不含蛋白质的功能泡囊膜及对酶的模拟

本篇综述了模拟生物膜的不含蛋白质的功能泡囊膜的建立过程,并介绍了这类功能泡囊膜所进行的模拟酶的泡囊催化反应。以磷脂或亲水亲油的表面活性剂分子所提供的双分子层泡囊结构为基质,分别在其不同的区域引入活性基团或分子,赋予了泡囊新的功能,由此可实现对一些反应的进程及产物构象的控制。利用这类功能泡囊膜,已成功地模拟了水解酶、还原酶、转氨酶、生物体内的碳单元传递反应等,并为模拟光合作用提供了一个很好的模式。     

生物医用高分子囊泡

高分子囊泡由于其独特的腔-膜-冠结构,在生物医用等领域具有重要应用前景.本专论从自组装新机理/新方法和新的生物医学应用两方面总结和评述了近期生物医用高分子囊泡领域的研究进展.前者包括构建高效包载生物大分子的囊泡的“酸诱导吸附”和“亲和强化吸引”原理、构建完全非对称冠囊泡的“胶束-囊泡转变法”、构建高级囊泡结构的“融合诱导粒子自组装”方法、可宏量制备囊泡的氨基酸环内酸酐开环聚合诱导自组装方法;后者主要介绍“以糖控糖”囊泡、治疗糖尿病溃疡囊泡、抗菌囊泡、抗癌囊泡、靶向治疗骨质疏松症囊泡和护肾血管造影囊泡.最后,对高分子囊泡的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

环糊精超分子体系囊泡的制备及其应用研究进展

环糊精(CD)是具有特殊的空腔、良好的稳定性并且可以区域选择性修饰的一类主体分子。近年来发现CD及其衍生物自组装形成的CD超分子体系——囊泡兼具囊泡和CD的生物模拟、分子识别和生物相容等优良特性。本文综述了CD及其衍生物囊泡的制备,同时还介绍了其在新型智能材料、药物输送和细胞模拟领域中的最新研究进展,并结合现阶段的研究状况,对该类囊泡体系的发展前景进行了展望。     

碳氢与碳氟表面活性剂混合水溶液的胶团与囊泡形成

碳氢与碳氟表面活性剂混合水溶液的胶团与囊泡形成丁慧君，戴群英，张兰辉，赵国玺（北京大学物理化学研究所，北京，１００８７１）关键词囊泡，表面活性剂，胶团形成，负离子结合度，表面活性利用结构简单的表面活性剂代替生物膦脂形成人工囊泡的研究正受到普遍关注［１...     

电场下离子型聚合物复合囊泡结构变化的分子动力学模拟

利用粗粒化分子动力学模拟研究了电场作用下离子型聚合物复合囊泡形变与破裂的过程.定量分析了囊泡破裂过程中的结构变化,包括囊泡的形变程度、破裂速度、组分分布以及破裂后的结构.研究表明,电场强度较弱时,囊泡表面所吸附的聚电解质首先脱落,囊泡由球形结构转变为椭球结构.随着电场强度增大,离聚物的离子侧基发生重新排布,囊泡表面电荷的有序结构被破坏,导致囊泡的结构无法维持而破裂,囊泡塌缩,分裂形成离聚物团簇,并进一步破裂为小尺寸的离聚物聚集体,均匀分散于溶液中.本文利用分子动力学模拟明确了电场中离子型高分子复合囊泡破裂过程的分子机理,为药物释放技术的优化及发展提供了理论支持.     

杂臂星型嵌段共聚物在溶液中自组装形成囊泡结构的计算机模拟

利用耗散粒子动力学模拟方法, 研究了杂臂星型嵌段共聚物A_m(B_n)₂在溶液中自组装形成囊泡的行为. 主要分析了自组装过程、亲水分枝和疏水分枝的长度及分子构型对组装结构的影响. 结果表明, 杂臂星型聚合物在溶液中会自组装形成碟状胶束, 之后弯曲闭合形成囊泡. 当亲水部分的分枝较短时, 易于形成囊泡结构; 在可形成囊泡结构的条件下, 双分子层囊泡膜的厚度随分枝长度的增加而增加. 与构成相近的线型嵌段共聚物相比, 杂臂星型嵌段共聚物更易形成囊泡结构, 且形成的囊泡结构较薄.     

