热重分析技术及其在高分子表征中的应用

热重分析技术(TGA)是在程序控制温度和设定气氛下表征材料受热过程中的质量随温度或时间变化的高精度研究工具,具有重复性好、灵敏度高和热过程控制精准等优点.近年来,TGA技术在高分子材料领域得到了广泛应用,促进了高分子材料热稳定性、组成分析以及热分解机理等材料细观热响应特性的深入研究.本文分别从热重分析基本原理、仪器校准...     

热分析联用技术在高分子材料热性能研究中的应用

主要综述了热重-傅里叶变换红外(TG-FTIR)、裂解-色谱/质谱(Py-GC/MS)以及热重-质谱(TG-MS)三种常见的热分析联用技术的测试方法、原理,近几年这几种方法在高分子材料热性能研究中的应用进展和成果表明它们为材料的热分解过程和机理的探索提供了切实可行的研究方法,文章最后还展望了这些方法在热分析技术发展中的重要前景。     

邻苯二甲酸钙的热分解反应研究

用热重和示差扫描量热分析法研究了-水合邻苯二甲酸钙的热分解过程。其热分解过程分为三个阶段: 在160~260℃脱水生成无水盐; 在460~780℃分解生成CaCO~3.C; 在780~900℃生成CaO和CO。用粉未X射线衍射、红外光谱和色-质联用分析法表征了各阶段热分解产物的组成和结构。讨论了热分解产物的自由基反应机理。     

1,3-二硫杂环戊烯-2-硫酮-4,5-二巯基的不对称二硫纶金属(Cd,Zn)配合物的热行为和热分解反应动力学

用TG-DTG-DTA联用技术研究了两种1,3-二硫杂环戊烯-2-硫酮-4,5-二巯基的不对称二硫纶金属(Cd,Zn)配合物在动态氮气气氛中的热行为,通过应用EDS技术和元素分析方法对热分解过程中各步反应中间体的组成进行了探索,并结合其物质结构进行了讨论。协同使用四种热分析动力学方法获得了各步反应的热分解动力学参数,并推断了它们的最可能分解反应机理。     

高热值多面体硼氢化合物十氢十硼酸双四乙基铵的合成、热分解机理及动力学研究

以四氢硼酸四乙基铵为原料,通过热解反应合成了十氢十硼酸双四乙基铵,并采用红外光谱(IR),核磁共振波谱(1H NMR,11B NMR)及元素分析对其结构进行了表征.采用差热-热重(DSC-TG)分析研究了其在氩气及氧气气氛下的热稳定性,发现其在氩气中仅发生热分解反应,放热量较小,而在氧气中则先分解,再发生氧化反应并放出大量的热.采用Kissinger方法及Coat-redfern方程得到其热分解主反应的动力学方程,并进一步通过热裂解原位池-傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)联用技术和同步热分析-红外-质谱(DSC-TGFTIR-MS)联用技术研究了其热分解机理,推测在加热升温过程中,化合物在303.2℃下快速分解,气相产物主要为乙烷与少量氨气及氢气,固相产物为单质硼.     

气凝胶材料的研究进展及其在航空航天领域的应用

气凝胶材料是由聚合物分子链或纳米粒子组成的一种三维纳米骨架结构的多孔材料,它具有低密度、高孔体积、高孔隙率和大比表面积等结构特点,表现出优异的光、热、声、电和力学等特性.气凝胶这种轻质材料能够很好地代替金属材料,在隔热保温、电磁屏蔽、能量储存和基体骨架等航空航天领域具有广泛的应用前景.本文介绍了气凝胶最新研究进展及其在...     

含能配位聚合物[Cu(tza)2]n的晶体结构、热分析、感度和催化性能

以碱式碳酸铜和四氮唑乙酸在水中反应制备得到四唑乙酸铜(II)含能配位聚合物, 并培养出单晶. 运用元素分析, FT-IR分析和X-射线单晶衍射对标题配合物的组成和结构进行了全面的表征. 采用差示扫描量热分析(DSC)和热重-微分热重分析(TG-DTG)研究了标题配合物的热分解过程, 表明标题配合物的热分解主要包含三个放热峰. 用Kissinger和Ozawa-Doyle法对标题配合物的第一放热分解过程进行了动力学研究, 计算得到其活化能为356.1 kJ/mol. 对配合物的撞击、摩擦、火焰感度和5s爆发点测试表明该配合物具有一定的感度, 有望作为含能材料应用于相关领域. 同时研究了标题配合物对RDX热分解的影响, 结果表明: 标题配合物可以使RDX的放热分解峰的温度提前16.4 ℃,分解速度加快, 对RDX具有良好的催化作用.     

