金团簇二十面体结构融合过程中其催化活性的演变（英文）

近年来,由有机配体保护的原子精确金属团簇在合成方面已取得了重要进展,其独特的原子结构对一些化学反应产生独特的催化效果.原子精确的团簇催化剂明显不同于纳米颗粒催化剂和单原子催化剂,是一种关联均相和多相的、原子数目确定、尺寸均一、结构精确的新型催化剂.从原子尺度上精确构筑团簇催化剂,探究亚纳米尺度的微观结构对催化性能的影响,为常规催化剂所未能解决的关键科学问题提供解决的机会,为在分子尺度上揭示催化作用机制以及准确关联催化剂结构与催化性能提供新的研究体系,具有重要的科学研究意义.本文设计和使用了三种结构精确的金团簇催化剂,即Au_(25)(PPh_3)_(10)(SC_2H_4Ph)_5Cl_2, Au_(38)(SC_2H_4Ph)_(24)和Au_(25)(SC_2H_4Ph)_(18),分别由二十面体结构的Au_(13)单元通过中心顶点融合、面融合、体相融合形成的(简写为Au_(vf)、Au_(ff)和Au_(bf)),详细研究了这三个金团簇催化剂在二十面体Au_(13)单元的结构融合过程中,其催化活性的演变规律.在催化吡咯烷与O_2反应制备γ-丁内酰胺反应中,金团簇催化剂的催化活性顺序为Au_(bf)Au_(ff)Au_(vf),表明这三个金团簇中Au_(13)单元的结构随着点、面、体的融合,其催化活性随之增加.同时研究发现,对于同一个Au团簇催化剂,其表面硫醇配体的烷基链越短,其催化活性越高,这主要是由于短链硫醇分子的空间位阻较小,吡咯烷分子更容易进入催化剂的金表面,接触到活性位点,进行催化反应.实验表明,三个团簇金原子均带正电荷,正价金物种可能是催化吡咯烷与O_2反应的催化活化物种.研究发现, Au_(bf)团簇表面的活性位数目高于Au_(ff)和Au_(vf)团簇的,因此Au_(bf)的催化活性最高;同时,团簇表面配体的烷基链越短,其表面活性位数目也越多,这也进一步解释了表面硫醇配体的烷基链越短,其相应的金团簇催化剂的催化活性越高的原因.吡咯烷与O_2在金团簇上反应的可能路径为O_2在Au活性位上裂解的O原子和吡咯烷β-H转移至Au活性位的β-H反应脱水后形成亚胺,亚胺经过水解进一步氧化得到产物.这项研究将为在原子层次上调变金属团簇催化剂的结构进而改变其催化性能提供新的思路,对精准设计和构筑高效催化剂具有一定的科学指导意义.     

选择性控制的配体工程在金团簇催化中的作用

金团簇表面的硫醇配体影响着团簇的催化性质,尤其是选择性.我们采用在真空条件下通过程序升温的方法逐渐剥除金团簇表面的硫醇配体来制备催化剂,利用透射电镜,红外光谱对催化剂结构进行表征,以硝基化合物催化还原反应为模型反应,详细研究了配体对催化活性和选择性的影响.研究发现因配体被剥离导致底物更容易接近团簇表面,最终使得反应转换率大幅升高.实验结果还表明金团簇催化剂催化不同官能团取代的底物显示了良好的官能团兼容性,有吸电子效应的硫配体使团簇表面带正电荷,进而避免苯胺衍生物的产生.     

“一箭双雕”：同时赋予金纳米团簇催化活性和水溶性

正近年来,金纳米团簇(Au NCs)~(1–3)因其超小尺寸和确定组成结构在催化领域4备受青睐。但金纳米团簇催化一直面临以下两个问题:其一,虽然团簇表面的配体有时会促进催化反应的进行5,但大多数团簇表面的配体会阻碍反应分子到达催化剂的金属表面,从而减少甚至会彻底消除催化剂的催化活性6。针对这样一个问题,可以通过减少或者完全去除配体来提高团簇的催化活性,但这     

