自生纳米纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶的制备及性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法和乙醇超临界干燥工艺制备ZrOX/SiO2复合气凝胶,再经1 200℃高温热处理得到自生纳米纤维增强SiO2复合气凝胶。利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射、热重和氮气吸附等手段对气凝胶的结构和性能进行了分析,并且测试了样品的压缩强度及真密度。实验结果表明:自生纳米纤维增强SiO2复合气凝胶具有均匀的多孔网络结构,锆氧纳米纤维是以化学键连接复合的方式无序穿插在气凝胶中,对复合气凝胶的机械强度和隔热性能有明显的改善。经1 200℃热处理后的ZrOX/SiO2复合气凝胶比表面积为827.22 m2·g-1,压缩强度为9.68 MPa,真密度为0.23 g·cm-3。     

自生纳米纤维增强SiO2气凝胶的制备及性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法和乙醇超临界干燥工艺制备ZrO_X/SiO₂复合气凝胶,再经1200℃高温热处理得到自生纳米纤维增强SiO₂复合气凝胶。利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射、热重和氮气吸附等手段对气凝胶的结构和性能进行了分析,并且测试了样品的压缩强度及真密度。实验结果表明：自生纳米纤维增强SiO₂复合气凝胶具有均匀的多孔网络结构,锆氧纳米纤维是以化学键连接复合的方式无序穿插在气凝胶中,对复合气凝胶的机械强度和隔热性能有明显的改善。经1200℃热处理后的ZrO_X/SiO₂复合气凝胶比表面积为827.22m₂·g^-1,压缩强度为9.68MPa,真密度为0.23g·cm^-3。     

TiO2-SiO2复合气凝胶：常压干燥制备及性能表征

以廉价的四氯化钛和工业水玻璃为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法制得TiO2-SiO2复合湿凝胶,用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)/乙醇(EtOH)/正己烷(Hexane)混合溶液对湿凝胶进行改性,常压干燥制备了TiO2-SiO2复合气凝胶.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)及N2吸附/脱附法对复合气凝胶的形貌和性质进行了分析.结果表明,TiO2-SiO2复合气凝胶具有连续多孔结构,150℃干燥后复合气凝胶的比表面积为1 076 m2·g-1,孔体积为4.96 cm3·g-1;经550 ℃热处理后,复合气凝胶仍然具有高的孔隙率,比表面积为856 m2·g-1,孔体积为3.46 cm3·g-1.吸附和光催化降解罗丹明B的结果表明,复合气凝胶同时具有较好的吸附和光催化性能,其吸附/光催化协同作用活性优于纯SiO2气凝胶和锐钛矿TiO2粉末;且重复利用四次降解率仍然可达到89%.     

硅含量对Al2O3-SiO2气凝胶结构和性能的影响

研究了硅含量对Al2O3-SiO2气凝胶结构和性能的影响.结果表明,随着硅含量的增加,Al2O3-SiO2溶胶的凝胶时间逐渐延长,气凝胶密度逐渐增大.其结构逐渐由多晶勃姆石向无定形SiO2过渡.Al2O3-SiO2气凝胶同时含有Al-O、Si-O以及Al-O-Si结构,600 ℃煅烧后的物相为无定形γ-Al2O3和SiO2,1 200 ℃煅烧后为莫来石相.当硅含量为6.1wt%～13.1wt%时,适量的硅抑制了Al2O3-SiO2气凝胶的相变,其1 000℃的比表面积(339～445 m2·g-1)高于纯Al2O3气凝胶(157 m2·g-1).SEM分析表明,硅元素的加入改变了Al2O3气凝胶的结构形貌,随着硅含量的增大,Al2O3-SiO2气凝胶逐渐由针叶状或长条状向球状颗粒转变.     

