三种不同拓扑结构的分子筛在甲醇制烯烃反应中的性能对比

采用XRD、SEM、N₂吸附-脱附、NH₃-TPD研究了3种不同拓扑结构的分子筛SAPO-34、Al-ITQ-13和ZSM-5分子筛的孔结构、酸性分布对其甲醇制低碳烯烃中反应性能的影响.结果表明,SAPO-34对乙烯具有最好选择性,可达52.3%;ZSM-5和Al-ITQ-13则对丙烯具有良好的选择性可达50.3%和50.0%,丙烯选择性相当,但兼顾乙烯时,Al-ITQ-13较ZSM-5高,可达18.4%.3种分子筛反应性能的差异主要是其拓扑结构的不同引起的.孔道结构越小则越有利于小分子产物的生成,具有八元环结构的SAPO-34分子筛对小分子乙烯具有最高的选择性,而同时具有九元环和十元环结构的Al-ITQ-13由于孔道中含有一套九元环结构,使其与ZSM-5分子筛相比,在丙烯选择性相当的情况下,小分子产物乙烯明显增加.     

改性H-ZSM-34上氯甲烷催化转化制低碳烯烃

比较了几种典型的沸石分子筛在氯甲烷转化制乙烯、丙烯和丁烯等低碳烯烃反应中的催化性能, 发现H-ZSM-34具有较佳的催化活性和选择性. 经乙二胺四乙酸二钠(Na₂H₂EDTA)水溶液处理, 并经离子交换及焙烧后, H-ZSM-34上氯甲烷转化制低碳烯烃的催化性能显著改善. 当Na₂H₂EDTA浓度为0.1 mol/L, 反应温度为673 K, CH₃Cl分压9.2 kPa时, C₂-C₄烯烃选择性和收率分别达82%和61%. 研究还发现, Ce修饰H-ZSM-34催化剂同样可改善氯甲烷制低碳烯烃的选择性和收率. 表征结果表明, Na₂H₂EDTA处理和Ce修饰均降低了H-ZSM-34的酸性. 酸性的降低可抑制低碳烯烃的氢转移反应, 继而避免了其进一步转化为低碳烷烃.     

杯芳烃与NO2硝化反应的研究

系统地研究了羟基杯[n]芳烃、甲氧基杯[n]芳烃和对特丁基杯[n]芳烃(n＝4, 6, 8)与NO₂气体的硝化反应, 发现可以成功地得到25,26,27,28-四羟基杯[4]芳烃、37,38,39,40,41,42-六羟基杯[6]芳烃以及25,26,27,28-四甲氧基杯[4]芳烃的对位全硝化产物, 产率分别为90%, 70%和40%; 尤其是25,26,27,28-四羟基杯[4]芳烃与NO₂的反应20 min即可完成. 认为共振式酚氧负离子结构是影响该类硝化反应的关键, 并对反应机理进行了探讨.     

ZnCr2O4/ZSM-5@Silicalite-1优化CO2一步法加氢制芳烃反应选择性

本研究采用外延生长方法制备出核壳结构分子筛ZSM-5@Silicalite-1。相关表征结果显示,惰性Silicalite-1壳层均匀包覆在ZSM-5的外表面,调控了分子筛酸性质,特别是降低了外表面酸性,有利于改善芳烃分布。将ZSM-5@Silicalite-1与Zn-Cr氧化物耦合应用于二氧化碳加氢制芳烃的反应,轻质芳烃(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)在总芳烃中的占比从 ZnCr₂O₄/ZSM-5耦合体系的14.8%显著提高到33.5%。此外,Silicalite-1壳层的疏水性还可有效抑制逆水煤气变换副反应,降低CO的选择性。在优化的壳层厚度下,ZnCr₂O₄/ZSM-5@Silicalite-1耦合体系的芳烃时空收率较ZnCr₂O₄/ZSM-5体系提高了22%。     

