电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法分析稀土元素的研究(Ⅰ)高纯氧化镧中十四种稀土杂质的测定

研究了ICP-AES法测定高纯氧化镧中十四种稀土杂质的方法。利用简单的加热去溶装置成功地测定了99.99％La_2O_3中14种稀土杂质。10mg/ml La_2O_3基体工作曲线下限为(以氧化物百分含量计算)Ce、Pr、Sm_2×10~(-3);Gd、Tb1×10~(-3);Nd,Lu 8×10~(-4),Er,Ho,Dy4×10~(-4); Tm.Eu 2×10~(-4),Yb 8×10~(-5),Y_4×~(-5)。相对标准偏差为2.8—9.7,回收率为85—114％。     

ICP-MS同时测定植物性食品中稀土元素的方法研究

建立了植物性食品中16种稀土杂质(Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb和Lu)元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)的分析方法.考察了基体效应及质谱干扰,应用In内标,有效地补偿基体效应所引起的测量偏差,建立修正公式校正质谱干扰.对照分析了参考标准物质.对所测定元素,校正曲线的相关系数为＞0.9990,方法的检出限低于2.2 pg/g(Sc为95pg/g),回收率为92%～106%,RSD优于3.2%(n=7).     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定花生中稀土元素

本文建立了微波消解-八极杆碰撞/反应池(ORS)电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定花生仁中的La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu 14种稀土元素的分析方法。样品经微波消解后,在线加入103 Rh内标元素有效消除了非质谱干扰,选用八极杆碰撞/反应池技术有效地消除了质谱干扰。氦碰撞反应气流速为4.5mL/min时背景等效浓度(BEC)最低。结果表明,选择体积比4∶1的HNO3-H2O2体系微波消解充分,14种稀土元素的检出限小于0.0011ng/mL,相对标准偏差(RSD)低于2.60%。该方法具有简单、快速、准确的特点,可作为花生中稀土元素同时测定的可靠方法。     

薄层色谱分离测定十五种稀土元素

本文论述了用薄层扫描分离测定稀土元素的新方法。当流动相为二-(2-乙基已基)磷酸酯(HEDHP)/单-(2-乙基己基)-2-乙基己基磷酸酯(HM(EH)EHP)/磷酸三丁酯(TBP)/四氢呋喃(THF)/硝酸(HNO_3)/异丙醚(i-Pr_2O)(111 52 5 521 86 10000 V/V)时,第一组元素(La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm)能完全分离;第二组元素(Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Y,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu)的Rf值均大于第一组元素,且不干扰测定。当流动相为HDEHP/HM(EH)EHP/TBP/THF/HNO_3/i-Pr_2O(68 43 27 460 103 10000 V/V),第二组元素能完全分离,此时第一组元素停留在起始线上,二组互不干扰。同时对稀土元素进行了定量测定的研究,在0.030～0.600(μg)的范围内,各稀土离子的测定符合比耳定律,测得各稀土元素的检出限La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Y,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu分别为14,15,18,17,15,14,14,17,18,14,21,23,29,30和31ng。样品中各稀土元素的回收率除样品1中La和Pr偏大一些外,均在95%～108%范围内。各样品中测得的稀土元素含量和光谱法所测得结果基本相符,结果令人满意。     

氯化稀土与丙氨酸配合行为的研究

用半微量相平衡方法研究了SmCl~3-Ala-H~2O三元体系在25℃时的溶解度。结果表明体系中形成了两种配合物: Sm(Ala)~2Cl~3.3H~2O和Sm(Ala)~3Cl~3.3H~2O,合成了RE(Ala)~3Cl~3.3H~2O(RE=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy),RE(Ala)~2Cl~3.nH~2O(RE=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, n=3; RE=Ho, Yb,Y, n=4)与RE(AlA)Cl~3.6H~2O(RE=Eu, Gd,Tb, Dy, Ho, Yb, Y)二十四种固体配合物, 用化学分析、IR、UV、X射线分析及TG-DTG对配合物进行了表征, 发现了RECl~3与Ala形成配合物的规律性。     

