QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定不同植被类型土壤中11种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂

建立了同时检测6种不同植被类型土壤中11种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂（丁香菌酯、氯啶菌酯、啶氧菌酯、氟嘧菌酯、肟菌酯、E-苯氧菌胺、醚菌酯、醚菌胺、肟醚菌胺、唑菌酯和烯肟菌胺）的QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。土壤样品经0.1%（体积分数）醋酸乙腈提取,用100 mg N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）和100 mg C₁₈净化。采用C₁₈色谱柱进行色谱分离和分析,以甲醇和水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,以电喷雾正离子、多反应监测模式进行定性分析,采用基质标准曲线外标法进行定量分析。结果表明：11种甲氧基丙烯酸酯杀菌剂在0.1~100 μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9805~0.9999。空白样品在5、10和50 μg/kg添加水平下的平均回收率为65.1%~103.9%,相对标准偏差为0.082%~14%（n=3）,定量限为0.005~2.0 μg/kg。该方法能够满足不同植被类型土壤（黑土、红壤土、砂土、潮土、灰漠土、高山土）中11种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂痕量检测的要求。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜和水果中6种新型酰胺类杀菌剂的残留量

建立了蔬菜、水果中啶酰菌胺、氟啶酰菌胺、环氟菌胺、嘧菌胺、双炔酰菌胺和硅噻菌胺6种新型酰胺类杀菌剂残留量的液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)检测方法。试样经乙腈提取、Florisil固相萃取柱净化、以乙腈和水为流动相梯度洗脱、结合新型核壳型填料色谱柱(Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈)分离,采用电喷雾正离子扫描、多反应监测模式质谱检测,外标法定量。结果表明:固相萃取结合新型色谱柱分离解决了酰胺类农药分析中基质效应强的难点问题。6种杀菌剂在0.5~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)≥0.9990;对7种蔬菜及3种水果进行0.5、5和50 μg/kg 3个加标水平的回收试验,回收率为65%~124%,相对标准偏差(RSD, n=5)为1%~18%; 6种杀菌剂的方法检出限(S/N≥3)为0.10~0.17 μg/kg。该净化、分离模式显著降低了蔬菜、水果中6种新型酰胺类农药的基质效应,方法简单准确,可满足蔬菜和水果中啶酰菌胺等6种新型酰胺类杀菌剂残留检测的要求。     

改良QuEChERS方法快速测定果蔬中8种新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂

建立了一种同时测定果蔬中啶酰菌胺、吡噻菌胺、吡唑萘菌胺、氟唑菌酰胺、联苯吡菌胺、氟唑环菌胺、氟唑菌苯胺和氟吡菌酰胺8种新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂残留量的液相色谱-串联质谱方法。通过比较乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷（PSA）和十八烷基键合硅胶吸附剂（C₁₈）两种分散固相萃取剂不同添加剂量下的吸附作用和净化效果,优化QuEChERS方法净化过程,以乙腈-0.1%（体积分数）甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,使8种目标化合物在Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈色谱柱上分离,经电喷雾正/负双离子扫描、多反应监测模式质谱检测,外标法定量。8种目标化合物在0.5~500.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.998,方法检出限为0.2~1.7 μg/kg,定量限为0.5~5.0 μg/kg。各种目标化合物在8种基质中3个添加水平（5.0、25.0和125.0 μg/kg）下的回收率为71.4%~121.3%,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=6）为0.8%~17.2%。该方法操作简单、净化效果好,适用于果蔬中新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂的快速检测。     

串联固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品中嘧啶胺类杀菌剂残留

建立了食品中嘧啶胺类杀菌剂嘧霉胺、嘧菌胺及嘧菌环胺残留的串联固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。胡萝卜、辣椒等样品经乙酸乙酯提取,石墨化炭黑-弗罗里硅藻土串联固相萃取柱(ENVI-Carb-Florisil SPE)净化后,在HPLC-MS/MS仪上进行检测分析,采用外标法定量。质谱分析采用电喷雾电离,正离子扫描,多反应监测模式。结果表明,柱净化后无明显的基质效应,嘧霉胺、嘧菌胺和嘧菌环胺在1～20 μg/L内相关系数可达0.9990以上,具有良好的线性关系;每种杀菌剂选择两个离子对,其中一组用于定量: 嘧霉胺m/z 200.1/107.1,嘧菌胺m/z 224.0/106.0及嘧菌环胺m/z 226.0/108.1;另一组用于确证: 嘧霉胺m/z 200.1/183.1,嘧菌胺m/z 224.0/131.1和嘧菌环胺m/z 226.0/133.1。样品中添加0.1、0.5、1.0 μg/kg的标准品,其回收率为73.2%～98.7%,相对标准偏差(n=10)小于10%;嘧霉胺、嘧菌胺、嘧菌环胺的检出限(信噪比(S/N)=3)均为0.03 μg/kg;嘧霉胺、嘧菌胺、嘧菌环胺的定量限(S/N=10)均为0.1 μg/kg。实验结果表明,该方法提取效果好,具有良好的灵敏度、回收率和重复性。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜和水果中氟吗啉的残留量