金团簇电催化二氧化碳还原反应的研究进展

二氧化碳电还原反应(CO₂RR)在改善能源利用方式、 实现可持续碳循环以及生产高附加值液体燃料和化学品等方面具有广阔的应用前景, 近年来受到广泛关注. 有机配体保护的金团簇具有确定的晶体结构, 其不同的尺寸、 配体及组成可以有效调控氧化还原电位, 作为一种独特的模型催化剂, 为探索原子水平的CO₂RR反应机理提供了新机遇. 本文综合评述了纯金团簇和异金属原子掺杂的金团簇催化CO₂RR的研究进展, 包括金团簇的电荷、 尺寸、 配体以及掺杂对CO₂RR性能的影响, 重点讨论了CO₂RR的反应机理, 总结了金团簇在CO₂RR中所面临的挑战, 并展望了金团簇在CO₂RR中未来的研究方向和发展前景.     

气相金属催化反应综述

金属催化剂在工业、环境、能源以及生物等过程具有重要的应用.设计具有特定活性、环境友好型以及室温下具有反应活性的催化剂,需要在分子水平对金属催化剂的基元步骤,活性位点的结构以及催化反应微观机理有充分的认识.然而,由于宏观催化剂表面结构异常复杂,催化反应常受到溶剂、压力、金属颗粒团聚、催化剂表面缺陷等因素的干扰,利用现有实验仪器,从微观角度探索金属催化反应机理仍具有较大挑战,因此,对金属催化剂活性位的结构以及反应微观机理的认识还不十分清楚.质谱方法结合现代量子化学理论计算,提供了在气相条件下实验探索化学反应微观机理的有力工具,团簇反应可在隔离外界条件、可控以及可重复条件下进行,可以排除一些难以控制因素的干扰,可在化学键和分子结构水平认识金属活性位的结构以及催化反应的微观机理.气相金属团簇离子可用多种实验方法制备,与反应物分子反应后可利用多种质谱仪器探测,根据实验上所得的具有反应活性的团簇,结合现代量子化学理论模拟,得到金属催化反应的基元步骤以及微观反应机理信息,所得反应机理信息为宏观催化剂的设计提供重要理论研究基础.本综述总结了团簇实验上已经探测到的金属单原子离子、金属团簇、金属氧化物团簇和金属化合物催化的气相反应.反应物分子囊括了大量的无机和有机分子,包括CO,H2,CH4,C2H2,C2H4,C6H6,CH3OH,HCOOH,CH3COOH等.本综述主要介绍了以下三类催化反应:(1)CO催化氧化;(2)CH4催化转化;(3)催化脱羧反应,并重点关注贵金属单原子掺杂团簇独特的催化反应性.单原子催化剂可最大限度地利用有限的贵金属.在化学反应方面,单原子催化剂具有特异的反应活性,选择性以及稳定性.本综述对气相团簇反应中报道的两个重要的贵金属单原子掺杂团簇的催化反应进行了详细介绍:(1)金原子掺杂的AuAl3O3-5+团簇为首次报道的可以利用分子氧催化氧化CO的团簇单原子催化剂,我们对Au原子起催化作用的本质原因进行了介绍:(2)铂原子掺杂的PtAl3O5-7-团簇能利用分子氧催化氧化CO,该研究提出了"电负性阶梯"效应来解释Pt原子催化的微观机理,且此效应有望对大部分贵金属适用.此外,本综述对CO催化氧化反应和CH4催化转化反应的研究现状以及尚未解决的问题进行了剖析.相比CO的催化氧化反应,科学家对CH4催化转化反应机理的认识还不够深入,还需要进一步实验研究,而团簇单原子催化剂有望在此领域有所突破.     

CO在M55（M=Cu,Ag,Au）团簇上吸附的密度泛函研究

在全电子相对论BVP86/DNP水平下对CO在Au55,Ag55和Cu55团簇上的吸附进行了比较研究,并考察了电荷对吸附的影响.计算结果表明,CO在Au55团簇上吸附能最大,其次为Cu55团簇,最弱的为Ag55团簇.团簇电荷对C—O键活化和CO与团簇表面原子成键影响较小.金团簇的电荷对吸附能影响较大,而银和铜团簇的电荷对吸附能影响较小.CO吸附到团簇上导致团簇上电子向CO转移.C—O键活化强度与吸附位置密切相关,其中孔位吸附导致C—O键活化程度最大,最弱的为顶位吸附.CO在金团簇上吸附具有较好选择性,而在银和铜团簇上吸附无选择性.     