用非等温DSC曲线确定Ln(NCS)_3·4C_6H_5CH_2NH_2的热分解反应机理函数及热分解反应动力学参数

本文利用非等温DSC曲线对十二种镧系元素异硫氰酸盐与苄胺形成的配合物Ln(NCS)_2.4C_6H_5CH_2NH_2(Ln=La、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb)进行了非等温动力学研究,并运用积分法和微分法进行了分析,推断了它们的热分解反应机理函数,当Ln=La、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd时,配合物的热分解动力学方程式da/dt=A·e~(-E/RT·3)(1-α)~(2/3);当Ln=Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb时,则为dα/dt=A·e~(-E/RT·)(1-α),呈现“钆断”现象.此外还得到了该系列配合物的热分解反应动力学补偿效应表达式.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铝钪合金中的稀土元素

通过酸溶快速分解铝钪合金,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定铝钪合金中的La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Y,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu 15种稀土元素。对样品的前处理方式,仪器的工作条件,内标浓度等条件进行了考察。以103Rh,185Re作为内标校正铝的基体效应,考察了稀土元素的质谱干扰。在优化条件下各个元素的方法检出限为0.01~0.07μg/g,通过加标回收试验测得15个元素的回收率为96%~124%,相对标准偏差为0.74%~7.5%。     

焦磷酸盐水溶液中稳定Pr(Ⅳ)和Tb(Ⅳ)的研究

本文报道了在焦磷酸盐的碱性水溶液中用O_3氧化Pr(III)和Tb(III),从而得到Pr(IV)-P_2O_7~(4-)和Tb(IV)-P_2O_7~(4-)的配合物溶液.通过对溶液进行化学分析及吸收光谱的研究,证明了溶液中有Pr(IV)和Tb(IV)的存在,其特征吸收分别为λ_(max)=365nm,摩尔消光系数ε=1205L/mol·cm;λ_(Pr(IV)=257nm,ε=919L/mol·cm.在碱性条件下,Pr(IV)和Tb(IV)的还原反应均为拟一级反应.用动力学方法测定了不同条件下Pr(IV)和Tb(IV)的还原速率常数和半衰期,从而探讨了稳定Pr(IV)和Tb(IV)的条件.同时还测定了在反应条件下Pr(IV)/Pr(III)和Tb(IV)/Tb(III)电对的克式电位:E_(Pr(IV)/Pr(III))~0=1.01V(25℃,vs.NHE);E_(Tb(IV)/Tb(III))~0=0.93V(25℃,vs·NHE).     

膜去溶-ICP-MS测定高纯CeO2中14种痕量稀土杂质分析方法研究

研究了不经基体分离, 膜去溶-ICP-MS法直接测定高纯CeO2中14种痕量稀土杂质的分析方法, 讨论了Ce基体产生的多原子离子对被测元素的质谱干扰, 并且对影响多原子离子产率的因素进行了分析, 同时建立了Pr, Gd, Tb和Yb数学校正方程. 通过使用膜去溶雾化器和优化ICP-MS参数, 消除了CeH+, CeO2+和CeO2H+产生的质谱干扰, 将CeO/Ce产率降为0.008%, 同时结合数学校正方程彻底消除了CeO+, CeOH+和CeOH2+的质谱干扰. Pr, Gd, Tb和Yb的方法测定下限分别为0.08, 0.1, 0.15和0.008 μg · g-1, 14种稀土杂质方法测定下限和为0.75 μg · g-1. 99.999%高纯CeO2实际样品测定加标回收率为96%～103%, RSD为 1.2%～4.3%.     

薄层色谱法分离稀土元素——N_(263)正辛醇-石油醚-盐酸体系的研究

本文报告了薄层色谱法分离稀土元素的最佳条件。当选择N_(263)正辛醇-石油醚-浓盐酸展开剂的体积比为2.0:6.0:30.0:1.2时,可将La、Ce、Pr,Nd、Sm(或Eu、Gd)完全分离:当体积比为2.0:10.0:30.0:1.0时,Tb,Dy(或Ho),Er、Tm、Yb、Lu可获得满意分离;而体积比为2.0:7.0:30.0:1.0时,La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm(或Eu、Gd)、Tb(或Dy、Ho)、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu经一次展开可获得完全分离。用三溴偶氮胂作显色剂,检测下限可达0.01μg。     

