静电纺丝技术在二次电池和电催化领域的应用进展

静电纺丝技术是一种简单、高效制备一维纳米纤维的方法,其制备的纳米纤维一般经过后期热处理得到含碳复合物,具有操作简单、方法可控、产量可观等优点,得到的材料具有良好的导电性和快速的电子、离子传输路径,因此可用来广泛制备电极及催化材料.基于此,静电纺丝技术在二次电池(如锂/钠离子电池)和电催化领域有着广泛的应用.本综述不仅介绍了静电纺丝技术的原理,并且总结了其在纳米电极材料及催化领域的优势和标志性成果,并针对相关领域的问题进行了合理的探讨.此外,本文简要总结了现有的发展进程并指出了未来的发展方向,可对静电纺丝技术在先进能源材料的设计与制备上提供指导.     

静电纺丝技术在新能源电池中应用的研究进展

简要介绍了五种新能源电池和静电纺丝技术,综述了静电纺丝技术用于锂电池的正负极材料和燃料电池电极材料的现状,以及应用静电纺丝技术制备电极隔膜材料。静电纺丝制备纳米纤维具有直径小、比表面积大、孔隙率高等特点,用于正负电极和隔膜材料将大大提高电池的比容量、充放电速率和充放电电流,从而提高电池的蓄电能力、循环性能、离子导电性、力学稳定性和化学稳定性。最后总结了静电纺丝技术产业化需要解决的问题,并展望了在新能源电池中的进一步应用。     

钠离子电池工作原理及关键电极材料研究进展

由于钠资源价格低廉、分布广泛等优点,钠离子电池及其关键电极材料的研究近年来引起了广泛的关注.然而,与锂相比,钠的离子半径大得多,使其在储钠材料中的迁移速度过慢而严重地限制了钠离子电池倍率性能的提升和储钠容量的表达,而且钠元素具有更高的相对原子质量,也在理论上限制了钠离子电池的能量密度.因此,开发先进的、利于钠离子脱嵌的电极材料是开发高性能钠离子电池的关键.本文在钠离子电池工作原理的基础上,着重介绍了几类典型的关键电极材料,并对它们的研究进展进行了简要综述.     

掺杂对钠离子电池正极材料性能影响机制的研究

钠元素在地壳中的丰度是锂元素的1000倍,资源丰富,价格低廉。同时,钠离子电池负极可采用廉价的铝箔替代铜箔,且低温特性更加优异,在能量型、备用型储能场景均具有较好应用前景,因而钠离子电池被认为是下一代大规模储能技术的理想选择之一。然而,相对锂离子而言,钠离子较大的离子半径和质量极大限制了其在电极材料中的可逆脱嵌,导致电池的工作电压和能量密度相对较低。在钠离子电池材料体系中,正极材料的研究尤为需要长足的进步。本文对现有的典型钠离子电池正极材料进行了综述,包括层状金属氧化物、聚阴离子化合物和普鲁士蓝类化合物,并重点分析了掺杂对钠离子电池正极材料性能的影响。通过元素掺杂可提高材料的循环可逆性、增加其可逆容量、提升钠离子扩散动力学性能,能够在一定程度上改变晶格的性质,增强晶格稳定性、电子导电性、钠离子嵌脱动力学性能等。本文总结了掺杂应用在现有材料中获得的成果,并对正极材料未来的研究方向以及发展前景提出了展望。     

钠离子电池合金化负极材料研究及应用进展

钠离子电池凭借钠资源丰富、分布广泛、价格低廉的优势在大规模储能领域具有重要的应用前景,可与锂离子电池形成优势互补.负极材料是电池化学的关键组成,其能量密度、使用寿命等直接影响着电池性能.合金化材料具有理论比容量高、工作电压适宜等优势,被认为是一类有应用潜力的储钠负极.然而,这类材料发生合金化反应时体积膨胀严重,电极材料易粉化脱落,造成电化学稳定性欠佳.目前,主要通过材料微纳结构设计、界面化学调控、碳材料复合、表面包覆、电解液优化等方法来改善其电化学性能.本文综述了合金化负极材料的最新研究进展,探讨了其发展面临的瓶颈以及解决方案,介绍了基于合金化负极的钠离子全电池构筑策略和应用实例,为高性能钠离子电池的发展提供一定参考依据.     