团簇Au/CeO2的制备及其催化CO氧化反应构效关系的研究

负载型Au催化剂因其在诸多反应过程中的高催化活性而备受研究者关注.然而针对负载型催化剂中Au物种结构的有效调控,以及催化过程中真实构-效关系的探索一直充满了挑战.用CeO₂为Au物种担载基底,通过简单煅烧处理引起的CeO₂结构变化,进而实现Au/CeO₂之间界面作用力的调控.此研究发现Au纳米颗粒中Au⁰物种具备更为高效的催化室温CO氧化活性,结合多种原位表征分析,其室温条件下催化转化效率更依赖于CO吸附能力.而相比于单原子Au₁和纳米Au颗粒,所制备的团簇Au/CeO₂催化剂在较高温度(>50℃)展现出优异的催化CO氧化反应性能.随着温度升高,催化剂表界面O参与的MvK反应路径更易发生,因此具有更多表界面活性O物种和Au^δ+位点的团簇Au/CeO₂催化剂展现出最为优异的催化CO氧化性能.这些发现为高效负载型Au催化剂的制备提供了新思路并深化了对Au/CeO₂催化作用机制的理解.     

Pd单原子/团簇高效催化铃木偶联反应

铃木偶联反应是合成聚烯烃、苯乙烯和联苯衍生物等功能性有机化合物的有力工具,广泛应用于精细化工、制药和生化工业领域.钯(Pd)基催化剂是目前性能最好的铃木偶联反应催化剂,但钯的低丰度和高成本限制了其大规模应用.因此,提高Pd原子的利用效率,降低Pd用量至关重要.减小金属纳米粒子的尺寸,使其成为小团簇甚至孤立的金属原子是实现金属原子高利用率的有效方法之一.此外,与纳米晶体相比,高度分散的Pd原子和具有低配位和不饱和构型的亚纳米团簇可能会导致催化活性位点数量增加,进而提升Pd基催化剂的性能.然而,高表面自由能使得合成高度分散的Pd单原子和亚纳米团簇变得困难,因此,如何制备具有优异铃木偶联反应催化性能的Pd单原子/团簇催化剂是一个极具挑战性的课题.本文开发了一种溶液快速退火(SRA)工艺来稳定氮掺杂介孔碳负载的Pd单原子/团簇(Pd/NMC),制得的催化剂表现出较好的催化铃木偶联反应性能.透射电子显微镜结果表明,所制Pd/NMC催化剂中Pd以单原子和小金属团簇(粒径为0.3-1.1 nm)的形式高度分散在氮掺杂介孔碳载体的表面;X射线衍射结果表明,该催化剂没有与Pd相关的衍射峰,进一步证明了Pd以单原子和小金属团簇,而非纳米晶的形式存在.这得益于SRA工艺创造的不平衡热条件,抑制了Pd原子的团聚,提高了Pd原子在载体表面的分散性.与商业Pd/C催化剂相比,Pd/NMC催化剂对氯苯的铃木偶联反应表现出更好的催化性能(100%的选择性和95%的产率)和稳定性(循环使用10次后活性几乎没有衰减),此外对其他衍生物底物同样表现出较好的催化性能.第一性原理计算表明,在Pd(111)上联苯解吸的吉布斯自由能为3.24 eV,显著高于Pd₁/NMC(0.72 eV)和Pd₁₃/NMC(1.31 eV),在理论上同样证明了与Pd纳米颗粒相比,Pd单原子/团簇催化剂更有利于反应物的转化.此外,本文新开发的前驱体SRA工艺可被用作稳定金属团簇(例如Pd、Pt、Ru)的通用方法,为构建高效、高度分散的金属原子和亚纳米团簇催化剂提供了新的可能性.     