ZnCr2O4/ZSM-5@Silicalite-1优化CO2一步法加氢制芳烃反应选择性

本研究采用外延生长方法制备出核壳结构分子筛ZSM-5@Silicalite-1。相关表征结果显示,惰性Silicalite-1壳层均匀包覆在ZSM-5的外表面,调控了分子筛酸性质,特别是降低了外表面酸性,有利于改善芳烃分布。将ZSM-5@Silicalite-1与Zn-Cr氧化物耦合应用于二氧化碳加氢制芳烃的反应,轻质芳烃（苯、甲苯、二甲苯）在总芳烃中的占比从ZnCr₂O₄/ZSM-5耦合体系的14.8%显著提高到33.5%。此外,Silicalite-1壳层的疏水性还可有效抑制逆水煤气变换副反应,降低CO的选择性。在优化的壳层厚度下,ZnCr₂O₄/ZSM-5@Silicalite-1耦合体系的芳烃时空收率较ZnCr₂O₄/ZSM-5体系提高了22%。     

ZSM-5分子筛酸位分布及其甲醇制烯烃催化性能的定向管理与调控（英文）

ZSM-5分子筛在甲醇制烯烃(MTO)过程中的催化性能和反应机理与其孔道中酸位点分布位置紧密相关.本文证明在水热合成过程中加入适量的钠离子(Na~+)可以增加ZSM-5分子筛交叉腔酸位点比例;从而促进高级甲基苯的生成并加速芳烃循环,有利于乙烯生成.相反,在合成过程中不添加钠离子,所制备的ZSM-5分子筛直孔道和正弦孔道酸位点比例明显提高,有利于促进烯烃循环并提高丙烯和C_(3+)烯烃选择性.     

SAPO-34晶粒形貌对甲醇转化制低碳烯烃反应的影响

分别采用微波和水热法合成了具有片状及立方结构的SAPO-34分子筛.结果发现,片状SAPO-34分子筛晶粒厚度为130nm,比表面积为593m²/g;立方结构SAPO-34分子筛粒径为1.5-2.5μm,比表面积为708m²/g.二者具有数量相近的强酸中心,后者的弱酸位数量略少.甲醇制烯烃反应结果表明,在450℃和1.0h^-1的反应条件下,片状SAPO-34分子筛的催化寿命可达380min,乙烯选择性最高为51.77%,乙烯、丙烯及丁烯的总选择性最高为90.20%;而立方结构SAPO-34的催化寿命仅为212min,乙烯选择性最高为49.84%,乙烯、丙烯及丁烯的总选择性最高只有86.81%.这可能源于片状晶粒的扩散路径较短,抑制了低碳烯烃的进一步转化及积碳的生成,因此具有较高的低碳烯烃选择性及较长的寿命.     

全氟烷基磺酰亚胺盐催化芳香化合物硝化反应的研究

利用系列全氟烷基磺酰亚胺盐[M(NPf₂)_n]作为一种新型的Lewis酸催化剂，用于催化芳香化合物与等摩尔65% (m∶m)硝酸的硝化反应. 通过考察不同的催化剂、反应时间、反应温度和反应介质效应等因素对甲苯硝化的影响，以及比较1 mol% Yb[N(C₄F₉SO₂)₂]₃催化不同结构的取代芳烃硝化反应的效果，表明全氟烷基磺酰亚胺盐不仅具有环境友好和原子经济的特点，而且是一类比常规Lewis酸更有效的、芳香化合物硝化反应的催化剂.     

介孔硅铝酸盐的合成及其在傅克反应中的催化性能

采用溶胶凝胶法合成了一系列有序性好且酸性较强的介孔硅铝酸盐材料。利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、²⁷Al核磁共振(²⁷Al NMR)、氨气程序升温脱附(HN₃-TPD)及吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-FT-IR)对制备的介孔硅铝酸盐材料的结构和性能进行表征,并考察了材料在苯甲醚和苯甲醇的傅克烷基化反应中的催化活性。实验结果表明：合成过程中,表面活性剂的用量、硅铝物质的量的比会影响材料结构的有序性,醋酸用量对材料结构有序性影响很小;进一步研究结果表明,n_Si / n_Al比会影响材料的酸催化活性,当n_Si / n_Al=10时材料的酸催化活性最高。氨气程序升温脱附和吡啶吸附红外光谱表明n_Si / n_Al=10的材料含有最多的B酸酸量。     