建立了高效液相-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)分析蔬菜和水果中氟吗啉残留量检测的方法。通过氟吗啉光照实验,研究了氟吗啉顺反异构体转化规律。以醚菌胺为内标(I.S.),乙酸乙酯提取,经HLB(亲水-疏水净化住)固相萃取小柱净化并富集后,以液相色谱分离,采用质谱正离子多反应监测模式进行定量分析。方法定量限为0.05μg/kg;线性范围为0.05～25μg/kg;提取回收率为77.64%～92.83%;相对标准偏差均小于8.6%。本方法灵敏度高、选择性好,实际样品检测中的检出率达到70%;样品中最高残留量为1.83μg/kg,能满足蔬菜和水果中氟吗啉残留量检测要求。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测水果中6种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂及其质谱裂解规律

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定橙子、香蕉、苹果、菠萝中E-苯氧菌胺、嘧菌酯、醚菌酯、啶氧菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯和肟菌酯6种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂残留的方法。采用计算机辅助谱图解析软件ACD Lab/MS Fragmenter对质谱裂解路径进行了分析。样品经乙腈提取,氨基固相萃取柱(SupelClean LC-NH2)净化,采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)进行分离,以含0.1%(v/v)甲酸的10mmol/L乙酸铵溶液和含0.1%(v/v)甲酸的乙腈溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾正离子模式下,采用多反应监测(MRM)模式监测,外标法定量。结果显示,6种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂在5~100μg/L(其中吡唑醚菌酯在1~20μg/L)范围内的相关系数(r2)均大于0.999。6种杀菌剂的加标回收率为60.4%~120%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.15%~15.1%(n=6)。该法能满足橙子、香蕉、苹果和菠萝中6种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂残留量的检测要求。     

全自动固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食糖中的雌二醇

建立了全自动固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测食糖中雌二醇含量的方法。食糖样品经水溶解后,用碱化乙腈提取,经HLB固相萃取柱净化,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析,内标法定量。质谱分析采用电喷雾电离(ESI)负离子扫描,多反应监测(MRM)模式。雌二醇定量离子对为271.1/144.8和271.1/183.2,内标D2-雌二醇定量离子对为273.2/147.0。实验表明,经SPE柱净化后基质效应明显降低,样品中添加0.5~10 μg/kg的雌二醇,其回收率为83.9%~95.1%,相对标准偏差(n=6)小于10%。雌二醇的检出限为0.1 μg/kg,定量限为0.5 μg/kg。该方法提取效果好,具有良好的灵敏度、回收率和重复性。     

气相色谱/质谱法测定食品中甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂残留

建立了一种专属、灵敏的气相色谱-质谱分析方法,用于检测水果、蔬菜、饮料、粮谷类、坚果类和肉、蛋、奶类等多种类型食品中嘧菌酯、醚菌胺、嘧蟎酯、氟嘧菌酯、醚菌酯、Z-苯氧菌胺、E-苯氧菌胺、肟醚菌胺、啶氧菌酯、唑菌胺酯和肟菌酯等11种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂残留量。对于不同类型的样品,使用不同有机溶剂对甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂进行超声波提取,经凝胶渗透色谱对样品提取液进行净化、富集,采用气相色谱-质谱法以选择离子监测模式进行定性,外标法定量。上述各种杀菌剂在0.05~5.0 mg/kg浓度范围内呈线性,相关系数r>0.99。在空白样品中,添加甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂的回收率在60.3%~120.0%之间,精密度(RSD)为1.54%~13.41%。各组分检出限均在0.002~0.015 mg/kg之间。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡肉组织中癸氧喹酯残留