高热稳定性二氧化硅包覆的Au25纳米簇的制备和催化应用

具有独特的电子和几何结构,原子精确控制的金纳米簇(<2 nm)成为一种新的具有广泛研究和应用前景的纳米催化剂.负载在氧化物表面的金纳米簇通常会在高于300°C时聚集或长大.人们已经通过多种方法成功制备了对于非原子精确控制的热稳定性的金纳米颗粒.主要包括利用金属与载体强相互作用,用可还原的金属氧化物来稳定金纳米颗粒;利用物理阻隔作用使用高比表面积的载体或制备核壳、纳米粒子镶嵌在载体中来稳定金纳米颗粒.对于原子精确控制的金纳米簇,由于其外边包覆着一层配体,将其负载到载体上时要保证配体不被破坏才能保证金纳米簇的结构完整性,负载后通常要除去配体才能使催化活性位曝露出来.目前,高热稳定性(>300°C)的金纳米簇的制备方法还较少.由于金与 SiO2相互作用较弱,将超小(<2 nm)的金纳米粒子包覆于其中非常困难.因此,本文首先制备了1.3 nm的含有硅酯键的巯基配体(3-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷)保护的 Au25[SC3H6Si(OCH3)3]18,然后将其在刚成核的 SiO2表面与正硅酸四乙酯共水解,得到了既保留了 Au25的完整结构,又避免了 Au25之间相互水解的 Au25(SC3H6SiO3)18@SiO2纳米材料.漫反射固体紫外-可见光谱证明了 Au25在包覆完成后结构的完整性.透射电镜结果表明, Au25纳米簇焙烧至400°C未发生明显聚集长大.对硝基苯酚还原实验结果表明,不同温度处理后的 Au25@SiO2配体在200°C开始脱除,温度高于传统的负载型 Au25催化剂,表明 Au25是在 SiO2内部而不是在表面,从而使配体不易离去.400°C处理后的 Au25@SiO2对4-硝基苯酚还原表现出最高的反应活性,表明该纳米簇在400°C处理后没有发生明显聚集长大.     

小尺寸金属团簇熔化过程的分子动力学模拟

运用分子动力学方法模拟了小尺寸金属团簇的熔化过程, 原子之间的作用采用嵌入原子法(EAM)模型, 计算了均方根键长涨落δ随温度的变化, 以及升温过程中团簇热容的变化. 包含55、56个原子的面心立方(FCC)结构Au团簇的熔化过程是基本相同的. 而同样结构和数目Cu团簇的熔化过程却呈现出不同的趋势. Cu55、Cu56在模拟过程中都出现了FCC结构到二十面体结构的转变. 但由于表面多出了一个原子, Cu56的热容曲线比Cu55多了一个峰, 体系出现了预熔化现象. 这表明小尺寸团簇的固液转变的过程与团簇的原子类型、几何结构和原子数目密切相关.     

SOME NOVEL Au-Ag SUPRACLUSTERS: THE SYNTHESES AND CHAR- ACTERIZATION OF 25-ATOM,37-ATOM,AND 38-ATOM CLUSTERS

<正> The reduction of mixtures of mononuclear Au(I)and Ag(I) phosphine halide complexes with sodium,boronhydride in different solvents gave rise to two types of 25-atom clusters,and 37-atom and 38-atom clusters. These clusters were formed by vertex-sharing of Au-centered icosahedral cluster units (Au7Ag6). The nuclearity of these clusters is given by (13n-e) , where n is the number of the cluster units and e is the edges of the polyhedron formed by centers of the icosahedral cluster units . The structures of these novel 25-atom,37-atom and 38-atom clusters can be described as two icosahedra sharing one vertex (2×13-1 = 25)or three icosahedra sharing three vertices in a triangle(3×13-3 = 36)plus capping atom(s).     

