前驱体对Ba/(Pt/γ-Al2O3)催化剂NOx存储性能的影响

分别以Ba(NO3)2和Ba(CH3COO)2为Ba的前驱体,利用浸渍法制备了两个系列不同Ba含量的NOx存储还原催化剂Ba/(Pt/γ-Al2O3).采用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、程序升温反应脱附和差热-热重等分析技术对样品进行了表征,并考察了催化剂的NOx存储性能.结果表明,不同前驱体在Pt/γ-Al2O3载体表面的分散能力不同.前驱体为Ba(NO3)2时,Ba的分散阈值为0.047 g/g(Ba/(Pt/γ-Al2O3)质量比),而前驱体为Ba(CH3COO)2时,Ba的分散阈值为0.149 g/g(Ba/(Pt/γ-Al2O3)质量比).经高温焙烧后,前驱体的分散容量决定催化剂中Ba物种的分散容量.在NOx存储性能评价实验中,以Ba(CH3COO)2为前驱体时,催化剂的NOx等温吸附穿透时间最长为23 min,而以Ba(NO3)2为前驱体时,具有相同Ba含量的催化剂的穿透时间为13 min.因此,在制备NOx存储还原催化剂时,选择易分散的前驱体Ba(CH3COO)2可以获得较高的NOx存储活性的催化剂.     

Mn/Ba/Al2O3催化剂的NOx氧化-储存和耐硫性能

采用分步等体积浸渍法制备了Mn/Ba/Al2O3催化剂, 并用XRD和TPD等方法进行表征. 考察了催化剂在不同温度下NOx氧化-储存特性和NOx脱附行为. 结果表明, Mn/Ba/Al2O3催化剂具有较高的催化NO氧化活性和较大的NOx储存容量. BaMnO3是主要的活性组分；Mn能够催化NO的氧化反应, 且具有一定的NOx储存能力; Ba是主要的储存组分, 将NOx以硝酸盐的形式储存; 硝酸盐在300～600 ℃分解, 释放出NOx. Mn/Ba/Al2O3催化剂在800 ℃老化6 h后, NO氧化活性和NOx储存能力稍有下降. 低含量的SO2对催化剂的NO氧化活性和NOx储存能力没有明显影响; 高含量的SO2使催化剂的NO氧化活性降低, NOx储存量减小, 最终导致催化剂失活.     

Pd/Mn/Ba/Al催化剂的NOx存储-还原性能研究

采用分步等体积浸渍法制备了Pd/Mn/Ba/Al系列催化剂,并用DRIFTS、TPD、TPSR等方法进行了表征,考察了催化剂在不同温度点NOx的存储量以及存储-还原循环中NOx的脱除率.结果表明,NO更容易在MNOx上形成亚硝酸盐,Mn的加入显著提高了Pd/Ba/Al的低温存储活性,与Pd/Ba/Al相比,Pd/Mn/...     

NOx储存催化剂Pt/BaAl2O4-Al2O3的XAFS研究

采用共沉淀-浸渍法在不同载体焙烧温度下,制备了不同Al/Ba原子比的Pt/BaAl2O4-Al2O3系列样品.用XRD, XANES, EXAFS,以及NSC (NOx storage capacity）测定等手段对样品的微观结构和NOx储存性能进行了详细的表征.样品中Ba物种是以BaAl2O4和BaCO3两种混合物相的形式存在,且伴随着载体焙烧温度和Ba含量的降低, BaAl2O4物相的分散度变高, NOx储存活性也随之提高,这表明BaAl2O4相的分散度与样品的NOx储存性能密切相关,小颗粒的BaAl2O4相是NOx的主要储存活性中心.在样品中, Pt物种以金属原子簇形式存在,分散度很高,其Pt－Pt壳层配位数较标样Pt粉有显著下降, Pt－Pt键长变短,出现了纳米收缩现象.高分散的小颗粒金属Pt原子簇为捕获和氧化NOx的主要活性中心.     