硼和氟掺杂ZSM-5分子筛的制备及其甲醇制丙烯反应性能

采用两步水热晶化法,通过在合成体系中加入硼酸、氟化铵、氟硼酸铵,合成出了硼和氟改性的ZSM-5分子筛。利用X射线衍射、氮气吸附-脱附、29Si固体核磁共振波谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜以及NH₃程序升温脱附等测试手段对样品进行了表征。结果表明：硼和氟掺杂条件下可以合成具有较高结晶度的ZSM-5分子筛,杂原子掺杂提高了分子筛的硅铝比;硼和氟掺杂可以显著降低ZSM-5分子筛的Lewis酸量,但提高了Brønsted酸量;硼和氟共同作用可以降低ZSM-5分子筛的颗粒尺寸。甲醇制丙烯评价结果显示：较低的Lewis酸量和适宜的Brønsted酸性有利于提高丙烯选择性和催化剂寿命;NH₄BF₄改性的ZSM-5分子筛（Z5-BF2）表现出较高的丙烯选择性和较长的催化剂寿命。     

不同硅铝比Al-ITQ-13分子筛的甲醇制丙烯反应催化性能

采用晶种法直接合成了硅铝比(SiO_2/Al_2O_3物质的量比)为137、224和309的三种Al-ITQ-13分子筛,并采用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N_2吸附-脱附、固体核磁共振(MAS NMR)和NH_3-程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等分析方法对不同硅铝比分子筛进行了表征,并在固定床微型反应评价装置上,考察了硅铝比对甲醇转化制丙烯反应性能的影响。结果表明,不同硅铝比Al-ITQ-13分子筛呈现出相似的织构性质,酸量及酸强度随着硅铝比的升高逐渐下降。硅铝比对甲醇转化反应的产物分布存在较大的影响;随着硅铝比的升高,氢转移反应和芳构化反应活性降低,使得乙烯选择性下降,而丙烯和丁烯的选择性升高。硅铝比由137提高到309,丙烯的选择性(质量分数)由46.04%增加到55.52%,而丙烯/乙烯比由3.39提高到6.57。     

甲醇芳构化中催化剂酸性对脱烷基、烷基化和异构化反应的影响

在Zn/P/ZSM-5催化剂上研究了甲醇、二甲苯、甲苯和甲醇等不同进料下芳烃产品分布随反应积碳的变化, 发现催化剂积碳对芳构化反应、脱烷基反应和烷基化反应的影响不同. 在不同硅铝摩尔比(Si/Al 比)和Zn负载量的Zn/P/ZSM-5 催化剂上进行甲醇转化, 考察催化剂酸性位点强度、密度和类型与芳烃收率和产品分布之间的关系, 发现当强酸位点酸密度下降时, 脱烷基反应最先被抑制, 其次是芳构化反应和异构化反应, 而烷基化反应却不受影响. 在Si/Al 比为14, 3% (w) Zn 负载量的Zn/P/ZSM-5 催化剂上可得到75%左右的芳烃收率, 二甲苯收率在35%左右, 具有重要的工业应用前景.     

Catalytic Conversion of Biomass-Derived Polyols into Para-xylene over SiO2-Modified Zeolites

This work proved that biomass-based polyols (sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, glycerol and ethanediol) were able to be converted into high-value chemical (p-xylene) by catalytic cracking of polyols, alkylation of aromatics, and the isomerization of xylenes over the SiO₂-modified zeolites. Compared to the conventional HZSM-5 zeolite, the SiO₂-containing zeolites considerably increased the selectivity and yield of p-xylene due to the reduction of external surface acidity and the narrowing of pore entrance. The influences of the methanol additive, reaction temperature, and types of polyols on the selectivity and yield of p-xylene were investigated in detail. Catalytic cracking of polyols with methanol significantly enhanced the production of p-xylene by the alkylation of toluene with methanol. The highest p-xylene yield of 10.9 C-mol% with a p-xylene/xylenes ratio of 91.1% was obtained over the 15wt%SiO₂/HZSM-5 catalyst. The reaction pathway for the formation of p-xylene was addressed according to the study of the key reactions and the characterization of catalysts.     