H2O nucleation around Au+

First principles electronic structure calculations have been carried out to investigate the ground state geometry, electronic structure, and the binding energy of [Au(H2O)n]+ clusters containing up to 10 H2O molecules. It is shown that the first coordination shell of Au+ contains two H2O molecules forming a H2O-Au+-H2O structure with C2 symmetry. Subsequent H2O molecules bind to the previous H2O molecules forming stable and fairly rigid rings, each composed of 4 H2O molecules, and leading to a dumbbell structure at [Au(H2O)8]+. The 9th and the 10th H2O molecules occupy locations above the Au+ cation mainly bonded to one H2O from each ring, leading to structures where the side rings are partially distorted and forming structures that resemble droplet formation around the Au+ cation. The investigations highlight quantum effects in nucleation at small sizes and provide a microscopic understanding of the observed incremental binding energy deduced from collision induced dissociation that indicates that [Au(H2O)n]+ clusters with 7-10 H2O molecules have comparable binding energy. The charge on the Au+ is shown to migrate to the outside H2O molecules, suggesting an interesting screening phenomenon.     

Direct ab initio molecular dynamics study on a microsolvated SN2 reaction of OH-(H2O) with CH3Cl

Reaction dynamics for a microsolvated SN2 reaction OH-(H2O)+CH3Cl have been investigated by means of the direct ab initio molecular dynamics method. The relative center-of-mass collision energies were chosen as 10, 15, and 25 kcal/mol. Three reaction channels were found as products. These are (1) a channel leading to complete dissociation (the products are CH3OH+Cl- +H2O: denoted by channel I), (2) a solvation channel (the products are Cl-(H2O)+CH3OH: channel II), and (3) a complex formation channel (the products are CH3OH...H2O+Cl-: channel III). The branching ratios for the three channels were drastically changed as a function of center-of-mass collision energy. The ratio of complete dissociation channel (channel I) increased with increasing collision energy, whereas that of channel III decreased. The solvation channel (channel II) was minor at all collision energies. The selectivity of the reaction channels and the mechanism are discussed on the basis of the theoretical results.     

Global potential energy surfaces for O((3)P) + H2O((1)A1) collisions

Global analytic potential energy surfaces for O((3)P) + H(2)O((1)A(1)) collisions, including the OH + OH hydrogen abstraction and H + OOH hydrogen elimination channels, are presented. Ab initio electronic structure calculations were performed at the CASSCF + MP2 level with an O(4s3p2d1f)/H(3s2p) one electron basis set. Approximately 10(5) geometries were used to fit the three lowest triplet adiabatic states corresponding to the triply degenerate O((3)P) + H(2)O((1)A(1)) reactants. Transition state theory rate constant and total cross section calculations using classical trajectories to collision energies up to 120?kcal mol(-1) (～11?km s(-1) collision velocity) were performed and show good agreement with experimental data. Flux-velocity contour maps are presented at selected energies for H(2)O collisional excitation, OH + OH, and H + OOH channels to further investigate the dynamics, especially the competition and distinct dynamics of the two reactive channels. There are large differences in the contributions of each of the triplet surfaces to the reactive channels, especially at higher energies. The present surfaces should support quantitative modeling of O((3)P) + H(2)O((1)A(1)) collision processes up to ～150?kcal mol(-1).     

大气环境中的水分子团簇分布和H＋(H2O)n (n＝4～16)离子的解离

报道了用质谱学方法首次测得的大气中各种水的团簇分布情况. 表明在室内大气环境下, 水主要是以几个至几十个水分子所组成的分子团簇的形式存在, 且团簇的分布与空气湿度, 即水在空气中的分压有关. 实验中, 除观测到空气中也存在前人已报道过的具有笼状结构的H＋(H2O)21外, 还观测到其他几种较稳定结构的水的团簇, 即H＋(H2O)4, H＋(H2O)10和H＋(H2O)15. 实验中所测得的水分子团簇分布结果与使用的离子源以及质量分析器种类无关. 我们还用碰撞诱导解离(CID)的方法研究了H＋(H2O)n (n＝4～16)离子的碰撞解离产物, 结果表明, 对于H＋(H2O)n (n＝4～16)的离子, 其较稳定的离子的碰撞解离产物均为H＋(H2O)n (n＝4～6). 我们还进一步研究了H＋(H2O)10离子的碰撞解离产物与碰撞气体(即Ar气)密度的关系, 得到了碰撞气体密度与碰撞解离产物分布的关系.     