块状石英纤维/Al_2O_3气凝胶复合材料的非超临界干燥法制备及表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法和常压干燥法以N,N′-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)作为干燥控制化学添加剂制备了低密度石英纤维增强Al2O3气凝胶复合材料.通过氮气吸附-脱附实验比较研究了石英纤维对氧化铝气凝胶孔结构参数的影响;采用X射线衍射技术表征了在升温过程中石英纤维/Al2O3气凝胶复合材料的相结构变化;利用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察了Al2O3气凝胶基体及其石英纤维复合材料的微观形貌;初步探讨了DMF对Al2O3气凝胶形貌和密度的影响.研究结果表明石英纤维/Al2O3气凝胶复合材料成块性好,纤维与气凝胶基体结合紧密,石英纤维提高了Al2O3相转变温度,适量的DMF有利于形成均匀凝胶网络结构,减小干燥收缩压力.     

DMF及热处理对常压制备Cu掺杂SiO2纳米复合气凝胶的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源, 硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2·3H2O)为铜源, 通过在复合溶胶体系中引入干燥控制化学添加剂(DCCA)N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)进行原位共溶胶-凝胶, 结合常压干燥工艺, 制备出具有高比表面积(560 m2·g-1)的Cu-SiO2纳米复合气凝胶(含铜质量分数为5%). 研究了DMF对凝胶时间、干燥过程和复合气凝胶形态结构的影响, 利用N2物理吸附, 全自动X射线衍射(XRD)仪, 傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱仪, 透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对样品的形貌结构进行了表征. 实验结果表明, DMF能有效防止凝胶的开裂, 抑制颗粒团簇的产生, 使所得复合气凝胶的粒径减小, 比表面积增加, 微观结构更趋完善. 高温热处理后, Cu-SiO2中的铜物种仍高度分散于骨架网络中, 复合气凝胶显示出良好的热稳定性.     

耐高温核/壳结构TiO2/SiO2复合气凝胶的制备及其光催化性能

以钛酸四丁酯为源, 采用苯胺-丙酮原位生成水溶胶-凝胶法, 在乙醇超临界干燥过程中用部分水解的钛醇盐和硅醇盐对TiO₂凝胶进行超临界修饰制备了具有核/壳纳米结构的块体TiO₂/SiO₂复合气凝胶. 制备的复合气凝胶具有优异的机械性能, 其杨氏模量可达4.5 MPa. 复合气凝胶同时具有极好的高温热稳定性. 经过1000 ℃热处理后, 线性收缩由纯TiO₂气凝胶的31%降至复合气凝胶的10%, 且比表面积由纯TiO₂气凝胶的31 m²·g^-1提升至复合气凝胶的143 m²·g^-1. 此外, 该复合气凝胶经1000 ℃热处理后具有优异的光催化降解亚甲基蓝的性能. 其优异的光催化性能得益于TiO₂/SiO₂复合气凝胶1000 ℃处理后高的比表面积和小的颗粒尺寸. 优良的耐热性能、力学性能和光催化性能使获得的具有核/壳纳米结构的TiO₂/SiO₂复合气凝胶在光催化领域具有良好的应用前景.     

DMF及热处理对常压制备Cu掺杂SiO2纳米复合气凝胶的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2·3H2O)为铜源,通过在复合溶胶体系中引入干燥控制化学添加剂(DCCA)N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)进行原位共溶胶.凝胶,结合常压干燥工艺,制备出具有高比表面积(560 m2·g-1)的Cu-SiO2纳米复合气凝胶(含铜质量分数为5%).研究了 DMF 对凝胶时间、干燥过程和复合气凝胶形态结构的影响,利用 N2 物理吸附,全自动X射线衍射(XRD)仪,傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱仪,透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对样品的形貌结构进行了表征.实验结果表明,DMF能有效防止凝胶的开裂,抑制颗粒团簇的产生,使所得复合气凝胶的粒径减小,比表面积增加,微观结构更趋完善.高温热处理后,Cu-SiO2 中的铜物种仍高度分散于骨架网络中,复合气凝胶显示出良好的热稳定性.     