水对改性HZSM-5催化联苯甲基化反应的影响

以纳米(n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)=26) 分子筛为母体, 采用水热处理、水热处理结合酸洗等方法对其进行改性, 并以联苯(BP)与甲醇的烷基化为探针反应, 在固定床反应器上考察了反应体系中生成的水及通入的水对改性HZSM-5催化性能的影响, 并通过吡啶吸附傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、热重(TG)分析对改性前后样品的酸性及反应后样品积炭量进行了表征. 结果表明, 水热处理及水热处理结合酸洗都提高了催化剂的稳定性,酸洗后效果更好. 在改性的HZSM-5 催化联苯甲基化反应体系中, 不通水的条件下, 联苯的转化率随时间呈抛物线变化; 通水后, 联苯转化率30 h 内稳定在8.6%左右, 4-甲基联苯(4-MBP)的选择性增加至约60%; 通水条件下升高反应温度至500℃, 联苯的转化率在反应30 h后达最高点, 选择性稳定在58%左右. 水的存在不仅改善了催化剂的活性及稳定性, 还能提高对位选择性.     

Highly shape-selective Zn-P/HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst for methanol conversion to light aromatics

A highly shape-selective and relatively long-lifetime HZSM-5-based catalyst (Zn-2P/HZSM-5) was prepared by chemical modification with both ZnSiF₆·6H₂O and H₃PO₄ solution. The phosphoric acid modification could effectively modulate the Brønsted acid strength of the HZSM-5 catalyst, which promotes the oligomerization, alkylation, cyclization, and hydrogen transfer reactions. The introduction of Zn-Lewis acid sites significantly improved the dehydroaromatization of higher olefins. All of these were very beneficial for the generation of BTX (i.e. benzene, toluene, and xylene) hydrocarbons in aromatization of methanol. The coke amount and the average rate of coke formation decreased over the Zn-2P/HZSM-5 catalysts, which may largely be ascribed to its lower strong acid sites and lower outer surface acidity. The catalytic performance of methanol aromatization showed that the Zn-2P/HZSM-5 catalyst exhibited the highest BTX selectivity of about 46.76% and the longest catalytic lifetime of about 498 h at T = 400 °C, P = 0.1 MPa, and weight hourly space velocity = 0.7 h⁻¹.     

氟改性对纳米 HZSM-5 分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯的影响

 在比较了纳米和微米 HZSM-5 分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯反应性能的基础上, 对纳米 HZSM-5 分子筛进行了氟改性. 利用透射电镜、N2 吸附、X 射线衍射、氨程序升温脱附和吡啶吸附-红外光谱技术对改性前后的样品进行了表征, 并在常压、500 oC 和甲醇空速 (WHSV) 为 1.0 h–1 的反应条件下, 在连续流动固定床微型反应器上考察了其催化甲醇制丙烯的性能. 结果表明, 当氟含量<10% 时, 随氟含量的增加, 改性纳米 HZSM-5 分子筛的酸量减少, 酸强度降低, 从而使丙烯选择性和催化剂稳定性不断提高. 但过量 (15%) 氟的改性使纳米 HZSM-5 分子筛的酸量、比表面积和孔容均明显减小, 致使其稳定性反而降低. 在适量 (10%) 氟改性的纳米 HZSM-5 分子筛上, 丙烯选择性和维持甲醇完全转化的反应时间分别由原来的 30.1% 和 75 h 增加到 46.7% 和 145 h.     