建立了测定鸡肉组织中癸氧喹酯(DEC)残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)方法。样品经乙腈提取,正己烷脱脂,固相萃取(SPE)小柱净化;采用0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液-0.1%甲酸水溶液(78:22, v/v)为流动相,电喷雾正离子电离(ESI+)模式,多反应监测(MRM)检测模式,以内标法进行定量。结果表明: DEC在1～200 μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r2)大于0.99; 1、10、100 μg/kg 3个添加水平的回收率为78.2%～107.4%,日内、日间相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于15%,方法检出限为0.25 μg/kg,定量限为0.5 μg/kg。该方法简便、灵敏、精确,可用于鸡肉组织中DEC药物残留的确证检测。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法测定水中4种杀菌剂

建立了固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱方法检测水中4种杀菌剂(嘧菌酯、戊唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯、肟菌酯). 水样中的杀菌剂经HLB固相萃取柱富集后,使用C18色谱柱分离,以高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)外标法定量分析. 同时考察pH值、洗脱溶剂、洗脱量等对杀菌剂萃取效果的影响. 试验结果表明,4种化合物在0.10~50.0 μg/L浓度范围内具有较好的线性关系,检出限在0.004~0.095 μg/L之间,回收率为68.7%~95.4%,相对标准偏差(n=5)低于10%. 方法操作简单、快速、准确、灵敏度高,适用于水中4种杀菌剂的定量分析.     

Method development and validation for strobilurin fungicides in baby foods by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

The present study describes a new solvent-free method for the sensitive determination of seven strobilurin fungicides (azoxystrobin, metominostrobin, kresoxim-methyl, trifloxystrobin, picoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin) in baby food samples. Direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode, GC–MS (SIM), is used. All analyses were performed with 2 g of sample mass, 14 mL of sample extract volume and sample extract buffered at pH 5. Optimal extraction conditions were 60 °C for 40 min under continuous stirring using a PDMS-DVB fiber. Desorption was carried out at 240 °C for 4 min. The standard additions method is recommended and quantitation limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.4 ng g⁻¹ at a signal to noise ratio of 10, depending on the compound. Recoveries obtained for spiked samples were satisfactory for all the compounds. The method was validated according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Different baby foods were analyzed by the proposed method and none of the samples contained residues above the detection limits.     

Simultaneous determination of five strobilurin fungicides and the metabolite BF-500-3 in cereals,fruits and vegetables

A rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of five strobilurin fungicides and the metabolite BF-500-3 in cereals (maize and wheat), fruits (grape and apple) and vegetables (cucumber and tomato) was developed by a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The five strobilurin fungicides (kresoxim-methyl, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin) and the metabolite BF-500-3 were extracted from six matrices using acetonitrile and subsequently cleaned up by dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) using octadecylsilane (C₁₈) as sorbent prior to HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The determination of the six compounds was achieved in less than 6.0 min using an electrospray ionisation source in positive mode (ESI+). This method showed the linearity with the coefficients of determination (R²) higher than 0.9929. The limits of quantification (LOQs), defined as the lowest spiking level, were 5 μg/kg for all the fungicides in all matrices. Recovery studies were performed at three fortification levels (5, 10 and 100 μg/kg) and the overall average recoveries ranged from 76.9% to 114.2% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 13.6% for all the analytes. The method is demonstrated to be convenient and reliable for the routine monitoring of five strobilurin fungicides and the metabolite BF-500-3 in cereals, fruits and vegetables.     

Determination of strobilurin fungicides in cotton seed by combination of acetonitrile extraction and dispersive liquid−liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography

The simultaneous determination of four strobilurin fungicides (picoxystrobin, kresoxim‐methyl, trifloxystrobin, and azoxystrobin) in cotton seed by combining acetonitrile extraction and dispersive liquid?liquid microextraction was developed prior to GC with electron capture detection. Several factors, including the type and volume of the extraction and dispersive solvents, extraction condition and time, and salt addition, were optimized. The analytes were extracted with acetonitrile from cotton seed and the clean‐up was carried out by primary secondary amine. Afterwards, 60 μL of n‐hexane/toluene (1:1, v/v) with a lower density than water was mixed with 1 mL of the acetonitrile extract, then the mixture was injected into 7 mL of distilled water. A 0.1 mL pipette was used to collect a few microliters of n‐hexane/toluene from the top of the aqueous solution. The enrichment factors of the analytes ranged from 36 to 67. The LODs were in the range of 0.1 × 10^?3?2 × 10^?3 mg/kg. The relative recoveries varied from 87.7 to 95.2% with RSDs of 4.1?8.5% for the four fungicides. The good performance of the method, compared with the conventional pretreatments, has demonstrated it is suitable for determining low concentrations of strobilurin fungicide residues in cotton seed.     