钠离子电池电极材料的设计策略——固态离子学视角

钠离子电池是目前最有前景及可行性的新兴储能候选体系。对于钠离子电池而言，如何实现其电极材料的理性设计及构筑，是重要的科学问题。本文立足于钠离子/电子输运这一核心问题，从固态离子学视角探讨钠离子电池电极材料的设计策略。首先，对于体相电极材料，输运特性的明晰、调控以及缺陷化学模型的建立，是传统电极材料开发的关键。其次，对于纳米电极材料，随着尺寸的减小，电极材料的热力学性质、动力学特性以及钠离子微观储输机制都会发生相应变化，因此从纳米离子学视角，以尺寸效应调控电极材料具有重要的科学价值及现实意义。最后，无论对于体相材料还是纳米材料，从材料的本征输运特性出发，通过电化学电路的设计和构筑来优化电极动力学，可以为钠电电极材料的理性设计及可控制备提供理论指导。我们相信，通过本文系统地对钠离子电池电极材料设计策略的梳理，必将对钠离子电池的开发，提供有意义的指导，并为最终的产业化打下良好的基础。     

静电纺丝技术在锂-空气电池上的应用

近年来,锂-空气电池由于具有极高的理论容量和对环境友好等优势,作为“终极电池”引起了广大科研工作者和电动汽车公司的极大兴趣和广泛关注. 但目前锂-空气电池还存在着充放电过电位大、循环性能差等局限性,寻找高效的锂-空气电池催化剂成为该领域发展的研究热点之一. 锂-空气电池阴极催化剂主要有贵金属、非贵金属、碳材料以及金属氧化物等,可通过多种方法合成制备,如水热(溶剂热)法、溶胶-凝胶法、共沉淀法、静电纺丝法等等. 其中,静电纺丝技术由于具有制备方法简易、高效且产量高等优点,近年来得到了长足的发展,可以用来大量制备锂-空气电池阴极催化剂,甚至制备自支撑结构的锂-空气电池阴极催化剂材料. 本文综述了静电纺丝技术在锂-空气电池上的应用,主要包括利用静电纺丝技术制备非贵金属催化剂、碳材料催化剂、金属氧化物催化剂和复合催化剂等,以及将制备的催化剂组装成锂-空气电池后表现出的优异的电池性能.     

电化学储钠材料的研究进展

大规模储能的二次电池不仅需要具有适宜的电化学性能,更需考虑资源、成本和环境效益等应用要求. 锂离子电池储能的大规模应用也将受到制约. 从资源与环境方面考虑,钠离子电池作为储能电池更具应用优势. 然而,从目前的技术现状来看,几类不同的嵌钠正极材料虽显现出可观的嵌钠容量与较好的循环性,但能量密度与功率密度尚待提高. 硬碳材料和合金负极最有希望用于钠离子电池,这类材料的初始充放电效率和循环稳定性仍有待改善. 本文简要分析了锂离子电池与钠离子电池在材料要求方面的差异,回顾了近年来钠离子电池材料探索中的突破性进展,并主要结合本课题组的研究工作讨论了钠离子电池及其关键材料的发展方向.     

中空碳材料用于钠离子电池负极的研究进展

实现钠离子电池等储能设备的大规模应用对于能源的可持续发展以及完成“碳达峰碳中和”目标具有重要意义.开发高性能的负极材料可提升钠离子电池的能量密度和循环稳定性,是实现钠离子电池大规模应用的关键性因素.中空碳材料因其独特的结构而具有优异的倍率性能与循环稳定性,作为钠离子负极材料具有广阔的应用前景.本文从多角度出发,综合评述了中空碳材料的合成方法,以及其形貌、杂原子修饰策略与储钠性能之间的关系,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望.     

室温钠离子储能电池电极材料结构研究进展

随着风能和太阳能等新能源的大规模发展及未来智能电网的实现,大规模储能系统显得越来越重要.室温钠离子电池以较低的成本再次引起了研究者的兴趣,并成为一种有前途、低成本的储能体系.目前,已提出多种材料可作为钠离子电池的电极材料.一般而言,材料的性质主要由材料的晶体结构决定,本文主要介绍目前提出的多种可行室温钠离子电池电极材料的晶体结构,希望通过总结已有电极材料的晶体结构,对新材料的设计提供指导.     

