on coordination bond theory

Based on coordination bond theory, the current study proposes a novel method to modify the surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) micropowders. The samples were treated with trimethyl borate in the n‐hexane solution, and this improves the hydrophilic and adhesive properties of PTFE micropowders. The surface properties of treated samples were evaluated by using X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry, contact angle measurement, settling velocity measurement, and adhesive property measurement. Trimethyl borate treatment led to an evident increase in the hydrophilic and adhesive properties of PTFE micropowders. The water contact angle of PTFE micropowders decreased from 115° to 85.4°, while the ethanol contact angle of PTFE micropowders decreased from 39.8° to 11.2° owing to the combination of the trimethyl borate with PTFE micropowders as indicated by the X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry spectra. Furthermore, the settling velocity of powders dispersed in ethanol/water (1/10) solution (pH = 8.5) improved (with a settlement ratio exceeding 20% in 60 minutes), and the fracture stress of the powders/resin composite membrane increased from 4.68 to 6.67 MPa while the elongation at the yield of membrane increased from 25.4% to 31.5%.     

Efficient electrocatalyst utilization: electrochemical deposition of Pt nanoparticles using nafion membrane as a template

We deposit Pt particles electrochemically on an electrode covered with a Nafion membrane. Platinum ions travel through the hydrophilic channels of the membrane, and platinum deposits are formed at the place where the channels make contact with the planar electrode. This procedure deposits the catalyst only at the end of the hydrophilic channels that cross the membrane; no catalyst is placed under the hydrophobic domains, where it would not be in contact with the electrolyte. By performing a series of cyclic voltammograms with this system, we show that deposition of the platinum through the membrane achieves better platinum utilization than deposition of platinum on the naked electrode followed by the placement of the membrane on top.     

紫外辐照接枝制备亲水性荷正电纳滤膜

通过在酚酞基聚芳醚酮超滤膜表面紫外辐照接枝亲水性单体二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DADMAC)制备了一种表面荷正电的纳滤膜. ATR-FTIR和表面水接触角的研究结果表明膜表面的接枝率和亲水性随着辐照时间和单体在接枝溶液中的浓度的增加而增加. 荷正电纳滤膜对盐溶液有很好的截留, 对盐溶液中的高价阳离子和低价阳离子的截留率分别为95%和65%. 但当溶液中存在高价负离子时, 膜的截留性能会明显下降. 表明静电效应在荷电纳滤膜的分离过程中起了重要的作用.     

Surface modification of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes and fouling by BSA solutions

Five different chemically modified versions of polysulfone were prepared via two different homogeneous chemical reaction pathways. They, together with the base polymer, were cast as membranes by a phase-inversion process. The surface energies of these membranes, as measured by contact angles, were used to characterize the different membranes. Streaming-potential measurements were obtained to probe the surface charge of the membranes. The surface roughness of each membrane was also determined by atomic-force microscopy. Each membrane was then exposed to deionized water, 0.08 g/l bovine serum albumin solution and deionized water using a standard filtration procedure to simulate protein fouling and cleaning potential.Both the chemistry and the size of the grafted molecules were correlated with respect to volumetric flux during ultrafiltration of protein solutions. Surface roughness seemed to be important for filtering pure water. Hysteresis between advancing and receding contact angles increased with hydrophilicity of the membrane surfaces. One possible explanation could be that surface reorientation was more likely with hydrophilic than with hydrophobic membranes. The membrane modified by direct sulfonation had the lowest surface energy and the shortest grafted chain length and exhibited the highest volumetric flux with BSA solution. It was also the easiest to clean and exhibited the highest initial flux recovery by stirring (91%) and backflush (99%) methods with deionized water. In most cases, backflushing rather than stirring was more effective in recovering the water flux.     

The hydrophilic nature of gold and platinum

Clean gold and platinum surfaces have been shown to be hydrophilic in borate and sulphate media at all potentials between hydrogen and oxygen evolution. Finite contact angles were observed at the nitrogen/metal/solution interface immediately after polishing with diamond paste, but electrochemical evidence demonstrated that such surfaces were contaminated. After cleaning the surface chemically or electrochemically, zero contact angles were observed.     

Static and dynamic contact angles of water droplet on a solid surface using molecular dynamics simulation

The present study investigates the variation of static contact angle of a water droplet in equilibrium with a solid surface in the absence of a body force and the dynamic contact angles of water droplet moving on a solid surface for different characteristic energies using the molecular dynamics simulation. With increasing characteristic energy, the static contact angle in equilibrium with a solid surface in the absence of a body force decreases because the hydrophobic surface changes its characteristics to the hydrophilic surface. In order to consider the effect of moving water droplet on the dynamic contact angles, we apply the constant acceleration to an individual oxygen and hydrogen atom. In the presence of a body force, the water droplet changes its shape with larger advancing contact angle than the receding angle. The dynamic contact angles are compared with the static contact angle in order to see the effect of the presence of a body force.     

Effect of pH on hydrophilicity and charge and their effect on the filtration efficiency of NF membranes at different pH

In this work the effect of pH on membrane structure, its permeability and retention was studied. In addition, we studied whether the possible changes in the membrane properties due to the pH change are reversible. This is important for understanding the performance of nanofiltration membranes at different conditions and for the selection of cleaning processes. Moreover, the results facilitate the choice of membrane for specific applications.

Several commercial NF membranes were studied at different pH values. Their retention and flux were explained by the charge and the hydrophilic characteristics of the membranes. The filtrations were made with uncharged sugar and salt solutions.

The lower the membrane contact angle (i.e., a more hydrophilic membrane) the higher was the change in apparent zeta potential when pH was increased from 4 to 7. As a result, the retention of ions with more hydrophilic membranes changed more than hydrophobic ones when the pH was increased in the feed solution. However, some membranes retained ions well at high pH although their apparent zeta potential or hydrophilicity was relatively low. These membranes had charge inside the pores and it was not detected by streaming potential measurement along the surface or by measuring the contact angle of the surface. Thus, the apparent zeta potential of the exterior membrane surface did not sufficiently describe the ionic transport through the membrane. In addition, some membranes became significantly more open at high pH (i.e., flux increased). This was explained by the chemical nature of the polymer chains in the membrane skin layer, i.e., dissociating groups in the polymer made the surface more hydrophilic and looser when charges of the polymer chains started to repel each other at elevated pH. Generally, the retention of uncharged glucose decreased more at high pH than the salt retention. The changes in permeabilities and retentions were found to be mostly reversible in the pH range studied (very slowly in some cases, however).