An optimized digestion method coupled to electrochemical sensor for the determination of Cd, Cu, Pb and Hg in fish by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry

An optimized digestion method coupled to electrochemical detection to monitor lead, copper, cadmium and mercury in fish tissues was developed. Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) coupled to disposable screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) was employed as fast and sensitive electroanalytical method for heavy metals detection. Different approaches in digestion protocols were assessed. The study was focused on Atlantic hake fillets because of their wide diffusion in the human nutrition. Best results were obtained by digesting fish tissue with hydrogen peroxide/hydrochloric acid mixture coupled to solid phase (SP) purification of the digested material. This combined treatment allowed quantitative extraction from fish tissue (muscle) of the target analytes, with fast execution times, high sensitivity and avoiding organic residues eventually affecting electrochemical measurements. Finally, the method has been validated with reference standard materials such as dogfish muscle (DORM-2) and mussel tissues (NIST 2977).     

Determination of iron,cobalt, nickel,manganese, zinc,copper, cadmium and lead in human hair by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

A method was standardized for the dissolution of hair samples and analysis was carried out by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Hair samples were brought into solution by using a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Various parameters that influence the sample preparation, namely temperature, digestion time and ratio of acid mixture were studied and standardized. The optimized method has been employed to digest standard reference materials and hair samples of residents of India, collected from different age groups and sex, and analyzed for Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb. The values agree for most of the metals with the data reported for human hair samples of residents of India. The NIES CRM Human Hair No. 5 and IAEA Reference Hair HH-1 certified reference materials were used in order to verify the accuracy of the method and the results were in excellent agreement with the certified values.     

A modified acid digestion procedure for extraction of tungsten from soil

Interest in tungsten occurrence and geochemistry is increasing due to increased use of tungsten compounds and its unknown biochemical effects. Tungsten has a complex geochemistry, existing in most environmental matrices as the soluble and mobile tungstate anion, as well as poly- and heteropolytungstates. Because the geochemistry of tungsten is substantially different than most trace metals, including the formation of insoluble species under acidic conditions, it is not extracted from soil matrices using standard acid digestion procedures. Therefore, the current work describes a modification to a commonly used acid digestion procedure to facilitate quantification of tungsten in soil matrices. Traditional soil digestion procedures, using nitric and hydrochloric acids with hydrogen peroxide yield <1 up to 50% recovery on soil matrix spike samples, whereas the modified method reported here, which includes the addition of phosphoric acid, yields spike recoveries in the 76-98% range. Comparison of the standard and modified digestion procedures on National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Materials yielded significantly improved tungsten recoveries for the phosphoric acid modified method. The modified method also produces comparable results for other acid extractable metals as the standard methods, and therefore can be used simultaneously for tungsten and other metals of interest.     

微波消解电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定塑料中铅和镉

采用微波消解技术溶样，ICP-AES法测定了塑料中的铅和镉。通过对消解试剂和微波温度程序的研究，建立了塑料样品的微波消解方法。该方法与传统马弗炉高温灰化消解方法比较，具有准确、简便、快速、省试剂、污染少、消解完全等优点。方法回收率为93％～106％，相对标准偏差(n=7)均小于2％。实际样品对比分析结果表明，方法具有良好的准确度，适于多种塑料材料中铅和镉的快速分析。     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定贝类中微量元素的含量

采用硝酸-过氧化氢作为消解液对样品微波溶样,应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)分别对湛江市场8种贝类中的Zn、Cd、As、Fe、Cr、Cu等6种微量元素进行测定。结果表明,贝类种类之间对重金属的累积存在明显差异,这些贝类都有部分甚至全部元素超过了相关限量的情况存在,应引起有关部门高度重视。     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定山茶油中痕量砷

微波消解优化-原子荧光光谱法测定了山茶油中痕量砷;在多组实验研究的基础上,研究了不同消解酸配比条件下,微波消解方法对测定结果的影响.试验结果表明：微波消解0.3g茶叶对照品和0.3g山茶油样品过程中,消解酸为6mL硝酸+4mL过氧化氢的平行性和回收率最好.山茶油样品回收率为92%-102%;RSD为5.06% 。该法适用于山茶油中痕量砷的测定。     