Pt／A12O3催化剂用于丙烯选择性还原NO

分别采用浸渍法(IM)和溶胶-凝胶法(SG)制备了一系列不同铂负载量的催化剂，在固定床反应器上用C3H6作还原剂，测试了选择性还原NOx的活性,结果发现,在IM法和SG法制备的催化剂中,活性组分铂最佳负载质量分数分别为0．5％和2％．针对两种催化剂．分别考察了氧浓度、丙烯浓度及反应气流量对选择性催化还原NOx性能的影响,催化活性随丙烯浓度的增大而上升,2％Pt／Al2O3(SG)催化剂的抗SO2性能好于0．5％Pt／A12O3(IM)催化剂．H2O的存在可明显拓宽活性温度范围,并向高温区间移动,在200～400℃范围内可有效净化NOx。     

二甲醚部分氧化重整制氢中的部分氧化催化剂的考察

采用浸渍法制备了一系列负载型贵金属催化剂,与Ni/Al2O3构成双床层催化剂,在连续流动固定床反应器中,进行了二甲醚(DME)部分氧化重整制氢的研究,系统地考察了贵金属类型及其负载量、载体以及还原温度与反应温度的影响.结果表明,Pd/Al2O3催化性能不及Pt/Al2O3和Rh/Al2O3,而Pt/Al2O3和Rh/Al2O3催化性能相当,考虑到价格因素,选择了Pt/Al2O3作为本反应催化剂.对Pt负载量的考察表明,0.5%Pt/Al2O3催化性能最佳,且Al2O3又比MgO和ZrO2更适合作载体.通过对工艺条件的考察,确定适当的还原温度与反应温度均为700℃.在上述最佳催化剂与反应条件下,DME转化率保持在100%,H2收率可达80%.     

NOx储存-还原催化剂Pt-Pd/BaO/TiAlO的制备及其抗硫性能

采用共沉淀-浸渍法制备了新型催化剂Pt-Pd/BaO/TiAlO,通过对催化剂进行NOx吸附储存实验、有硫(SO2)和无硫情况下的NOx储存-还原循环实验以及程序升温脱附、程序升温还原、N2吸附-脱附和X射线衍射等表征分析,考察了该催化剂的储存NOx性能以及抗硫性能.结果表明,在Pt-Pd/BaO/TiAlO中,复合氧化物TiAlO为储存NOx的组分兼载体,Ti和Al原子比为1∶2时,储存NOx能力最大;BaO(4%)作为助剂不但增加了催化剂的热稳定性,还提高了其储存NOx的能力.与Pt/BaO/γ-Al2O3相比,Pt-Pd/BaO/TiAlO具有良好的抗硫性能.Pt-Pd/BaO/TiAlO上吸附形成的硫化物稳定性较差,易被还原脱除,这是其抗硫性能良好的原因之一.     

Storage-Reduction of NOx over Combined Catalysts of Pt/Ba/Al2O3-Mn/Ba/Al2O3： Carbon Monoxide as Reductant

Storage-reduction of NOx by carbon monoxide was investigated over combined catalysts of Mn/Ba/Al2O3-Pt/Ba/Al2O3. Combination of Mn/Ba/Al2O3 and Pt/Ba/Al2O3 catalysts in different ways showed excellent NOx storage-reduction performance and the content of Pt could be reduced by 50%. Not only the addition of 5Mn/15Ba/Al2O3 to lPt/15Ba/Al2O3 could improve its storage ability, but also enhance the NOx conversion consequently. NOx conversion over the combined catalysts (the combined catalysts I and II) was increased under dynamic lean-rich burn conditions, the maximum NOx conversion increased from 69.4% to respectively 78.8% and 75.7% over two combined catalysts.     