结构强健的Al2O3-SiO2气凝胶的 制备及可重复使用性能

通过纳米晶组装技术, 构筑了Al₂O₃-SiO₂复合气凝胶; 利用不同组分耐温性的差异, 经过热处理过程得到了骨架强健的Al₂O₃-SiO₂气凝胶. 研究了不同配比及热处理温度对材料微观结构和组分的影响, 确定了最佳制备条件, 得到了比表面积为123.9 m ²/g, 密度为 0.25 g/cm ³, 导热系数为0.029 W·m ^-1·K ^-1的气凝胶材料. 在泡水和冰冻等极端环境下, 气凝胶材料未发生结构的破坏, 模拟10次重复隔热应用(800 ℃, 30 min)后导热系数保持不变. 该隔热性气凝胶的开发有望解决未来飞行器隔热材料需重复使用的技术瓶颈, 为开发新型气凝胶隔热材料提供了新思路.     

CoFe_2O_4/TiO_2磁性复合薄膜的制备及表征

以钛酸丁酯和金属盐酸盐为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备了CoFe2O4/TiO2复合薄膜,分析了不同热处理温度对复合薄膜晶粒生长及薄膜表面形貌的影响.通过XRD射线、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜、偏光显微镜对薄膜热分解中物相变化过程及其表面形貌进行了观测,用振动样品磁强计(VSM)测定了样品的磁性.实验结果表明:溶胶-凝胶法制得的复合薄膜,两相组分晶体各自析出长大,CoFe2O4组分均匀地分布在TiO2基体中,随着热处理温度的升高,薄膜的磁性增强.     

Li2O-TiO2-SiO2-P2O5和Li2O-TiO2-Al2O3-P2O5体系锂离子固体电解质的制备及性能研究

一些具有NASICON型网格结构的固体电解质具有高的电导率和好的稳定性,NASICON的意思是Na Super Ionic Conductor[1]。当NaZr2(PO4)3中P5 被Si4 部分取代时便可以得到具有NASICON结构的Na1 xZr2SixP3-xO12体系,其具有高的钠离子电导率。然而有相同结构的Li1 xZr2SixP3-xO12体系的离子电导率却很低,这是因为Li 半径太小,而NASICON三维网格结构的离子通道太大,两者不匹配而使电导率下降[2]。但当LiZr2(PO4)3中Zr4 被离子半径小些的Ti4 取代,所得LiTi2(PO4)3的通道就与Li 半径相匹配,适合于锂离子的迁移,从而使其电导率…     

Ion-beam irradiation of lanthanum compounds in the systems La2O3-Al2O3 and La2O3-TiO2

Thin crystals of La₂O₃, LaAlO₃, La_2/3TiO₃, La₂TiO₅, and La₂Ti₂O₇ have been irradiated in situ using 1 MeV Kr²⁺ ions at the Intermediate Voltage Electron Microscope-Tandem User Facility (IVEM-Tandem), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). We observed that La₂O₃ remained crystalline to a fluence greater than 3.1×10¹⁶ ions cm⁻² at a temperature of 50 K. The four binary oxide compounds in the two systems were observed through the crystalline-amorphous transition as a function of ion fluence and temperature. Results from the ion irradiations give critical temperatures for amorphisation (T_c) of 647 K for LaAlO₃, 840 K for La₂Ti₂O₇, 865 K for La_2/3TiO₃, and 1027 K for La₂TiO₅. The T_c values observed in this study, together with previous data for Al₂O₃ and TiO₂, are discussed with reference to the melting points for the La₂O₃-Al₂O₃ and La₂O₃-TiO₂ systems and the different local environments within the four crystal structures. Results suggest that there is an observable inverse correlation between T_c and melting temperature (T_m) in the two systems. More complex relationships exist between T_c and crystal structure, with the stoichiometric perovskite LaAlO₃ being the most resistant to amorphisation.     

