柴油加氢精制催化剂制备技术

柴油加氢精制催化剂制备技术的发展大致经历了3个阶段,由此形成了三代柴油加氢催化剂:单层分散的负载型金属硫化物催化剂,多层分散的负载型金属硫化物催化剂和非负载型金属硫化物催化剂.本文对金属硫化钼基柴油加氢精制催化剂的应用背景、制备思想及催化剂研究开发现状进行了系统的总结,对柴油加氢催化剂的发展方向进行了展望.     

柴油加氢精制催化剂制备技术

柴油加氢精制催化剂制备技术的发展大致经历了3个阶段,由此形成了三代柴油加氢催化剂:单层分散的负载型金属硫化物催化剂,多层分散的负载型金属硫化物催化剂和非负载型金属硫化物催化剂.本文对金属硫化钼基柴油加氢精制催化剂的应用背景、制备思想及催化剂研究开发现状进行了系统的总结,对柴油加氢催化剂的发展方向进行了展望.     

贵金属芳烃饱和催化剂研究

近年来石油(尤其是柴油)馏分脱除芳烃的问题受到越来越多的重视。目前研究较多的脱芳烃催化剂有负载型金属硫化物催化剂及负载型贵金属催化剂。后者的脱芳烃深度明显优于前者,但后者对原料中硫化物极为敏感,提高其抗硫性是该催化剂的研究重点。本文着重对改善贵金属芳烃饱和催化剂抗硫性的最新研究进行了综述。     

贵金属芳烃饱和催化剂研究

近年来石油(尤其是柴油)馏分脱除芳烃的问题受到越来越多的重视.目前研究较多的脱芳烃催化剂有负载型金属硫化物催化剂及负载型贵金属催化剂.后者的脱芳烃深度明显优于前者,但后者对原料中硫化物极为敏感,提高其抗硫性是该催化剂的研究重点.本文着重对改善贵金属芳烃饱和催化剂抗硫性的最新研究进行了综述.     

贵金属芳烃饱和催化剂研究

近年来石油（尤其是柴油）馏分脱除芳烃的问题受到越来越多的重视。目前研究较多的脱芳烃催化剂有负载型金属硫化物催化剂及负载型贵金属催化剂。后者的脱芳烃深度明显优于前者，但后者对原料中硫化物极为敏感，提高其抗硫性是该催化剂的研究重点。本文着重对改善贵金属芳烃饱和催化剂抗硫性的最新研究进行了综述。     

非负载型磷化钼加氢精制催化剂的研制

 尽管有相当多的文献和专利报道了含磷加氢精制催化剂的研究及磷的加入对Mn-Ni、Ni-Mo、Ni-W、Co-Mo、Mo、W、Ni、Co等各类加氢精制催化剂结构、及HDS、HDN活性的影响，并证明了磷或含磷化合物可作为加氢精制催化剂的助剂和稳定剂，但对于磷化物加氢催化剂的合成及对其HDS、HDN活性的研究还很少。本文在较低温度下用氢气直接还原磷钼酸铵盐得到非负载型的磷化钼催化剂，并以制备的磷化钼为活性组分，以SiC和γ-Al2O3为稀释剂，选择高浓度和低浓度的吡啶、噻吩和环己烯的混合物为模型化合物，以环己烷作溶剂，测定了制备催化剂的HDS、HDN及HYD活性。结果表明，所研制的非负载型磷化钼加氢精制催化剂对两种含有吡啶、噻吩和环己烯的模型化合物具有同时HDN, HDS 和 HYD的性能。     

过渡金属硫化物催化剂催化加氢作用机理

负载型过渡金属(Co、Mo、Ni、W)硫化物催化剂广泛应用于石油炼制催化加氢过程。为了开发高性能的加氢催化剂,过渡金属硫化物催化剂催化活性相的结构与加氢脱硫性能的关系一直以来是催化研究的热点之一。本文从过渡金属硫化物催化剂的活性相结构和反应物在催化剂表面活性位上的吸附-催化反应机理两个方面阐述了过渡金属硫化物催化剂的催化作用研究进展,并对过渡金属硫化物催化剂催化机理研究存在的争议和未来的研究方向进行了分析。     

过渡金属硫化物催化剂催化加氢作用机理

负载型过渡金属(Co、Mo、Ni、W)硫化物催化剂广泛应用于石油炼制催化加氢过程.为了开发高性能的加氢催化剂,过渡金属硫化物催化剂催化活性相的结构与加氢脱硫性能的关系一直以来是催化研究的热点之一.本文从过渡金属硫化物催化剂的活性相结构和反应物在催化剂表面活性位上的吸附-催化反应机理两个方面阐述了过渡金属硫化物催化剂的催化作用研究进展,并对过渡金属硫化物催化剂催化机理研究存在的争议和未来的研究方向进行了分析.     