Determination of strobilurin fungicide residues in fruits and vegetables by nonaqueous micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with indirect laser‐induced fluorescence

A nonaqueous micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method with indirect LIF was developed for the determination of strobilurin fungicide residues in fruits and vegetables. Hydrophobic CdTe quantum dots (QDs) synthesized in aqueous phase were used as background fluorescent substance. The BGE solution, QD concentration, and separation voltage were optimized to obtain the best separation efficiency and the highest signal intensity. The optimal BGE solution consists of 40 mM phosphate, 120 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, 15% v/v water and 15% v/v hydrophobic CdTe QDs in formamide, of which apparent pH is 9.5. The optimized separation voltage is controlled as 25 kV. The resultant detection limits of azoxystrobin, kresoxim‐methyl, and pyraclostrobin are all 0.001 mg/kg, their linear dynamic ranges are 0.005–2.5 mg/kg, and the recoveries of the spiked samples are 81.7–96.1%, 86.5–95.7%, and 87.3–97.4%, respectively. This method has been proved to be sensitive enough to detect the aforementioned fungicides in fruits and vegetables at the maximum residue limits.     

Application of liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to the determination of a new generation of pesticides in processed fruits and vegetables

This paper describes a method for the sensitive and selective determination of 24 new pesticide residues (azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, fenazaquin, indoxacarb, fenothiocarb, furathiocarb, benfuracarb, imidachloprid, dimethomorph, fenpyroximate, hexythiazox, tebufenpyrad, tebufenozide, difeconazole, fenbuconazole, flusilazole, paclobutrazol, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, bromuconazole, etofenprox, fenhexamid, pyridaben) in apple puree, concentrated lemon juice and tomato puree. A miniaturized extraction-partition procedure requiring small amounts of non-chlorinated solvents was used. The extracts are analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) without any further clean-up step. The pesticides are separated on a reversed-phase polar column using a gradient elution. Fifty-five simultaneous MS-MS transitions of precursor ions were monitored (two or three for each pesticide). Studies at fortification levels of 0.001-0.020 and 0.010-0.200 mg/kg gave mean recoveries ranging from 76 to 106% for all compounds, except for imidacloprid, with (R.S.D.s) < or = 15%. The excellent sensitivity and selectivity of LC-MS-MS method allowed quantitation and identification at low levels also in difficult matrices with a run time of 20 min. With the developed method almost 100 samples of commercial fruit products (nectars, juices, purees) were analyzed. None of samples contained residues higher than 0.010 mg/kg.     

Simultaneous determination of tebuconazole,trifloxystrobin, and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid residues in gherkin under field conditions

A rapid, simple, and selective analytical method for the simultaneous determination of tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin, and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid residues in gherkin and soil was developed and validated by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up by dispersive solid‐phase extraction with primary secondary amine sorbent. The limit of quantification of the method was 0.05 mg/kg for all three compounds. The method was validated using blank samples spiked at three levels and recoveries ranged from 83.5 to 103.8% with a relative standard deviation of 1.2 to 4.8%. The developed method was validated and applied for the analysis of a degradation study sample. The residues of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole were found to dissipate following first‐order kinetics with half‐life ranging between 3.31–3.38 and 3.0–3.04 days, respectively, for two different dosages. Pesticide residues were below the European Union maximum residue level after seven days for trifloxystrobin (0.2 mg/kg) and ten days for tebuconazole (0.05 mg/kg), which suggested the use of this fungicide mixture to be safe to humans. These results can be utilized in formulating the spray schedule and safety evaluation on trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in gherkin crop.     

Stir bar sorptive extraction coupled to liquid chromatography for the analysis of strobilurin fungicides in fruit samples

A stir bar microextraction (SBSE) procedure for the determination of seven strobilurin fungicides in fruit samples using liquid chromatography (LC) and diode array detection (DAD) has been developed. The samples were sonicated in the presence of ethanol before submitting the extracts to SBSE. The incorporation of drazoxolon as an internal standard before SBSE allowed calibration without the need to use the standard additions method. Under the optimized conditions, detection limits were in the 0.3–2 ng g⁻¹ range, corresponding to trifloxystrobin and metominostrobin, respectively. The SBSE–LC–DAD procedure showed good repeatability (RSD below 11% in all cases) and provided recoveries of 80–105% from spiked samples. The method was applied to fifteen fruit samples, and low levels of pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin were found in two of them.