The crystal structure determinations and refinements of K2S2O7, KNaS2O7 and Na2S2O7 from X-ray powder and single crystal diffraction data

The crystal structures of K₂S₂O₇, KNaS₂O₇ and Na₂S₂O₇ have been solved and/or refined from X-ray synchrotron powder diffraction data and conventional single-crystal data. K₂S₂O₇: From powder diffraction data, monoclinic C2/c, Z=4, a=12.3653(2), b=7.3122(1), , β=93.0792(7)°, R_Bragg=0.096. KNaS₂O₇: From powder diffraction data; triclinic , Z=2, a=5.90476(9), b=7.2008(1), , α=101.7074(9), β=90.6960(7), γ=94.2403(9)°, R_Bragg=0.075. Na₂S₂O₇: From single-crystal data; triclinic , Z=2, a=6.7702(9), b=6.7975(10), , α=116.779(2), β=96.089(3), γ=84.000(3)°, R_F=0.033. The disulphate anions are essentially eclipsed. All three structures can be described as dichromate-like, where the alkali cations coordinate oxygens of the isolated disulphate groups in three-dimensional networks. The K-O and Na-O coordinations were determined from electron density topology and coordination geometry. The three structures have a cation-disulphate chain in common. In K₂S₂O₇ and Na₂S₂O₇ the neighbouring chains are antiparallel, while in KNaS₂O₇ the chains are parallel. The differences between the K₂S₂O₇ and Na₂S₂O₇ structures, with double-, respectively single-sided chain connections and straight, respectively, corrugated structural layers can be understood in terms of the differences in size and coordinating ability of the cations.     

Preparation of ZrO2-TiO2-CeO2 and Its Application in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3

TiO₂,ZrO₂-TiO₂,andZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ were prepared by co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area measurements (BET), temperature programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), oxygen storage capacity (OSC), and temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR). The results showed that ZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ exhibited large number of surface strong acid, possessed some oxygen storage capacity, and strong redox property. The three materials were used as supports and the monolith catalysts were prepared with 1% (w) V₂O₅ and 9% (w)WO₃ for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia in the presence of excessive O₂, and the results of catalytic activity showed that the catalyst used ZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ as support yielded nearly 100% NO conversion at 275 °C at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 10000 h⁻¹, and it had the best catalytic activity and showed great potential for practical application.     

(Cl2AlNH2)n和(H2AlNH2)n(n=1～5)簇结构及其热力学性质

用HF自洽场理论和密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法,在6 31G水平上研究了低聚物(Cl2AlNH2)n和(H2AlNH2)n(n=1～5)簇的几何构型、电子结构和聚合反应热力学性质,比较了两个系列化合物中化学键的强度.结果表明,Cl2AlNH2和H2AlNH2分子为C2 (EC)平面型结构,其中Al－N为由一个σ键和一个键组成的双键.(Cl2AlNH2)n和(H2AlNH2)n(n=1～5)分子为Dnh对称,Al－N是典型的σ单键 .低聚物(Cl2AlNH2)n和(H2AlNH2)n的稳定性顺序分别为: 3 > 2 > 4> 5 > 1和8 > 7 > 9 > 11 > 6.     

Energetics of copper diphosphates – Cu2P2O7 and Cu3(P2O6OH)2

Differential scanning calorimetry and high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry are used to study enthalpy of phase transition and enthalpies of formation of Cu₂P₂O₇ and Cu₃(P₂O₆OH)₂. α-Cu₂P₂O₇ is reversibly transformed to β-Cu₂P₂O₇ at 338–363 K with an enthalpy of phase transition of 0.15 ± 0.03 kJ mol⁻¹. Enthalpies of formation from oxides of α-Cu₂P₂O₇ and Cu₃(P₂O₆OH)₂ are −279.0 ± 1.4 kJ mol⁻¹ and −538.8 ± 2.7 kJ mol⁻¹, and their standard enthalpies of formation (enthalpy of formation from elements) are −2096.1 ± 4.3 kJ mol⁻¹ and −4302.7 ± 6.7 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. The presence of hydrogen in diphosphate groups changes the geometry of Cu(II) and decreases acid–base interaction between oxide components in Cu₃(P₂O₆OH)₂, thus decreasing its thermodynamic stability.     