The application of thiosalts in analysis : Complete precipitation of sulphides

1. A new method of precipitating completely and quickly molybdenum, platinum and arsenic (in arsenates) as sulphide', has been described. 2. The new method is based upon the immediate formation of thiosalts of these metals by adding concentrated ammonium sulphide and the subsequent decomposition of the thiosalt by adding excess of hydrochloric acid. 3. The great usefulness of the method in qualitative analysis lies not only in the completeness of precipitation of the metals but also in the remarkable saving in the time taken to precipitate the metals. 4. It has been shown that the method is applicable also to till the other metals of the arsenic group. 5. Selenium which is precipitated by decomposing the thiosalt is easily soluble in ammonium sulphide while the selenium precipitate from a hot acid solution is generally in a form which is insoluble. 6. Vanadium can be precipitated completely with the arsenic group by this method if it is previously treated with hydrogen peroxide. 7. The use of the hydrogen sulphide gas has been replaced by a far more convenient reagent-concentrated ammonium sulphide.     

Determination of Heavy Metal Content in Vegetables and Oils From Spain and Morocco by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

An optimized inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method was used to analyze trace metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Sn) in vegetable and oil samples. Prior to analysis, the samples were accurately weighed into a Teflon digestion vessel and the metals extracted from their matrix by using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in a closed-vessel digestion system. The proposed method is sensitive, with limits of detection between 5 and 38 ng/kg, and precise, with relative standard deviations from 2.8 to 6.1%. In order to verify its accuracy, the method was used to analyze the Standard Reference Materials NCS ZC85006 Tomato and Certified Used Oil HU-1. The method was successfully applied to the comparative determination of residues of the studied metals in vegetable (tomato, pepper, onion, spinach, lettuce, carrots, and marrow squash) and oil samples (virgin olive, maize, sunflower, and olive pomace) from Spain and Morocco. The results obtained revealed that the contents in metal residues depend on the particular type of food and its origin, probably due to the different production, processing, storage, and preservation methods.     

Effect of ultrasound agitation on the release of heavy elements in Certified Reference Material of human hair (CRM BCR 397)

An ultrasonic-assisted leaching procedure was developed for the determination of heavy elements (As, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn) in Certified Reference Material of human hair (CRM 397) provided from the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) of the Commission of the European Community. Concentrated nitric acid-30% hydrogen peroxide (2 + 1) was used for the leaching method. The effects of different factors on acid leaching of elements, such as presonication time (without ultrasonic stirring), sonication or exposure time to ultrasound, and temperature of the ultrasonic bath have been investigated. Optimum values of these parameters were selected for the maximum extraction of heavy metals from CRM BCR 397 and human scalp hair samples of normal healthy males. To check the validity of the proposed method, a wet acid digestion method was used to obtain the total elemental concentration in CRM BCR 397 and scalp hair samples. Cu and Zn in leachate and digests were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using a conventional air/acetylene flame, while As, Cd, and Pd were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Under optimized conditions, the recovery for Zn, Cd, Pd, As, and Cu was 98, 98.5, 97.5, 98.2, and 95%, respectively, of those obtained with the wet acid digestion method.     

Separation and gravimetric determination of niobium,tantalum and titanium by precipitation with n-benzoyl-n-phenylhydroxylamine

A method is described for the separation and gravimetric determination of niobium, tantalum and titanium by precipitation with N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine. Titanium is kept in solution with EDTA and hydrogen peroxide, and the earth acids are precipitated in 1N sulphuric acid Niobium and tantalum are separated and determined by a modification of the method of MAJUMDAR AND MUKHERJEE. All three metals are finally precipitated with N-benzoyl-N-phenyl-hydroxylamine. In the analysis of complex materials niobium, tantalum and titanium are separated from other constituents by a double precipitation with N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine in the presence of EDTA and tartaric acid     

湿法消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定含铑废催化剂冶金废水中铑

摘 要：建立了硫酸、过氧化氢湿法消解、ICP-AES测定铑派克洗水铑的含量的分析方法。确定了硫酸碳化有机物,过氧化氢溶解煮沸,氢氟酸除硅,于4mol/L盐酸体系,碲共沉淀富集铑,10%盐酸介质,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定铑量。在选定条件下,测定含铑有机物洗水中0.0003 g/L～0.010 g/L的铑,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=7）和加标回收率分别为：铑0.545%～2.91%和99.62%%～100.55%。。方法准确、快速、简便,测定结果与火试金富集分析方法结果吻合。     

