带有人凝血因子Ⅸ cDNA的反转录病毒载体的构建及其在离体细胞中的高效表达

报道了带有人凝血因子IX cDNA的高滴度高表达安全性反转录病毒载体的构建。采用LNL6反转录病毒载体为骨架,构建了由人巨细胞病毒启动子(hCMV)驱动的反转录病毒载体LNCIX,由反转录病毒LTR启动子驱动的反转录病毒载体LIXSN,以及由LTR和CMV启动子共同控制转录的反转录病毒载体LCIXSN,分别用电穿孔方法转导PA317辅助细胞株。LNCIX和LIXSN反转录病毒载体能在离体细胞中表达人IX因子蛋白,而LC'IXSN反转录病毒载体转移到离体细胞中没有检测到人IX因子蛋白。PA317/INCIX细胞的产病毒滴度为8×10~5CFU/ml,该重组病毒感染人纤维肉瘤细胞HT1080及血友病B患者皮肤成纤维细胞(HSF),用ELISA方法分别测定这些细胞的IX因子蛋白产量,LNCIX载体在HT-1080细胞中的人IX因子平均表达量为3.3μg/10~6细胞·d~(-1);在HSF细胞中的平均表达量为2.5μg/10~6细胞·d~(-1),其中80％以上的IX因子具有凝血活性,与过去相比,提高了产病毒滴度,增加了人IX因子的平均表达量,病毒载体骨架的设计更完善,降低了产生野生型病毒的概率,提高了安全性,对于进一步开展血友病B的基因治疗具有重要的意义。     

基于单克隆抗体G250修饰的肿瘤细胞靶向基因载体研究

用宫颈癌细胞Hela表面高表达G250抗原的单克隆抗体G250修饰非病毒基因载体, 获得肿瘤靶向基因载体. 通过注射G250杂交瘤细胞于小鼠腹腔, 制备富含G250mAb的腹水, 用正辛酸-硫酸铵沉淀法和Protein A Agarose分离纯化, 获得高纯度的G250mAb. 通过二硫键将PEI与G250mAb偶联, 得到修饰的基因载体G250mAb-PEI, 研究其转基因靶向性. 结果表明, G250mAb-PEI对Hela细胞的基因转染具有显著的靶向性, 对Hela细胞的转基因效率是肝癌细胞HepG2(G250阴性)的2倍; 而对正常血管平滑肌细胞(SMC)的基因转染效率比Hela低近20倍, G250mAb修饰与否对SMC没有靶向性; 对3T3细胞的毒性显著低于未修饰的PEI, 表明G250mAb-PEI是一种高效、低毒和具有靶向性的基因载体.     

人工合成杆状病毒后期启动子的探讨

本文以苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(Autographa californica Nuclear PolyhedrosisVirus,AcNPV)多角体、p10、病毒粒子衣壳和核心碱性蛋白启动子的保守序列为基础,设计合成杆状病毒后期启动子——92和96碱基的互补寡聚核苷酸,并以此重组出5株在多角体启动序列、翻译起始密码子ATG上游-92处,分别或同时插入反方向的合成和多角体启动子,以及氯霉素乙酰基转移酶(CAT)基因的AcNPV毒株,探讨了带这些启动子的CAT在草地夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)细胞中的表达规律及多角体基因对其表达的影响。形成多角体的重组病毒株AcNPV-vⅪⅤⅥ~+CAT和AcNPV-vSⅪⅤⅥ~+CAT中,处于合成启动子与多角体ⅪⅤ启动顺序下游的CAT基因在细胞中的表达量,要比只在多角体启动子带动下高3倍。     

人IL-16基因重组腺病毒载体的构建与鉴定

目的:构建并鉴定人白细胞介素16(IL-16)的重组腺病毒pAd-IL-16表达载体,为进一步研究IL-16功能奠定基础.方法:分离正常人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),组胺刺激后提取总RNA,RT-PCR扩增IL-16基因,将其克隆到含有绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记的腺病毒穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV后,再与腺病毒骨架质粒pAdEasy-1共转化BJ5183细菌,获得重组腺病毒载体pAd-IL-16,转染 HEK 293T细胞包装病毒.荧光显微镜下观察细胞内绿色荧光,测定病毒效价,RT-PCR和Western blot分别分析细胞内IL-16 mRNA和蛋白质的表达.结果:经双酶切及基因鉴定,重组穿梭质粒和重组腺病毒质粒均见约400 by插人片段,测序结果和GenBank中的基因序列一致;重组病毒效价为2.8×10～8 pfu/mL;重组病毒感染后,HEK 293T细胞中IL-16mRNA和蛋白质均有表达.结论:成功构建IL-16重组腺病毒载体,并可在HEK 293T细胞中表达,为进一步研究IL-16的功能奠定了基础.     