Pt，Pd助剂对Ni基催化剂中Ni的分散度及抗积碳性能的影响

研究了添加少量贵金属(Pt,Pd)的Ni/Al2O3催化剂对甲烷水蒸汽重整反应抗积碳能力和催化性能的影响.催化活性实验表明,添加少量Pt的样品显著提高了Ni/Al2O3催化剂的活性,稳定性,抗积碳和抗氧化能力,而添加Pd的样品对Ni/Al2O3催化剂的催化性能提高并不明显.利用氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR),X射线晶体衍射(XRD),热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)等手段对反应前后的催化剂进行了表征,研究发现在Ni-Pt/Al2O3催化剂中Ni与Pt之间存在较强的相互作用力,在主要由Ni覆盖的表面形成了Ni-Pt双金属簇,提高了Ni的分散度,在催化剂的表面易于形成较小的Ni颗粒,抑制了Ni的烧结,改善了Ni基催化剂的抗积碳能力;贵金属Pt通过H2的溢流效应促进了Ni的还原,抑制了催化剂的氧化.而在Ni-Pd/Al2O3中,Ni和Pd存在着一定的偏析效应,不能有效的形成Ni-Pd双金属簇,在还原过程中分别被还原.     

H2O、CO2组分对NOx存储-还原性能的影响

NOx存储-还原技术是控制汽车稀燃NOx排放的重要手段之一,在汽车尾气中H2O、CO2组分含量均相对较高,有必要弄清这些组分对NOx存储-还原特性的影响。论文以MnOx改性Pt/Ba/Al2O3催化剂为研究对象,评价在不同气氛下的NOx存储能力和催化还原性能。结果表明：CO2、H2O组分均抑制催化剂的NOx存储性能,H2O的抑制作用主要表现在低温区,CO2抑制NOx存储的现象在高温区更为显著。CO2对NOx存储速率的抑制作用较H2O更为明显,且其NOx存储速率随着温度的升高表现的差异性更为明显。对于NOx催化还原过程,CO2、H2O或CO2 H2O添加均导致N2选择性降低,其N2选择性按CO2 > H2O > CO2 H2O的顺序降低。     

Nox Reduction Characteristics for Different Composition Ratios of Pt/Al2O3, Rh/Al2O3 Catalyst Mixtures Using Model Gas as Reformates

This study investigated the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) with hydrocarbon in the presence of excess oxygen using various composition ratios of Pt/Al₂O₃, Rh/Al₂O₃ catalyst mixtures. The composition ratios were 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1 of 1 wt% Pt/Al₂O₃ and Rh/Al₂O₃, which are known to exhibit efficient NO_x reduction at low and high temperatures among the noble metal catalysts. Experiments conducted on a single reductant revealed that more efficient NO_x conversion could be obtained when Pt/Al₂O₃ and Rh/Al₂O₃ were mixed at a ratio of 3:1, rather than 1:1 or 1:3. In a single reductant condition, C₃H₆ 800 ppm (2400 ppmC₁) and 400 ppm (1200 ppmC₁) exhibited 50% and 38% NO_x conversion efficiency at 200°C, respectively. However, NO_x conversion efficiency gradually decreased when temperatures were increased above 250°C. With regard to Pt/Al₂O₃ and Rh/Al₂O₃ ratio, higher ratios of Rh/Al₂O₃ activated this Pt+Rh/Al₂O₃ catalyst in the high temperature range.     

低于300℃时两种氧化铈材料对稀燃阶段NOx存储性能的影响

研究了低于300 ℃时两种氧化铈对稀燃阶段NO_x存储性能的影响,催化剂由2%（w）Pt/Al₂O₃（PA）与CeO₂-X（X=S,I）机械混合制备. X射线衍射（XRD）,BET表面积和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）用于表征材料的物理结构. X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）用于表面Ce³⁺和活性氧定量. 原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱（in-situ DRIFTS）用于分析表面NO_x吸附物种. 相比于CeO₂-I,CeO₂-S 具有优良的物理化学性能,包括高比表面积、丰富的空隙结构、较高的抗老化能力及表面Ce³⁺浓度. 因而,Pt/Al₂O₃+CeO₂-S 表现出优异的NO_x存储能力. 此外,PA+CeO₂-X（X=S,I）上存在Pt 与CeO₂之间的相互作用,可提高表面氧物种的活性进而促进NO氧化及NO_x存储. PA+CeO₂-S上的这种相互作用要强于PA+CeO₂-I. 研究表明,表面Ce³⁺浓度和活性氧含量对NO_x存储起到重要作用. 然而经过水热处理后,Pt 与老化的氧化铈（ACS,ACI）之间的相互作用降低,并且两种氧化铈NO_x存储性能显著下降. 另外,与PA+ACS（ACI）相比,PA+PACS（PACI）样品NO_x存储能力得到改善,这归因于表面氧物种活性增加能促进硝酸盐的形成.     