Gas-phase reactions of organic radicals and diradicals with ions

Reactions of polyatomic organic radicals with gas phase ions have been studied at thermal energy using a flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube (FA-SIFT) instrument. A supersonic pyrolysis nozzle produces allyl radical (CH2CHCH2) and ortho-benzyne diradical (o-C6H4) for reaction with ions. We have observed: [CH2CHCH2 + H3O+ --> C3H6+ + H2O], [CH2CHCH2 + HO- --> no ion products], [o-C6H4 + H3O+ --> C6H5+ + H2O], and [o-C6H4 + HO- --> C6H3- + H2O]. The proton transfer reactions with H3O+ occur at nearly every collision (kII approximately with 10(-9) cm3 s(-1)). The exothermic proton abstraction for o-C6H4 + HO- is unexpectedly slow (kII approximately with 10(-10) cm3 s(-1)). This has been rationalized by competing associative detachment: o-C6H4 + HO- --> C6H5O + e-. The allyl + HO- reaction proceeds presumably via similar detachment pathways.     

Trajectory surface hopping study of the O(3P) + ethylene reaction dynamics

Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) induced intersystem crossing (ISC) has long been believed to play a crucial role in determining the product distributions in the O(3P) + C2H4 reaction. In this paper, we present the first nonadiabatic dynamics study of the title reaction at two center-of-mass collision energies: 0.56 eV, which is barely above the H-atom abstraction barrier on the triplet surface, and 3.0 eV, which is in the hyperthermal regime. The calculations were performed using a quasiclassical trajectory surface hopping (TSH) method with the potential energy surface generated on the fly at the unrestricted B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. To simplify our calculations, nonadiabatic transitions were only considered when the singlet surface intersects the triplet surface. At the crossing points, Landau-Zener transition probabilities were computed assuming a fixed spin-orbit coupling parameter, which was taken to be 70 cm-1 in most calculations. Comparison with a recent crossed molecular beam experiment at 0.56 eV collision energy shows qualitative agreement as to the primary product branching ratios, with the CH3 + CHO and H + CH2CHO channels accounting for over 70% of total product formation. However, our direct dynamics TSH calculations overestimate ISC so that the total triplet/singlet ratio is 25:75, compared to the observed 43:57. Smaller values of SOC reduce ISC, resulting in better agreement with the experimental product relative yields; we demonstrate that these smaller SOC values are close to being consistent with estimates based on CASSCF calculations. As the collision energy increases, ISC becomes much less important and at 3.0 eV, the triplet to singlet branching ratio is 71:29. As a result, the triplet products CH2 + CH2O, H + CH2CHO and OH + C2H3 dominate over the singlet products CH3 + CHO, H2 + CH2CO, etc.     

O2(a1Δg) + Mg, Fe, and Ca: experimental kinetics and formulation of a weak collision, multiwell master equation with spin-hopping