电荷翻转型药物载体用于肿瘤细胞核靶向药物输送的研究

大多数的抗癌药物属于DNA毒化物,它们只有作用于细胞核中的DNA或与之相关的酶才能发挥药效。但是,癌细胞先天和后天获得的耐药机制能够有效地限制抗癌药物进入细胞核。目前研制的大多数药物载体只靶向细胞中的溶酶体、不能进入细胞核。最近,β-羧基酰胺化的阳离子聚合物如聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和聚L-赖氨酸(PLL)被发展为从负电向正电翻转的新型细胞核靶向的药物载体,用于将药物直接输送到癌细胞的细胞核中,从而使药物避开肿瘤细胞膜及细胞浆中的多种耐药机制。在生理环境中,β-羧基酰胺化的阳离子聚合物带负电荷,抑制了阳离子聚合物与血液中蛋白质及细胞之间的非特异性相互作用。而当载体被癌细胞内吞并进入其酸性的溶酶体后,β-羧基酰胺键很快水解为胺基,载体又变为带正电荷,使载体能够逃离溶酶体并进入细胞核,将药物释放到细胞核中。实验结果表明,肿瘤靶向电荷翻转型药物载体能够有效地将药物输送到细胞核中,从而使药物避开癌细胞的耐药机制,提高药物疗效。本文就电荷翻转药物载体的进展做了简述。     

电脉冲介导的基因转移——哺乳动物细胞的瞬间表达和稳定转化

本文使用电脉冲介导的基因转移技术,研究外源基因在哺乳动物细胞中的表达,结果成功地将Px1TK质粒,PSV2Neo质粒和含有人膀胱癌基因的PUCEJ质粒分别导入MLTK~-细胞和NIH/3T3细胞。获得了MLTK~-细胞的瞬间表达和稳定转化;NIH/3T3细胞的稳定转化和恶性转化。瞬间表达率达80％,稳定转化率约10~(-4)。用分子杂交检测外源基因在转染细胞中的整合情况以及裸鼠接种检测恶性转化细胞的致瘤性,均获得了阳性结果。     

以β-半乳糖苷酶为标记选出高效表达乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原的天坛株重组痘苗病毒

我们从天坛株痘苗病毒的基因组中,分离编码11K及25K蛋白的双向转录启动子,以胸苦激酶(TK)基因为旁侧序列,插入到质粒pAT153中,构建成可以同时表达两个外源基因的载体质粒,并将乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)基因及大肠杆菌的β-半乳糖苦酶(LacZ)基因,插入该载体质粒,使它们分别在11K及25K启动子钠控制下,构建成共表达质粒。用钙沉淀法将此质粒DNA同天坛株痘苗病毒在细胞内进行同源重组,在含X-gal的培养基挑蓝色蚀斑,简便、准确地选出重组痘苗病毒。所选到的重组痘苗病毒高效表达了HBsAg。我们还把上述重组痘苗病毒接种动物,观察了它们的毒力及免疫原性。     

基于透明质酸构筑的药物递送载体及其应用

传统纳米药物控释载体主要通过细胞胞吞作用实现药物递送,其主要过程为被动靶向机制,因此会影响纳米载体在肿瘤组织的富集和治疗效果。近年来生物大分子透明质酸因其优异的水溶性、生物相容性、可降解性和肿瘤靶向性备受科研工作者青睐,已被广泛用于药物控释载体的构筑中,并成为靶向肿瘤治疗纳米载体领域的研究热点。本文根据透明质酸基纳米载体治疗机制的不同,从透明质酸基纳米载体在化疗、光热治疗、光动力治疗以及联合治疗的应用方面对其性能进行了总结和评述,并在此基础上展望了未来透明质酸基纳米治疗载体的研究方向和发展趋势。     