Review of Ag/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Reductant System in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>

Ag/Al₂O₃ is a promising catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) by hydrocarbons (HC) of NO _x in both laboratory and diesel engine bench tests. New developments of the HC-SCR of NO _x over a Ag/Al₂O₃ catalyst are reviewed, including the efficiencies and sulfur tolerances of different Ag/Al₂O₃-reductant systems for the SCR of NO _x ; the low-temperature activity improvement of H₂-assisted HC-SCR of NO _x over Ag/Al₂O₃; and the application of a Ag/Al₂O₃-ethanol SCR system with a heavy-duty diesel engine. The discussions are focused on the reaction mechanisms of different Ag/Al₂O₃-reductant systems and H₂-assisted HC-SCR of NO _x over Ag/Al₂O₃. A SO₂-resistant surface structure in situ synthesized on Ag/Al₂O₃ by using ethanol as a reductant is proposed based on the study of the sulfate formation. These results provide new insight into the design of a high-efficiency NO _x reduction system. The diesel engine bench test results showed that a Ag/Al₂O₃-ethanol system is promising for catalytic cleaning of NO _x in diesel exhaust.     

Effect of platinum and palladium additives on the surface state and catalytic activity of vanadium oxides in the oxidation of carbon monoxide

The Pt/V₂O₅ and Pd/V₂O₅ systems formed upon hydrogen reduction have catalytic activity in the oxidation of carbon monoxide exceeding the activity of Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pd/Al₂O₃. The transition from the low-activity to high-activity state on the Pt/V₂O₅ and Pd/V₂O₅ catalysts is characterized by temperature hysteresis and change in the kinetic equation. X-ray phase analysis (XPA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPES), and X-ray spectral microanalysis were used to establish that prior reduction of V₂O₅ by hydrogen gives VO₂, V₆O₁₃, a-H _x V₂O₅, and b-H _x V₂O₅, which facilitates the formation of an active catalyst surface.     

Catalytically Promoted NO x Sorption by ZrO2-Based Oxides

Metal promoted zirconia-based oxide sorbents, such as Pt–ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ for NO _x have been investigated. To clarify the role of the catalyst component, sorption of NO and NO₂ was compared using the samples with and without Pt. The catalytic oxidation of NO to NO₂ and successively to nitrate ions is an important role for the Pt catalyst. The experimental results indicate that a high-temperature calcination is essential to remove residual Cl from Pt–ZrO₂–Al₂O₃ prepared from H₂PtCl₆ in order to provide more active NO _x sorption sites. Of M–ZrO₂–Al₂O₃ samples investigated, ruthenium as well as Pt demonstrated relatively good performance as a catalyst component in the sorbent. The FT-IR spectra after sorption of NO and NO₂ demonstrated a strong band attributed to stored nitrate ions. The Pt catalyst was more resistant to sulfur poisoning than a base metal catalyst. However, the NO _x sorptive capacities of the Pt–ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ sorbents were expected to be deteriorated in dilute SO₂ as far as observed from FT-IR spectra.     

高硅 Na-ZSM-5 分子筛表面 NO 的常温吸附-氧化机理

 采用程序升温表面反应 (TPSR) 和原位漫反射红外光谱 (DRIFTS) 等手段研究了常温下 NO 和 O₂ 在高硅 Na-ZSM-5 分子筛上吸附-氧化反应机理. 结果表明, Na-ZSM-5 分子筛上 NO 的催化氧化过程中伴随着显著的 NO₂ 物理吸附, 表现为 NO 氧化和 NO₂ 吸附间的动态平衡. Na-ZSM-5 分子筛表面 NO_x 吸附物种的 TPSR 和原位 DRIFTS 表征表明, 化学吸附的 NO 和气相中的 O₂  在 Na-ZSM-5 表面反应生成吸附态的 NO₃, 并继续与 NO 作用生成弱吸附的 NO₂  和 N₂ O₄, 它们吸附饱和后释放出来; 其中, 强吸附的 NO₃ 在 NO 氧化过程中起到了反应中间体的作用, 同时也促进了 NO 的吸附.     