Correlating the crystal structure of a thiol-protected Au25 cluster and optical properties

The total structure determination of thiol-protected Au clusters has long been a major issue in cluster research. Herein, we report an unusual single crystal structure of a 25-gold-atom cluster (1.27 nm diameter, surface-to-surface distance) protected by eighteen phenylethanethiol ligands. The Au25 cluster features a centered icosahedral Au13 core capped by twelve gold atoms that are situated in six pairs around the three mutually perpendicular 2-fold axes of the icosahedron. The thiolate ligands bind to the Au25 core in an exclusive bridging mode. This highly symmetric structure is distinctly different from recent predictions of density functional theory, and it also violates the empirical golden rule "cluster of clusters", which would predict a biicosahedral structure via vertex sharing of two icosahedral M13 building blocks as previously established in various 25-atom metal clusters protected by phosphine ligands. These results point to the importance of the ligand-gold core interactions. The Au25(SR)18 clusters exhibit multiple molecular-like absorption bands, and we find the results are in good correspondence with time-dependent density functional theory calculations for the observed structure.     

Structural prediction of thiolate-protected Au38: a face-fused bi-icosahedral Au core

The lowest-energy structure of thiolate-group-protected Au38(SR)24 is with ab initio computations. A unique bi-isocahedral Au23 core is predicted for the Au38(SR)24 cluster, consistent with recent experimental and theoretical confirmation of the icosahedral Au13 core for the [Au25(SR)18]- cluster. The computed optical absorption spectrum and X-ray diffraction pattern are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Like the "magic-number" cluster [Au25(SR)18]-, the high stability and selectivity of the magic-number Au38(SR)24 cluster is attributed to high structural compatibility between the bi-isocahedral Au23 core and the 18 exterior staple motifs.     

金纳米团簇在盐酸和十二硫醇刻蚀作用下的原位生长动力学研究

了解金属纳米团簇的形成机制对于进一步发展其化学制备方法是必要的。我们利用盐酸(HCl)和十二硫醇(RSH)共同刻蚀L₃ (L₃: 1, 3-双二苯基膦丙烷)包覆的多分散性的Au_n (15 ≤ n ≤ 60)团簇成功制备出单分散性的Au₁₃(L₃)₂(SR)₄Cl₄纳米团簇,并结合原位同步辐射X射线吸收谱、原位真空紫外-可见吸收光谱和质谱技术,研究了Au₁₃(L₃)₂(SR)₄Cl₄纳米团簇的动力学形成过程。结果表明,Au团簇从多分散到单分散的转变经历了3个明显不同的动力学步骤。首先,尺寸较大的多分散金属团簇Au_n主要在HCl刻蚀作用下,形成尺寸较小的亚稳的中间产物Au₈–Au₁₁团簇。然后,这些中间产物与反应溶液中已有的Au(Ⅰ)-Cl物种反应,并与SR发生部分配体交换,逐渐长大为由SR和L₃保护的Au₁₃团簇。最后,形成的Au₁₃团簇经过一个较缓慢的结构重组过程,最终形成稳定的Au₁₃(L₃)₂(SR)₄Cl₄的纳米团簇。     

Au(20) nanocluster protected by hemilabile phosphines

A novel phosphine-protected Au(20) nanocluster was isolated through the reduction of Au(PPhpy(2))Cl by NaBH(4) (PPhpy(2) = bis(2-pyridyl)-phenylphosphine). Its composition was determined to be [Au(20)(PPhpy(2))(10)Cl(4)]Cl(2), and single crystal X-ray structural analysis revealed that the Au(20) core can be viewed as being generated from the fusion of two Au(11) clusters via sharing two vertices. Optical absorption spectroscopy indicated this Au(20) has a large HOMO-LUMO gap (E(g) ≈ 2.24 eV). This is the first example of a ligand-protected gold nanocluster with a core generated from incomplete icosahedral Au(11) building units.     

钯掺杂的25-原子和38-原子金纳米团簇

In this work,we describe two synthetic procedures for preparing palladium doped 25-atom nanoclusters (referred to as Pd1Au24(SR)18,where ― SR represents thiolate,R=C2H4Ph).Pure Pd1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 nanoclusters are isolated by solvent extraction and size exclusion chromatography.Mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy analyses demonstrate that the Pd1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 nanocluster adopts the same core-shell structure as that of the homogold Au25(SC2H4Ph)18 nanocluster,that is,a Pd-or Au-centered icosahedron surrounded by six Au2(SR)3 "staple"-like motifs.Similar doping behavior has also been observed in 38-atom M38(SR)24 (M:metal) nanoclusters,indicating the unique behavior of Pd dopant being preferentially located in the icosahedral center.The catalytic activity of Pd1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 has also been evaluated for the selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated ketone (e.g.,benzalacetone) to α,β-unsaturated alcohol,and a 42% conversion of benzalacetone is attained.     