非均相膜聚合物囊泡的构筑、应用及展望

聚合物囊泡是通过聚合物自组装构筑的纳米组装体,由于其独特的空腔-膜层-冠层结构,在生物医用等领域具有较好的应用前景,因此越来越受到研究者的关注.不同于传统的均相膜囊泡,非均相膜囊泡的膜层由不相容的组分构成,呈现出微相分离的特点,具有丰富的功能.本文以近年来本课题组及国内外同行在非均相膜囊泡领域的研究成果为基础,详细论述了非均相膜囊泡的膜层结构、理论构筑与设计策略,讨论了其在生物大分子包载与递送、高效抗菌、癌症诊疗与糖尿病治疗、能源存储、水处理等领域的潜在应用,并对该领域的发展方向进行了展望.     

配体链包覆纳米粒子的表面相分离及自组装的模拟研究

通过耗散粒子动力学方法,模拟了二元配体链包覆的纳米粒子表面的相分离行为,并与现有的模拟和实验体系进行对比.研究结果印证了相分离驱动力是配体链错位所导致的构象熵的结论.进一步以相分离得到的Janus和三嵌段Janus结构纳米粒子作为构筑单元,研究了其在选择性溶剂中的自组装行为.结果表明,Janus粒子易自组装成为双层囊泡结构,而三嵌段Janus粒子则更易形成单层囊泡结构.对于从配体链包覆的纳米粒子出发,设计具有特殊功能的囊泡提供了理论支持.     

基于超分子环糊精两亲分子的敏感型囊泡体系

敏感型囊泡可初步概括为由两亲分子通过非共价键构筑的、对外界的刺激具有特色响应性的一类新型囊泡体系。由"超分子环糊精两亲分子"自组装形成的囊泡体系是该类体系中重要的一类。本文重点介绍了环糊精参与的"超分子环糊精两亲分子"囊泡体系的研究进展。以与环糊精复合的化合物结构类型不同进行分类,介绍了该类囊泡体系的制备以及该体系在医药工程、新型"智能"材料以及生物模拟等方面的潜在应用;结合现阶段的研究状况,对该类囊泡体系的发展前景进行了展望。     

磁性非对称双链长表面活性剂囊泡凝胶

合成了一系列含磁性反离子的非对称双疏水链长的阳离子表面活性剂,其中三氯一溴铁合十六烷基戊基二甲基铵(C_(16)C_5DMA~+[FeCl_3Br]-~)与偶氮羧酸钠盐(AzoNa_4)在酸性条件水溶液中形成磁性囊泡凝胶。运用cryo-透射电镜(TEM)、冷冻蚀刻TEM(FF-TEM)、流变仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和超导量子干涉(SQUID)等表征技术对囊泡凝胶进行了结构和性质研究,结果发现:凝胶含有曲率多变的融合性的双层囊泡,这些双分子层结构模构了自然界中各种物象的结构轮廓,展现了不可预测的多变曲率和良好柔性。聚集体双分子层膜内由长短不对称烷基链采取交错相扣的双分子层排列模式,这种构建模式结构稳定,短烷基链可游离出囊泡双分子层并伸向外部水相介质。两个相邻囊泡间的短链在疏水相互作用下形成非共价的囊泡"补丁",疏水的囊泡"补丁"克服相邻囊泡之间的斥力而融合。磁性反离子[FeCl_3Br]~-不仅赋予囊泡磁性,且在囊泡的形成过程中调控烷基链的组装。这种多形态融合性囊泡为揭示膜曲率的调节机制和构建人工细胞提供实验数据和理论参考。     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Cu0-catalysed 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of α-amino acid derived N,N-cyclic azomethine imines to ynones

A series of 20 CuAIAC reactions between eight 4-acylamino substituted pyrazolidine-3-one-1-azomethine imines and four terminal ynones were performed using Cu⁰ as catalyst. The corresponding fluorescent cycloadducts were obtained in very high yields upon simple workup. Thus, Cu-metal turned out to be a better catalyst than Cu^I in terms of yield and ease of isolation. Availability of azomethine imines, mild reaction conditions, and simple workup enable a “click” access to libraries of densely substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazol-1-ones. Reactivity of differently substituted dipoles was evaluated experimentally and by quantum chemical methods (DFT).     

Synthesis and antioxidative/anti-inflammatory activity of novel fullerene–polyamine conjugates

(E)-4-(Fullerenopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid and its corresponding succinimidyl ester, readily obtained through Prato-type modification of C₆₀, were used for the selective N-acylation of polyamines. The thus obtained conjugates were evaluated for their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity and their cytotoxicity was determined. Members of this family of compounds showed interesting anti-lipid peroxidation, anti-lipoxygenase and anti-inflammatory activity and comparable cytocompatibility to spermidine.