The first excited electronic state of molecular oxygen, O(2)(a(1)Δ(g)), is formed in the upper atmosphere by the photolysis of O(3). Its lifetime is over 70 min above 75 km, so that during the day its concentration is about 30 times greater than that of O(3). In order to explore its potential reactivity with atmospheric constituents produced by meteoric ablation, the reactions of Mg, Fe, and Ca with O(2)(a) were studied in a fast flow tube, where the metal atoms were produced either by thermal evaporation (Ca and Mg) or by pulsed laser ablation of a metal target (Fe), and detected by laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. O(2)(a) was produced by bubbling a flow of Cl(2) through chilled alkaline H(2)O(2), and its absolute concentration determined from its optical emission at 1270 nm (O(2)(a(1)Δ(g) - X(3)Σ(g) (-)). The following results were obtained at 296 K: k(Mg + O(2)(a) + N(2) → MgO(2) + N(2)) = (1.8 ± 0.2) × 10(-30) cm(6) molecule(-2) s(-1); k(Fe + O(2)(a) → FeO + O) = (1.1 ± 0.1) × 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); k(Ca + O(2)(a) + N(2) → CaO(2) + N(2)) = (2.9 ± 0.2) × 10(-28) cm(6) molecule(-2) s(-1); and k(Ca + O(2)(a) → CaO + O) = (2.7 ± 1.0) × 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). The total uncertainty in these rate coefficients, which mostly arises from the systematic uncertainty in the O(2)(a) concentration, is estimated to be ±40%. Mg + O(2)(a) occurs exclusively by association on the singlet surface, producing MgO(2)((1)A(1)), with a pressure dependent rate coefficient. Fe + O(2)(a), on the other hand, shows pressure independent kinetics. FeO + O is produced with a probability of only ～0.1%. There is no evidence for an association complex, suggesting that this reaction proceeds mostly by near-resonant electronic energy transfer to Fe(a(5)F) + O(2)(X). The reaction of Ca + O(2)(a) occurs in an intermediate regime with two competing pressure dependent channels: (1) a recombination to produce CaO(2)((1)A(1)), and (2) a singlet∕triplet non-adiabatic hopping channel leading to CaO + O((3)P). In order to interpret the Ca + O(2)(a) results, we utilized density functional theory along with multireference and explicitly correlated CCSD(T)-F12 electronic structure calculations to examine the lowest lying singlet and triplet surfaces. In addition to mapping stationary points, we used a genetic algorithm to locate minimum energy crossing points between the two surfaces. Simulations of the Ca + O(2)(a) kinetics were then carried out using a combination of both standard and non-adiabatic Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory implemented within a weak collision, multiwell master equation model. In terms of atmospheric significance, only in the case of Ca does reaction with O(2)(a) compete with O(3) during the daytime between 85 and 110 km.     

Kinetic studies of the reactions of O2(b 1sigma(g)+) with several atmospheric molecules

Thermal rate coefficients for the removal (reaction + quenching) of O2(1sigma(g)+) by collision with several atmospheric molecules were determined to be as follows: O3, k3(210-370 K) = (3.63 +/- 0.86) x 10(-11) exp((-115 +/- 66)/T); H2O, k4(250-370 K) = (4.52 +/- 2.14) x 10(-12) exp((89 +/- 210)/T); N2, k5(210-370 K) = (2.03 +/- 0.30) x 10(-15) exp((37 +/- 40)/T); CO2, k6(298 K) = (3.39 +/- 0.36) x 10(-13); CH4, k7(298 K) = (1.08 +/- 0.11) x 10(-13); CO, k8(298 K) = (3.74 +/- 0.87) x 10(-15); all units in cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). O2(1sigma(g)+) was produced by directly exciting ground-state O2(3sigma(g)-) with a 762 nm pulsed dye laser. The reaction of O2(1sigma(g)+) with O3 was used to produce O(3P), and temporal profiles of O(3P) were measured using VUV atomic resonance fluorescence in the presence of the reactant to determine the rate coefficients for removal of O2(1sigma(g)+). Our results are compared with previous values, where available, and the overall trend in the O2(1sigma(g)+) removal rate coefficients and the atmospheric implications of these rate coefficients are discussed. Additionally, an upper limit for the branching ratio of O2(1sigma(g)+) + CO to give O(3P) + CO2 was determined to be < or = 0.2% and this reaction channel is shown to be of negligible importance in the atmosphere.     

The formation of NO+ from the reaction of N2(2+) with O2

We have studied the potentially ionospherically significant reaction between N(2)2+ with O2 using position-sensitive coincidence spectroscopy. We observe both nondissociative and dissociative electron transfer reactions as well as two channels involving the formation of NO+. The NO+ product is formed together with either N+ and O in one bond-forming channel or O+ and N in the other bond-forming channel. Using the scattering diagrams derived from the coincidence data, it seems clear that both bond-forming reactions proceed via a collision complex [N2O2]2+. This collision complex then decays by loss of a neutral atom to form a daughter dication (NO2(2+) or N2O2+), which then decays by charge separation to yield the observed products.