Synthesis of Cumene from Lignin by Catalytic Transformation

Cumene is an important intermediate and chemical in chemical industry.In this work,directional preparation of cumene using lignin was achieved by a three-step cascade process.The mixture aromatics were first produced by the catalytic pyrolysis of lignin at 450℃ over 1% Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst,monocyclic aromatics with the selectivity of 85.7 wt% were obtained.Then,the catalytic dealkylation of heavier aromatics resulted in benzene-rich aromatics with 93.6 wt% benzene at 600℃ over Hβ catalyst.Finally,the cumene synthesis was performed by the aromatic alkylation,giving cumene selectivity of 91.6 C-mol% using the[bmim]Cl-2AlCl₁₃ ionic liquid at room temperature for 15 min.Besides,adding a small amount of methanol to the feed can efficiently suppress the coke yield and enhance the aromatics yield.The proposed transformation potentially provides a useful route for production of cumene using renewable lignin.     

纳米薄层HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯

在合成系列硅铝比纳米薄层HZSM-5分子筛的基础上,研究了纳米薄层HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯(MTP)的反应性能.在固定床微反装置上详细考察了工艺条件对纳米薄层HZSM-5分子筛催化性能的影响,同时与纳米HZSM-5分子筛对MTP反应的催化性能进行了比较.结果表明,纳米薄层HZSM-5分子筛具有较高的目的产物选择性和较长的催化寿命.在适宜硅铝比(n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=213)和反应条件下(温度470°C,甲醇质量空速为3 h-1),丙烯的选择性达到46.7%,三烯(乙烯、丙烯和C4烯烃)选择性达到78.7%.其中,丙烯/乙烯的质量比可达到6.5,是纳米HZSM-5分子筛的2倍,而芳烃的选择性比纳米分子筛明显降低.这是因为纳米薄层HZSM-5分子筛比纳米HZSM-5分子筛具有较宽的(010)晶面、较大的外比表面积和介孔孔容.     

Shape-selective isopropylation of naphthalene over H–mordenite catalysts for environmentally friendly synthesis of 2,6-dialkylnaphthalene

Recent development of advanced polymer materials such as polyethylene naphthalate, polybutylene naphthalate and liquid crystalline polymers has created an increasing demand for 2,6-dialkylnaphthalene, which has spurred interest in shape-selective naphthalene alkylation. This work deals with mordenite-catalyzed shape-selective naphthalene isopropylation to produce 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (2,6-DIPN). Effects of dealumination of mordenite on the structural and acidic characteristics and on the shape selectivity and activity were examined by physicochemical analysis, TPD, solid-state ²⁷Al and ²⁹Si MAS NMR, XRD, as well as catalytic alkylation reactions. Dealumination removes octahedral Al species as well as tetrahedral Al species, decreases the unit cell dimensions and reduces the number of strong acid sites in mordenites. Proper dealumination can improve selectivity to 2,6-DIPN from 33 to 61 % and significantly increases 2,6/2,7 ratio. Improved selectivity to 2,6-DIPN upon proper dealumination was attributed to the decrease in mordenite acidity, reduction in unit cell dimension and removal of some strong acid sites. However, neither the change in selectivity nor that in activity is a simple function of dealumination degree or SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio. Some minor difference in the apparent framework SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio can result in a major difference in activity or selectivity. There exist optimum conditions of dealumination as well as optimum reaction conditions for achieving higher selectivity to 2,6-DIPN.     

Methanol conversion on high-silica zeolites with different alumosilicate modules and prepared in different ways

High-silica zeolites in the H-form that differ in the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio and the method of synthesis, have similar acidity spectra but different distributions of the acidic centers with respect to strength. A symbatic change in the concentration of the strongly acidic centers and of the degree of conversion of methanol has been observed, as well as a change in selectivity for C₂–C₄ aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It has been established that the stages of dehydration of methanol and dimethyl ether, and of aromatization and alkylation occur on strongly acidic centers of high-silica zeolites, and polymerization reactions on weakly acidic centers.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 380–383, May–June, 1987.