制备因素对Ni－W／C催化剂活性及结构的影响

研究了以沥青活性炭为载体的Ｎｉ－Ｗ催化剂制备参数与其加氢脱硫（ＨＤＳ）、加氢脱氮（ＨＤＮ）和加氢脱芳（ＨＤＡ）活性的关系,并利用广延Ｘ射线吸收精细结构．（ＥＸＡＦ）、透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）研究了金属原子的近程配位情况及金属的分散状况．发现金属原子比、催化剂焙烧气氛和温度等对催化剂活性有较大影响．浸渍液ＰＨ值与载体ＰＨＩＥＰ的相对关系对催化活性的影响与浸渍方式有关．表征结果表明,“类ＷＳ２”结构的完整性影响了催化剂活性,焙烧气氛温度影响了金属硫化物的分散度．     

馏分油浆态床加氢处理研究：ⅡFCC柴油加氢工艺条件及动力学研究

对FCC柴油在浆态床柴油加氢催化剂SP25上的加氢工艺条件进行了优化,并考察了加氢脱硫（HDS）和加氢脱氮（HDN）动力学。结果表明,提高反应温度、提高反应压力、增加催化剂的加入量、延长反应时间都能提高催化剂的加氢精制活性,最佳的FCC柴油浆态床加氢工艺条件为,温度350℃、压力6MPa、催化剂加入量6％、反应时间2h。催化剂循环使用性能的考察结果表明,SP25催化剂具有良好的活性稳定性。动力学研究结果表明,FCC柴油的加氢脱硫反应过程可以分为两个阶段。第一阶段为较易脱除的苯并噻吩类（BTs）硫化物的加氢脱硫反应,反应活化能为70．00kJ／mol;第二阶段为较难脱除的二苯并噻吩类（DBTs）硫化物的加氢脱硫反应,反应活化能为85．65kJ／mol。FCC柴油HDN反应的活化能为79．91kJ／mol。烷基取代的二苯并噻吩类硫化物（特别是DMDBTs）是加氢精制反应中最难脱除的含杂原子（S或N）烃类化合物。     

NiMoP/γ-Al2O3催化剂在器内再生时性质的变化

柴油;加氢脱硫;加氢脱氮;原位再生;NiMoP/γ-Al2O3催化剂在器内再生时性质的变化     

Synthesis of Ni2P promoted trimetallic NiMoW/γ-Al2O3 catalysts for diesel oil hydrotreatment

The Ni2P promoted and γ-Al2O3 supported NiMoW sulfide catalyst consisting of 4 wt% Mo, 22 wt% W, 2 wt% Ni and 2.5 wt% Ni2P was synthesized by a co-impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that Ni2P, Ni, Mo and W species were highly dispersed over γ-Al2O3. The hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) showed that the presence of Ni2P brought a strong promotional effect on the HDS activity, which was further confirmed by the HDS and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of diesel oil under industrial conditions. The enhancement in HDN activity and stability by Ni2P addition could be attributed more to the effect of new active sites of Ni2P than that of acidity modification. The as-prepared Ni2P-NiMoW/γ-Al2O3 catalyst showed better hydrotreating performance than NiMoW/γ-Al2O3 and commercial catalysts.     

Egyptian heavy vacuum gas oil hydrotreating over Co-Mo/CNT and Co-Mo/γ-Al_2O_3 catalysts

The catalytic activity of CoMoS /CNT towards the Egyptian heavy vacuum gas oil hydrotreating was studied. The delivered CNT was functionalized with 6 mol /L HNO_3. The CNT were loaded with 12% MoO_3( by weight) and 0.7 Co /Mo atomic ratio with impregnation methods. The γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst was also prepared by impregnation method to compare both catalysts activities.The analysis tools such XRD,Raman spectroscopy,TEM,and BET were used to characterize the catalysts. The autoclave reactor was used to operate the hydrotreating experiments. The hydrotreating reactions were tested at various operating conditions of temperature 325-375 ℃,pressure 2-6 MPa,time 2-6 h,and catalyst /oil ratio( by weight) of 1 ∶75,1 ∶33 and 1 ∶10. The results revealed that the CoMoS /CNT was highly efficient for the hydrotreating more than the CoMoS /γ-Al_2O_3. Also, the hydrodesulfurization( HDS) increased with increasing catalyst /oil ratio. Additionally,results showed that the optimum condition was temperature 350℃,pressure 4 MPa,catalyst /oil ratio of 1 ∶75 for 2 h. Furthermore,even at low CoMoS /CNT catalyst /oil ratio of 1 ∶75,an acceptable HDS of 77.1% was achieved.     