土壤中铅的分析方法比对

对不同的样品消解方法及电感耦合等离子体质谱、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱、石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中铅的测定结果进行比对。采用电热板、微波及水浴3种加热方式,选择硝酸、氢氟酸、双氧水、王水、高氯酸、盐酸的不同组合进行土壤样品消解,通过分析测定值的精密度和准确度,考察消解体系对电感耦合等离子体质谱、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定结果的影响。结果表明采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中的铅,最适宜的消解体系是硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸(微波加热),采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定最适宜的消解体系是硝酸(电热板加热),采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定最适宜的消解体系是硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸(微波加热)。电感耦合等离子体质谱法的精密度和准确度优于另外两种方法。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定植物中钾、钠、钙和镁

采用硝酸–高氯酸湿法消解或硝酸–双氧水微波消解植物样品,以电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定样品溶液中钾、钠、钙和镁含量。用该法测定灌木枝叶和茶叶标准样品,测定值均在标准值范围内,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.45%~4.05%(n=8)。钾、钠、钙、镁的加标回收率分别为94.4%~107.6%,92.6%~107.9%,93.7%~105.4%,92.9%~107.2%。该方法操作简便,测量精密度和准确度完全满足植物中钾、钠、钙和镁含量的测定要求。     

微波消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定玉米面中的铜、锌和铁

实验采用微波消解系统消解玉米面样品,将样品置于密闭容器内,加入一定量的硝酸和过氧化氢,放在微波炉内进行消解。详细考察了微波消解溶剂、消解时间、消解功率和消解压力对消解效果的影响,采用正交实验设计确定了微波消解的最佳工作参数。用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定玉米面中铜、锌和铁的含量,其相对标准偏差分别为1．99％、0．92％和2．10％（n=6）,平均加标回收率分别为97．5％、102．9％和98．7％。与常压消解法的测定结果进行比较,测定值吻合,准确度和精密度均优于传统方法。     

Determination of Uranium in Human Hair by Acid Digestion and FIAS-ICPMS

The content of heavy metals in human hair may serve as an indicator of occupational or environmental exposure to metal compounds. However, before such exposure can be determined, the level of the element in a "normal" population must be established. The concentration of uranium in human hair was measured by flow injection — inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (FIAS-ICPMS) after acid digestion of the hair samples. All hair samples were rinsed in order to remove external contamination prior to the digestion in a 2:1 solution of concentrated nitric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide. The limit of detection of the method, for a 50 mg hair sample, was 0.015µg/g, mainly due to the presence of impurities in the hydrogen peroxide. The range of uranium concentration in the initial test group was found to be 0.01–0.18 µg/g. The mean and median values of the entire study population were 0.062 and 0.050 µg U/g hair, respectively. Differences between the following sub-populations: male and female, smokers and non-smokers and people below and above 45 years of age were examined. The only statistically significant difference was found in the latter group (p = 0.03).     

Microwave heated vapor-phase digestion method for biological sample materials

A microwave heated, vapor-phase nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide digestion method for pulverized, biological sample materials was developed. Sample masses up to 200 mg were digested using calibrated quartz inserts inside first generation type, low-pressure, Teflon-PFA microwave vessels. In the first step, samples were digested in the vapor-phase for 80 min using a progressive heating pattern. Three mL of 70% nitric acid and 0.5 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide were used as digestion reagents. In the second step, the small residue left after first step digestion was dissolved in 1.4% nitric acid or additionally with 0.5% hydrofluoric acid by heating for 15 min. The digestion method was optimized using pike (Esox lucius) muscle as a test material. The method was further optimized using three certified reference materials. Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg and Zn were determined from NIST-SRM 1577a bovine liver by ICP-AES. Cr and Ni were determined from NIST-SRM 8433 corn bran and NRCC DOLT-2 dogfish liver by GFAAS. For all elements the values obtained were close or within certified limits. Spike recoveries were between 96 to 107%. Digestion efficiency ranged from 91 to 99%.     