带有人Ⅸ因子cDNA的反转录病毒载体的构建及其在血友病B患者皮肤成纤维细胞中的高效转移和表达

本文报道对血友病B实施基因治疗的可能性,首先将由SV40早期启动子,小鼠MT-1启动子和反转录病毒LTR启动子控制的Ⅸ因子cDNA构建到反转录病毒载体,然后用电穿孔法将构建的4个反转录病毒载体分别转入一株Amphotropic辅助细胞,PA317细胞,再用一株人纤维肉瘤细胞,HT1080细胞,测定这些辅助细胞的产病毒滴度,可得到2×10~4CFU/ml到5×10~5CFU/ml左右的病毒感染颗粒,用ELISA分别测定转有不同病毒载体的PA317细胞的Ⅸ因子蛋白产量,发现LTR启动子的表达效率最高,Ⅸ因子蛋白的分泌速率可达584ng/10~6细胞/24h,而SV40早期启动子和MT-1启动子的表达效率分别只有它的1/10和1/20,将表达效率最高的反转录病毒载体pXL—Ⅸ 1转入一株取自血友病B患者原代培养的皮肤成纤维细胞后同样能产生较高浓度的Ⅸ因子蛋白,其分泌速率可达549ng/10~6细胞/24h,其中75％以上的Ⅸ因子具有凝血活性,从而达到了首先在体外培养细胞纠正Ⅸ因子基因缺陷的目的,实现了血友病B基因治疗的第一步。     

血脑屏障药物筛选模型的建立及丹参活性成分筛选分析

ECV304细胞在C6细胞的诱导下生长,通过细胞培养时间优化、渗透系数测定和细胞形态学观察等,建立ECV304/C6共培养血脑屏障(BBB)药物筛选模型.将该模型应用于从丹参提取液中筛选可能作用于中枢神经系统(CNS)的活性成分,结合液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)分析,发现丹参提取液中至少有16种成分能够穿越BBB模型,其中4种成分被确认为隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ、丹参素和原儿茶酸.通过定量构效关系(QASR)分析,进一步从理论上证明所确认的4种化合物均符合CNS靶向药物的特征.研究结果表明,ECV304/C6共培养BBB模型能够在模拟生理状态下从中药复杂体系中筛选分离跨越BBB的活性成分组,可用于CNS药物开发的早期快速筛选,服务于中药现代化研究.     

Statin inhibits interferon-gamma-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells

Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, known as statins, are widely used for primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery atherosclerosis. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is multistep processes where transendothelial migration of various leukocytes including monocytes is a crucial step. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) contributes in this process by activating macrophages and T-lymphocytes, and by inducing adhesion molecules in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. In this study we investigated the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in transformed endothelial cell line ECV304 cells as influenced by lovastatin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IFN-gamma. Results show that lovastatin suppresses expression of ICAM-1 by inhibiting the IFN-gamma-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) p44/p42-STAT1 signaling pathway. In cells treated with lovastatin and IFN-gamma, ICAM-1 was expressed at a lower level than in cells treated with IFN-gamma alone. However, lovastatin does not reduce TNF-alpha induced expression of ICAM-1. A similar result was observed in cells treated with the MEKK inhibitor PD98059 and IFN-gamma. Cis-acting DNA sequence elements were identified in the 5'-flanking region of the ICAM-1 promoter that mediate inhibition by lovastatin; these sequences map to the IFN-gamma activated site which also binds the STAT1 homodimer. However, lovastatin did not inhibit IFN-gamma-mediated induction of the Y701 phosphorylated form of STAT1. But lovastatin does inhibit the IFN-gamma-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/ERK2 (T202/Y204) and S727 phosphorylation of STAT1. TNF-alpha does not induce phosphorylation of ERK1/ERK2 and S727 in ECV304 and smooth muscle cells. The results provide the evidences that statins may have beneficial effects by inhibiting IFN-gamma action in atherosclerotic process     

Difference gel electrophoresis analysis of Ras-transformed fibroblast cell-derived exosomes

Exosomes are membrane vesicles of endocytic origin released by many cell types. The molecular composition of exosomes reflects the specialised functions of their original cells. For example, these vesicles can mediate communication through their ability to bind to target cells, facilitating processes such as vascular homeostasis and antigen presentation. Although the proteomes of exosomes from several cell types are known, exploration of exosomes from additional cell types may improve our understanding of their potential physiological roles. Here, we describe the isolation and characterisation of exosomes isolated from the culture medium of murine fibroblast NIH3T3 cells and Ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells. The vesicular nature and size (30-100 nm) of the purified fibroblast exosomes was confirmed by electron microscopy. 2-D difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) was used to compare protein profiles of exosomes secreted from NIH3T3 cells and Ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells. LC-MS/MS sequencing identified proteins in 188 protein spots in the exosomes from the two cell lines, many of which have been previously identified in exosomes from other cell types. However, some proteins identified are novel for fibroblast exosomes, such as Serpin B6. Over 34 proteins, including milk fat globule EGF factor 8 (lactadherin), collagen alpha-1 (VI), 14-3-3 isoforms, guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), the eukaryotic translation initiation factors elF-3 gamma and elF-5A accumulated (>2-fold) in exosomes upon Ras-induced oncogenic transformation. Significantly, the 10.4-fold increase in v-Ha-Ras p21 protein in exosomes derived from Ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells suggests that exosome secretion may be implicated in eradication of obsolete proteins.     