热分析-质谱联用中逸出气体的脉冲热分析定量方法

利用脉冲热分析技术(PulseTA)实现对热分析-质谱(TA-MS)联用系统中逸出气体质谱信号的定量,考察了多种实验参数如不同载气流速、温度以及分析样品量等因素对热分析-质谱联用系统中逸出气体质谱信号定量校正的影响.实验结果表明,利用PulseTA对TA-MS联用系统中逸出气体CO2定量结果与理论计算值的相对误差约2.85%.同时利用TG-DTG-MS联用技术对氮化铟(InN)粉体的热分解行为进行研究,在氩气气氛下InN粉体的热分解过程一步完成,InN粉体在550～750℃得到相应的正离子质谱峰:N2+(m/z=28),所释放的N非常接近InN中N的理论含量.利用PulseTA技术检测到InN粉体受热分解放出氮气质量的实验测量值与理论计算值的相对误差约为1.36%.     

单体结构对全息聚合物分散液晶光栅稳定性的影响

使用3种不同化学结构的单体材料制备了全息聚合物分散液晶光栅,并从光栅形貌、衍射能力、驱动特性、聚合物热稳定性4个方面评价了光栅的热稳定性.研究发现,含有刚性结构单体材料体系的光栅形貌、衍射能力等方面在200℃的温度下没有明显变化.表明光栅的热稳定性与单体材料的化学结构密切相关,单体材料中含有刚性结构有助于光栅热稳定性的提高.利用热重分析(TGA)对光栅中聚合物材料热分解温度进行了测定,并结合Freeman-Carroll微商法计算出了上述聚合物的分解活化能和分解反应级数.结果发现,含有刚性结构的聚合物材料的热分解温度、分解活化能和分解反应级数都高于柔性链结构材料,进一步验证了材料体系中刚性结构的添加有助于提高光栅的热稳定性.     

TGA和Py-GC/MS研究不同氛围下烟草的热失重和热裂解行为

应用热重红外联用技术(TG-FTIR)和热裂解气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Py-GC/MS)对卷烟烟丝的热失重和热裂解行为及其裂解产物进行研究.采用热重分析法测定不同气氛下卷烟样品的热失重(TG)、微商热重(DTG)曲线,以及热裂解过程中H2O、CO2、CO、NH3和CH4等气体物质的释放量.结果表明,裂解气氛不同可以显著...     

Application of thermal analysis methods for characterization of polymer/montmorillonite nanocomposites

Thermal analysis is a useful tool for investigating the properties of polymer/clay nanocomposites and mechanisms of improvement of thermal properties. This review work presents examples of applications of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MT-DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA), thermal mechanical analysis (TMA), thermogravimeric analysis (TG) and thermoanalytical methods i.e. TG coupled with Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and mass spectroscopy (TG-MS) in characterization of nanocomposite materials. Complex behavior of different polymeric matrices upon modification with montmorillonite is briefly discussed.     

Thermal stability of aliphatic polytmides

Results on the preparation and thermoanalytical investigation of aliphatic bismaleamic acids and bismaleimides are presented. Correlations were established between the chemical structure and the thermal properties. The melting point and the thermal stability of the bismaleimides decrease as the number of carbon atoms in the structure increases. Chemically imidized samples have significantly higher thermal stability, which is almost independent of the chemical structure. Thermal polymerization begins just after the melting of the materials. A thermal fragmentation scheme is proposed, based on the results of mass spectrometry.     

Co(II)Schiff碱配合物的合成、氧合反应热力学及热分解动力学的研究

合成了两种新的钴(II)schiff碱配合物水杨醛L-甲硫氨酸-水合钴(II)(1), 邻香兰素L-甲硫氨酸-水合钴(II)(2)。通过元素分析、红外光谱、热分析等测试手段研究了配合物的性质, 并确定了配合物的组成。用气体吸收装置测定配合物在乙腈溶液中不同温度下的饱和吸氧量, 求得氧合反应的平衡常数及热力学参数, 同时探讨了温度和配体结构对配合物氧合性能的影响。用TG-DTG法研究了配合物的热稳定性及非等温热分解动力学, 并采用积分法和微分法相结合的方法,推断了两种配合物的第一步热分解反应机理, 得到了热分解反应动力学参数及其动力学方程。     

Thermal risk assessment and rankings for reaction hazards in process safety

Thermal degradation of copolymers, prepared from glycidyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile in varying molar ratios using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator, was studied by thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and mass spectrometry. The fragmentation patterns in the mass-spectra were interpretable by comparison with the known degradation patterns of the related materials. Thermal kinetic parameters, including activation energies and order of reaction of the degradation of the prepared copolymers, were calculated from their thermoanalytical data. These parameters suggest an overall increase in thermal stability with increasing content of acrylonitrile in the copolymers.     