Microwave heated vapor-phase digestion method for biological sample materials

A microwave heated, vapor-phase nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide digestion method for pulverized, biological sample materials was developed. Sample masses up to 200 mg were digested using calibrated quartz inserts inside first generation type, low-pressure, Teflon-PFA microwave vessels. In the first step, samples were digested in the vapor-phase for 80 min using a progressive heating pattern. Three mL of 70% nitric acid and 0.5 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide were used as digestion reagents. In the second step, the small residue left after first step digestion was dissolved in 1.4% nitric acid or additionally with 0.5% hydrofluoric acid by heating for 15 min. The digestion method was optimized using pike (Esox lucius) muscle as a test material. The method was further optimized using three certified reference materials. Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg and ¶Zn were determined from NIST-SRM 1577a bovine liver by ICP-AES. Cr and Ni were determined from NIST-SRM 8433 corn bran and NRCC DOLT-2 dogfish liver by GFAAS. For all elements the values obtained were close or within certified limits. Spike recoveries were between 96 to 107%. Digestion efficiency ranged from 91 to 99%.     

冷原子荧光光谱法测定含朱砂中成药中痕量汞的样品消解溶剂选择

目的为了测定紫金锭、复方牛黄消炎胶囊等含朱砂中成药样品中痕量汞的含量,方法比较并确定了高压密封消解法适用的消解溶剂体系。结果以y（王水）＋V（H2O2）=5＋1为消解溶剂,高压密封消解-冷原子荧光法测得紫金锭和复方牛黄消炎胶囊样品的总汞含量分别为7．22％和2．66％,样品的加标回收率为96．2％-97．8％,RSD小于2％（n=3）;结论实验表明,y（王水）＋y（H2O2）=5＋1混合溶剂适用于紫金锭、复方牛黄消炎胶囊等含朱砂中成药样品的消化,获得的样品汞含量测定结果令人满意。     

An evaluation of analytical techniques for determination of lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury in food-packaging materials

Closed microwave digestion and a high-pressure asher have been evaluated for wet-oxidation and extraction of lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury from a range of typical packaging materials used for food products. For the high-pressure asher a combination of nitric and sulfuric acids was efficient for destruction of a range of packaging materials; for polystyrene, however, nitric acid alone was more efficient. For microwave digestion, a reagent containing nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrogen peroxide was used for all materials except polystyrene. Use of the high-pressure asher resulted in the highest recoveries of spiked lead (median 92%), cadmium (median 92%), chromium (median 97%), and mercury (median 83%). All samples were spiked before digestion with 40 microg L(-1) Cd, Cr, and Pb and 8 microg L(-1) Hg in solution. The use of indium as internal standard improved the accuracy of results from both ICP-MS and ICP-AES. Average recovery of the four elements from spiked packaging materials was 92 +/- 14% by ICP-MS and 87 +/- 15% (except for mercury) by ICP-AES. For mercury analysis by CVAAS, use of tin(II) chloride as reducing agent resulted in considerably better accuracy than use of sodium borohydride reagent.     

Sampling and digestion of waste mobile phones printed circuit boards for Cu,Pb, Ni,and Zn determination

Sampling is the most important procedure in arriving at the value of an electronic scrap. Inappropriate sampling makes other procedures, including assaying, valueless, as the sample must really represent the electronic scrap from which it was taken. The aim of this study was to develop the procedure to investigate the composition of heterogeneous printed circuit boards (PCBs) material and to show its applicability as well as its related limitations. The contents of Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in PCBs from wasted mobile phones were determined. Mixtures of aqua regia, hydrogen peroxide and hydrofluoric acid were applied to sample digestion. Open and closed vessel wet digestion with or without heating and microwave-assisted one was realized. For these purposes different sample amounts (0.2, 0.4, and 0.5 g) were applied and on the basis of calculated relative standard deviation values (RSD), the precision of repeated the most effective digestion was evaluated. The microwave-assisted wet digestion and mixture of aqua regia and hydrogen peroxide was found as the most effective one of the compared mixtures and applied conditions. A sample amount of 0.5 g was found as the most suitable. RSD values confirm the importance of electronic waste material sample preparation.