Phospholipase D activity is elevated in hepatitis C virus core protein-transformed NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is associated with a severe liver disease and increased frequency in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Overexpression of HCV core protein is known to transform fibroblast cells. Phospholipase D (PLD) activity is commonly elevated in response to mitogenic signals, and has also been overexpressed and hyperactivated in some human cancer cells. The aim of this study was to understand how PLD was regulated in the HCV core protein-transformed NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. We observed that PLD activity was elevated in the NIH3T3 cells overexpressing HCV core protein over the vector alone-transfected control cells, however, expression levels of PLD protein and protein kinase C (PKC) in the HCV core protein-transformed cells was similar to the control cells. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which is known to activate PKC, stimulated PLD activity significantly more in the core protein-transformed cells, in comparison with that of the control cells. PLD activity assay using PKC isozyme-specific inhibitor and PKC translocation experiment showed that PKC-delta was mainly involved in the PMA- induced PLD activation in the core-transformed cells. Moreover, in cells overexpressing HCV core protein, PMA also stimulated p38 kinase more potently than that of the control cells, and an inhibitor of p38 kinase abolished PMA-induced PLD activation in cells overexpressing HCV core protein. Taken together, these results suggest that PLD might be implicated in core protein-induced transformation.     

Decreased efficiency of trypsinization of cells following photodynamic therapy: evaluation of a role for tissue transglutaminase

Identifying the cellular responses to photodynamic therapy (PDT) is important if the mechanisms of cellular damage are to be fully understood. The relationship between sensitizer, fluence rate and the removal of cells by trypsinization was studied using the RIF-1 cell line. Following treatment of RIF-1 cells with pyridinium zinc (II) phthalocyanine (PPC), or polyhaematoporphyrin at 10 mW cm-2 (3 J cm-2), there was a significant number of cells that were not removed by trypsin incubation compared to controls. Decreasing the fluence rate from 10 to 2.5 mW cm-2 resulted in a two-fold increase in the number of cells attached to the substratum when PPC used as sensitizer; however, with 5,10,15,20 meso-tetra(hydroxyphenyl) chlorine (m-THPC) there was no resistance to trypsinization following treatment at either fluence rate. The results indicate that resistance of cells to trypsinization following PDT is likely to be both sensitizer and fluence rate dependent. Increased activity of the enzyme tissue-transglutaminase (tTGase) was observed following PPC-PDT, but not following m-THPC-PDT. Similar results were obtained using HT29 human colonic carcinoma and ECV304 human umbilical vein endothelial cell lines. Hamster fibrosarcoma cell (Met B) clones transfected with human tTGase also exhibited resistance to trypsinization following PPC-mediated photosensitization; however, a similar degree of resistance was observed in PDT-treated control Met B cells suggesting that tTGase activity alone was not involved in this process.     

Murine pro-tumor necrosis factor expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae HF7c localizes to membrane/particulate

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine that is produced by immune cells in response to bacterial and viral stimuli and plays important roles in various inflammatory diseases. TNF is produced as a membrane-bound precursor, which is then cleaved to release soluble mature protein. We expressed murine pro-TNF in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and examined processing and cellular localization of the recombinant protein. Yeast cells were transformed with an expression construct carrying the pro-TNF gene under the control of alcohol dehydrogenase promoter. Immunoblotting analysis of cell homogenate revealed expression of 26 kD pro-TNF in transformed cells. Upon centrifugation, pro-TNF transformed cells fractionated into the membrane/particulate. In a clone that expresses a high level of pro-TNF, mature 17 kD TNF was detected in the culture medium, although the amount was far smaller than that of cell-associated pro-TNF. Flow cytometric analysis of yeast spheroplasts demonstrated the presence of TNF on the cell surface. Our results show that pro-TNF expressed in yeast mainly resides in the cellular membrane with an orientation similar to that of pro-TNF produced in mammalian cells. Our data suggest that the transformed yeast cells can be used for the genetic analysis of pro-TNF processing machinery in immune cells.