Selected thermoanalytical methods and their applications from medicine to construction

There are many thermoanalytical techniques but only several of them such as thermogravimetric analysis (TG), high resolution thermogravimetric analysis (Hi-Res™ TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC), evolved gas analysis (EGA), transient thermal analysis (TTA) and thermal conductivity (k) have selected to be discussed in this paper. Simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) is ideal for investigating issues such as the glass transition of modified glasses, binder burnout, dehydration of ceramic materials or decomposition behaviour of inorganic building materials, also with gas analysis. Selected applications of various thermoanalytical techniques from medicine to construction have also been discussed in this paper.     

Cubane,Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane and Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane: Impact and Thermal Sensitiveness of Carboxyl-, Hydroxymethyl- and Iodo-substituents

With the burgeoning interest in cage motifs for bioactive molecule discovery, and the recent disclosure of 1,4-cubane-dicarboxylic acid impact sensitivity, more research into the safety profiles of cage scaffolds is required. Therefore, the impact sensitivity and thermal decomposition behavior of judiciously selected starting materials and synthetic intermediates of cubane, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP), and bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (BCO) were evaluated via hammer test and sealed cell differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Iodo-substituted systems were found to be more impact sensitive, whereas hydroxymethyl substitution led to more rapid thermodecomposition. Cubane was more likely to be impact sensitive with these substituents, followed by BCP, whereas all BCOs were unresponsive. The majority of derivatives were placed substantially above Yoshida thresholds—a computational indicator of sensitivity.     

The application of artificial neural networks for the selection of key thermoanalytical parameters in medicinal plants analysis

In the present study three thermoanalytical methods: differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) were used to investigate the thermal behavior of medicinal plant raw materials. In order to describe DTA curve, designation of the onset T(i), and peak T(p), temperatures was required. In TGA the mass losses Delta(m), and in DTG the temperature range of peak DeltaT, peak temperature T(p), and peak height h, were recorded. All parameters were read for three stages of the thermal decomposition of plant samples which resulted in obtaining eighteen thermal variables for each sample. Some similarities in the course of thermal decomposition of the same plant organs were recognized, but complexity of the obtained data made it very difficult to determine if they could differentiate between medicinal plant materials and which of them encode the most valuable information about the studied herbals. In order to confirm the existence of any relations between the chemical composition of medicinal plants and their thermal decomposition and to find out which thermoanalytical variables or decomposition stages can be considered as the most significant in terms of their evaluation, it was decided to apply fully connected feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANN). Two different training algorithms were used to address the problem: back-propagation of error and conjugate gradient descent. To verify the results two-dimensional (2-D) Kohonen self-organizing feature maps (SOFMs) were employed. Two alternative datasets of thirteen key variables discriminating plant samples have been proposed.     

Influence of The Elemental Composition of Medicinal Fruits on The Results of Their Thermal Analysis

Studies on the thermal decomposition and on the elemental composition of commercial raw plant materials used in medicine were performed. 16independent samples of fruits originating from 12 medicinal plant species collected in1988–92 were analysed. The thermal decomposition was performed using the derivatograph. The content of non-metallic (N, P, S, Cl, I and B) and metallic (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn)elements was determined by spectrophotometric techniques after previous mineralization of sample. In order to obtain more clear classification of the analysed plant materials principal component analysis was applied. The interpretation of PCA results for three databases (thermoanalytical, non-metals and metals data sets) allows to state, that samples of fruits from the same plant species in the majority of cases are characterized by similar elemental composition and similar course of their thermal decomposition. In this way the differences in general chemical composition of medicinal plants raw materials can be determined. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of gaseous matrix-free reference materials

Reference materials are used in every laboratory in order to assure the appropriate quality of analytical results. The production of reference materials is not an easy task especially in the case of gaseous, toxic and malodorous compounds. Thermal decomposition of immobilized compounds is a convenient way for the generation of those kinds of mixtures. Temperature is an important variable in this process. In this case, thermoanalytical techniques (thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC)) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for checking the temperature range which had been previously determined using thermal desorber-gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector (TD-GC-FID) system.