Hydroprocessing catalysts based on transition metal sulfides prepared from Anderson and dimeric Co2Mo10-heteropolyanions. A review

Hydroprocessing catalysts based on transition metal sulfides have been extensively used worldwide in refineries for upgrading heavy fractions to better quality fuels. The present work reviews the studies dealing with Anderson heteropolyanions (HPAs) and the derived dimeric structure for synthesizing hydrotreating catalysts. The development of new preparation methods based on HPA catalysts led to efficient catalytic systems due to better sulfidation allowed by a better dispersion of the oxidic precursor even at high metallic loadings. The increase of the Co/Mo ratio in the heteropolycompounds up to 0.5 was possible due to the formation of dimer cobalt salt. The association of Co and Mo at the molecular level in the same heteropolycompound preserved after the drying step during the catalyst preparation ensured the efficiency of the promoting effect with a higher quantity of the CoMoS active phase. This HPA-based system was further improved by the simultaneous use of HPAs and chelating agents.     

Highly active CoMo HDS catalyst for the production of clean diesel fuels

HY–Al₂O₃-supported CoMo catalysts with a chelating agent and phosphorus for the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of diesel fractions were prepared. The activity measurements with the prepared catalysts were carried out with straight-run light gas oil feedstocks in a pilot plant under industrial hydrotreating conditions. As a result, Cosmo Oil Co., Ltd. developed a new CoMoP/HY–Al₂O₃ catalyst, C-606A, which had three times higher HDS activity than the conventional CoMoP/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Commercial operations to produce ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) with C-606A have successfully demonstrated its high performance and high stability. This catalyst has an extremely high activity, which enables to achieve <10-ppm sulfur in products in diesel hydrotreater designed to produce 500-ppm sulfur diesel fuels. Mo K-edge EXAFS, TEM and FT-IR of adsorbed NO were performed to investigate the nature of the active sites on the developed catalysts. The results showed that the new catalyst has multiple layers of MoS₂ slabs and the edges of MoS₂ are mainly occupied by Co–Mo–S phases. XPS and FT-IR were used to investigate the sulfiding behavior of Co and Mo in the formation process of the active sites during sulfidation. The results showed that addition of carboxylic acid to the impregnation solution postponed the sulfidation of Co at low temperatures, thereby increasing formation of the Co–Mo–S phase.     

In Situ Radioisotopic Study of the Active Sites of Sulfide CoMo Catalysts and the Mechanism of Thiophene Hydrodesulfurization

The mechanism of thiophene hydrodesulfurization over sulfide catalysts for hydrotreating and the effect of the catalyst composition and feed on the number, distribution, and performance of active sites were studied using ³⁵S and ³H isotopes. Based on the results of radioisotopic study, a method for systematic testing–monitoring of sulfide Co(Ni)Mo catalysts for hydrotreating is developed. The method involves the evaluation of the fraction of the active phase surface occupied by SH groups and the ratio between the concentrations of the surface SH groups and coordinatively unsaturated sites including functioning vacancies. General conditions for the formation and functioning of active sites are formulated on the basis of the monitoring data. Criteria for evaluation of the catalyst performance under conditions of hydrodesulfurization of various kinds of crude are proposed. The results of the pilot tests of commercial catalysts suggest that the criteria proposed are suitable.     

Catalytic properties of CoMo/Al2O3 sulfide catalysts in the hydrorefining of straight-run diesel fraction mixed with rapeseed oil

CoMo/Al₂O₃ sulfide catalysts varying in preparation method and Co/Mo ratio have been tested in the hydrorefining of a mixture of straight-run diesel fraction and rapeseed oil in a flow reactor at a temperature of 340–360°C, a hydrogen pressure of 4.0–7.0 MPa, and a liquid hourly space velocity of 1–2 h^?1. A comparison between catalysts prepared using citric acid (CoMo/Al₂O₃-1.5) and both citric and orthophosphoric acids (CoMoP/Al₂O₃-1.5) as promoters, with Co/Mo = 0.3 and 0.5, has demonstrated that the most active catalyst in hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation is the phosphorus-containing Co/Mo ≈ 0.5 sample. The addition of rapeseed oil to straight-run diesel fraction lowers the hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation activities of the CoMo sulfide catalysts, irrespective of the method by which they were prepared. The fatty acid triglyceride conversion selectivity of these catalysts depends on the Co/Mo ratio and on reaction conditions: decreasing the Co/Mo ratio from 0.46 to 0.26, lowering the reaction temperature, and raising the hydrogen pressure and hydrogen-to-feedstock ratio increase the C¹⁸/C¹⁷ hydrocarbon ratio in the hydrogenated product. The addition of rapeseed oil improves the quality of the product; however, for attaining the preset residual sulfur level in this case, the process needs to be conducted at a higher temperature than the hydrorefining of straight-run diesel fraction containing no admixture.