Synthesis and properties of the double perovskites La2NiVO6, La2CoVO6, and La2CoTiO6

The double perovskites La₂CoVO₆, La₂CoTiO₆, and La₂NiVO₆, are described. Rietveld fitting of neutron and powder X-ray diffraction data show La₂NiVO₆ and La₂CoVO₆ to have a disordered arrangement of B-cations whereas La₂CoTiO₆ shows ordering of the B-cations (with ∼5% Co/Ti inversion). Curie-Weiss fits to the linear region of the 1/χ plots reveal Weiss temperatures of −107, −34.8, and 16.3 K for La₂CoVO₆, La₂CoTiO₆, and La₂NiVO₆, respectively, and magnetic transitions are observed. La₂CoTiO₆ prepared by our method differs from material prepared by lower-temperature routes. A simple antiferromagnetic spin model is consistent with the data for La₂CoTiO₆. These compounds are semiconductors with bandgaps of 0.41 (La₂CoVO₆), 1.02 (La₂CoTiO₆) and 0.45 eV (La₂NiVO₆).     

XRD and Si MAS-NMR spectroscopy across the β-Lu2Si2O7-β-Y2Si2O7 solid solution

Samples in the system Lu_2−xY_xSi₂O₇ (0?x?2) have been synthesized following the sol-gel method and calcined to 1300 °C, a temperature at which the β-polymorph is known to be the stable phase for the end-members Lu₂Si₂O₇ and Y₂Si₂O₇. The XRD patterns of all the compositions studied are compatible with the structure of the β-polymorph. Unit cell parameters are calculated as a function of composition from XRD patterns. They show a linear change with increasing Y content, which indicates a solid solubility of β-Y₂Si₂O₇ in β-Lu₂Si₂O₇ at 1300 °C. ²⁹Si MAS NMR spectra of the different members of the system agree with the XRD results, showing a linear decrease of the ²⁹Si chemical shift with increasing Y content. Finally, a correlation reported in the literature to predict ²⁹Si chemical shifts in silicates is applied here to obtain the theoretical variation in ²⁹Si chemical shift values in the system Lu₂Si₂O₇-Y₂Si₂O₇ and the results compare favorably with the values obtained experimentally.     

B2O3-Bi2O3-ZnO-Al2O3玻璃助烧剂对BaTiO3陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响

通过调节B₂O₃‐Bi₂O₃‐ZnO‐Al₂O₃(BBZA)玻璃的添加量研究其对钛酸钡(BaTiO₃)陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响。结果表明：添加适量的BBZA玻璃能够有效地将BaTiO₃陶瓷烧结温度由1350℃降至950℃,并使其致密化。同时,添加BBZA玻璃后,BaTiO₃的晶体结构随着烧结温度的升高而发生转变(立方相→四方相)。另外,BBZA玻璃的引入使BaTiO₃陶瓷的居里峰得到了有效的抑制和拓宽。陶瓷微观形貌显示,玻璃相均匀分布在BaTiO₃晶粒表面。优化的BaTiO₃陶瓷制备条件如下：BBZA添加量(质量分数)为2.0%,烧结温度为950℃。在该条件下制备的BaTiO₃陶瓷介电常数达到1364,介电损耗低至1.2%。     

B2O3-Bi2O3-ZnO-Al2O3玻璃助烧剂对BaTiO3陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响

通过调节B₂O₃-Bi₂O₃-ZnO-Al₂O₃(BBZA)玻璃的添加量研究其对钛酸钡(BaTiO₃)陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响。结果表明：添加适量的BBZA玻璃能够有效地将BaTiO₃陶瓷烧结温度由1 350℃降至950℃,并使其致密化。同时,添加BBZA玻璃后,BaTiO₃的晶体结构随着烧结温度的升高而发生转变(立方相→四方相)。另外,BBZA玻璃的引入使BaTiO₃陶瓷的居里峰得到了有效的抑制和拓宽。陶瓷微观形貌显示,玻璃相均匀分布在BaTiO₃晶粒表面。优化的BaTiO₃陶瓷制备条件如下：BBZA添加量(质量分数)为2.0%,烧结温度为950℃。在该条件下制备的BaTiO₃陶瓷介电常数达到1 364,介电损耗低至1.2%。