A computational study of the adsorption of small Ag and Au nanoclusters on graphite

The adsorption of silver and gold atoms, and M2, M6, and M13 (M=Ag or Au) clusters on the (0001) graphite surface has been investigated computationally using the density functional theory (DFT) with periodic boundary conditions and plane wave basis functions. The surface has been modeled as a single carbon sheet. The role of dispersion forces has been studied with an empirical classical model. The results show that the clusters avoid hollow sites on the graphite surface, and that the metal atoms favor atop and bond sites. Large structural changes are observed in octahedral M6 and icosahedral M13 clusters on the graphite surface when compared with gas-phase geometries. The results also indicate that if accurate results are required, the dispersion forces between metal and carbon atoms should be included in the studied systems.     

First principles study of the carbon-(silicon-) doped La13 clusters

The structural stability and physical properties have been studied for carbon-(silicon-) doped La(13) clusters using DMOL method based on density-functional theory. Doped La(13) clusters prefer to be icosahedron. Substitutional doping with a carbon or silicon impurity makes some clusters closed electronic shell, especially in icosahedral isomers. Substitutional doping of icosahedral La(13) clusters is found to be favorable at surface sites of clusters, especially for Si-doped La(13) cluster, which is very likely to be formed during the doping process. In addition, the structural distortions due to the doping are discussed.     

CO oxidation on unsupported Au55, Ag55, and Au25Ag30 nanoclusters

Using density functional calculations, we demonstrate a catalytic reaction path with activation barriers of less than 0.5 eV for CO oxidation on the neutral and unsupported icosahedral nanoclusters of Au(55), Ag(55), and Au(25)Ag(30). Both CO and O(2) adsorb more strongly on these clusters than on the corresponding bulk surfaces. The reaction path consists of an intermediate involving OOCO complex through which the coadsorption energy of CO and O(2) on these clusters is expected to play an important role in the reaction. Based on the studies for the Au and Ag nanoclusters, a model alloy nanocluster of Au(25)Ag(30) was designed to provide a larger coadsorption energy for CO and O(2) and was anticipated to be a better catalyst for CO oxidation from energetic analysis.     

Melting and freezing characteristics and structural properties of supported and unsupported gold nanoclusters

Molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with MEAM potential models have been used to study the melting and freezing behavior and structural properties of both supported and unsupported Au nanoclusters within a size range of 2 to 5 nm. In contrast to results from previous simulations regarding the melting of free Au nanoclusters, we observed a structural transformation from the initial FCC configuration to an icosahedral structure at elevated temperatures followed by a transition to a quasimolten state in the vicinity of the melting point. During the freezing of Au liquid clusters, the quasimolten state reappeared in the vicinity of the freezing point, playing the role of a transitional region between the liquid and solid phases. In essence, the melting and freezing processes involved the same structural changes which may suggest that the formation of icosahedral structures at high temperatures is intrinsic to the thermodynamics of the clusters, rather than reflecting a kinetic phenomenon. When Au nanoclusters were deposited on a silica surface, they transformed into icosahedral structures at high temperatures, slightly deformed due to stress arising from the Au-silica interface. Unlike free Au nanoclusters, an icosahedral solid-liquid coexistence state was found in the vicinity of the melting point, where the cluster consisted of coexisting solid and liquid fractions but retained an icosahedral shape at all times. These results demonstrated that the structural stability in the structures of small Au nanoclusters can be enhanced through interaction with the substrate. Supported Au nanoclusters demonstrated a structural transformation from decahedral to icosahedral motifs during Au island growth, in contrast to the predictions of the minimum-energy growth sequence: icosahedral structures appear first at very small cluster sizes, followed by decahedral structures, and finally FCC structures recovered at very large cluster sizes. The simulations also showed that island shapes are strongly influenced by the substrate, more specifically, the structural characteristic of a Au island is not only a function of size, but also depends on the contact area with the surface, which is controlled by the wetting of the cluster to the substrate.