AN XPS study of the interaction of model Ba/TiO2 AND Ba/ZrO2 NSR catalysts with NO2

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to study the interaction of model NO₂ storage-reduction catalysts (NSR catalysts) Ba/TiO₂ and Ba/ZrO₂ with NO₂. The catalysts are prepared on the surface of ultrathin Al₂O₃ film substrates obtained by the FeCrAl alloy oxidation. It is shown that at room temperature the model catalysts react with NO₂ with the successive formation of surface barium nitrite and nitrate. The NO₂ reduction with the formation of barium nitrite at the initial step of the interaction is assumed to be accompanied by the oxidation of residual metallic barium and amorphous carbon impurity. It is found that the formation of barium nitrate proceeds more efficiently on Ba/ZrO₂ rather than on Ba/TiO₂.     

An XPS study of the oxidation of noble metal particles evaporated onto the surface of an oxide support in their reaction with NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>

The interaction of the model catalysts Rh/Al₂O₃, Pd/Al₂O₃, Pt/Al₂O₃, and Pt/SiO₂ with NO _x (mixture of 10 Torr of NO and 10 Torr of O₂) was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Samples of the model catalysts were prepared under vacuum conditions as oxide films ≥100 Å in thickness on tantalum foil with evaporated platinum-group metal particles. According to transmission electron microscopic data, the platinum-group metal particle size was several nanometers. It was found by XPS that the oxidation of Rh and Pd nanoparticles in their interaction with NO _x occurs already at room temperature. The particles of platinum were more stable: their oxidation under the action of NO _x was observed at elevated temperatures of ～300°C. At room temperature, the interaction of platinum nanoparticles with NO _x hypothetically leads to the dissolution (insertion) of oxygen atoms in the bulk of the particles with the retention of their metallic nature. It was found that dissolved oxygen is much more readily reducible by hydrogen than the lattice oxygen of the platinum oxide particles.     

Catalytically Promoted NOx Sorption by ZrO2-Based Oxides

Metal promoted zirconia-based oxide sorbents, such as Pt–ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ for NO _x have been investigated. To clarify the role of the catalyst component, sorption of NO and NO₂ was compared using the samples with and without Pt. The catalytic oxidation of NO to NO₂ and successively to nitrate ions is an important role for the Pt catalyst. The experimental results indicate that a high-temperature calcination is essential to remove residual Cl from Pt–ZrO₂–Al₂O₃ prepared from H₂PtCl₆ in order to provide more active NO _x sorption sites. Of M–ZrO₂–Al₂O₃ samples investigated, ruthenium as well as Pt demonstrated relatively good performance as a catalyst component in the sorbent. The FT-IR spectra after sorption of NO and NO₂ demonstrated a strong band attributed to stored nitrate ions. The Pt catalyst was more resistant to sulfur poisoning than a base metal catalyst. However, the NO _x sorptive capacities of the Pt–ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ sorbents were expected to be deteriorated in dilute SO₂ as far as observed from FT-IR spectra.     

Effect of Pt and Pd additives on the state of the surface layer and catalytic activity of niobium oxides in the oxidation of hydrogen

Catalysts prepared by the hydrogen reduction of Nb₂O₅ in the presence of Pt or Pd have specific surface much greater than for the starting oxide and their catalytic activity in the oxidation of hydrogen is much greater than the activity of Pt/Al₂O₃ or Pd/Al₂O₃. X-ray phase analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to establish the existence of Nb₂O_5–x nonstoichiometric oxides in the catalyst, which enhances the catalytic activity of the surface. The kinetic behavior of the oxidation of hydrogen on these catalysts is explained in the framework of the Eley–Riedel mechanism.