Robust Aqua Material: A Pressure‐Resistant Self‐Assembled Membrane for Water Purification

“Aqua materials” that contain water as their major component and are as robust as conventional plastics are highly desirable. Yet, the ability of such systems to withstand harsh conditions, for example, high pressures typical of industrial applications has not been demonstrated. We show that a hydrogel‐like membrane self‐assembled from an aromatic amphiphile and colloidal Nafion is capable of purifying water from organic molecules, including pharmaceuticals, and heavy metals in a very wide range of concentrations. Remarkably, the membrane can sustain high pressures, retaining its function. The robustness and functionality of the water‐based self‐assembled array advances the idea that aqua materials can be very strong and suitable for demanding industrial applications.     

Synthesis and electrochemical performances of amorphous carbon-coated Sn–Sb particles as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

The amorphous carbon coating on the Sn–Sb particles was prepared from aqueous glucose solutions using a hydrothermal method. Because the outer layer carbon of composite materials is loose cotton-like and porous-like, it can accommodate the expansion and contraction of active materials to maintain the stability of the structure, and hinder effectively the aggregation of nano-sized alloy particles. The as-prepared composite materials show much improved electrochemical performances as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries compared with Sn–Sb alloy and carbon alone. This amorphous carbon-coated Sn–Sb particle is extremely promising anode materials for lithium secondary batteries and has a high potentiality in the future use.     

A Sustainable Freeze‐Drying Route to Porous Polysaccharides with Tailored Hierarchical Meso‐ and Macroporosity

Bio‐derived polysaccharide aerogels are of interest for a broad range of applications. To date, these aerogels have been obtained through the time‐ and solvent‐intensive procedure of hydrogel fomation, solvent exchange, and scCO2 drying, which offers little control over meso/macropore distribution. A simpler and more versatile route is developed, using freeze drying to produce highly mesoporous polysaccharide aerogels with various degrees of macroporosity. The hierarchical pore distribution is controlled by addition of different quantities of t‐butanol (TBA) to hydrogels before drying. Through a systematic study an interesting relationship between the mesoporosity and t‐butanol/water phase diagram is found, linking mesoporosity maxima with eutectic points for all polysaccharides studied (pectin, starch, and alginic acid). Moreover, direct gelation of polysaccharides in aqueous TBA offers additional time savings and the potential for solvent reuse. This finding is a doorway to more accessible polysaccharide aerogels for research and industrial scale production, due to the widespread accessibility of the freeze drying technology and the simplicity of the method.

     

Pumping through Porous Hydrophobic/Oleophilic Materials: An Alternative Technology for Oil Spill Remediation

Recently, porous hydrophobic/oleophilic materials (PHOMs) have been shown to be the most promising candidates for cleaning up oil spills; however, due to their limited absorption capacity, a large quantity of PHOMs would be consumed in oil spill remediation, causing serious economic problems. In addition, the complicated and time‐consuming process of oil recovery from these sorbents is also an obstacle to their practical application. To solve the above problems, we apply external pumping on PHOMs to realize the continuous collection of oil spills in situ from the water surface with high speed and efficiency. Based on this novel design, oil/water separation and oil collection can be simultaneously achieved in the remediation of oil spills, and the oil sorption capacity is no longer limited to the volume and weight of the sorption material. This novel external pumping technique may bring PHOMs a step closer to practical application in oil spill remediation.     

甲壳素基新材料研究进展

甲壳素/壳聚糖良好的生物相容性、生物可降解性及独特的生理活性使其成为非常有应用价值的天然高分子材料,当前已成为新材料领域的研究热点.甲壳素/壳聚糖具有良好的可加工性能,可固定贵金属、半导体纳米材料等活性催化物质,同时其本身也具有催化作用,是一类绿色环境友好的高分子催化材料.良好的生物相容性和生物可降解性使甲壳素/壳聚糖...     

Se-directed synthesis of polymeric carbon nitride with potential applications in heavy metal-containing industrial sewage treatment

By calcining melamine at 500 °C with selenium powder as the structure director, polymeric carbon nitride could be prepared with enhanced specific surface area and mesoporous volume. Compared with the material fabricated without Se, this cost-effective Se-incorporated PCN (PCN-Se) could adsorb heavy metals (such as Ni, Cu and Pb) much more efficiently. Materials characterizations such as SEM, TEM and XPS demonstrated that the enlarged specific surface area and total mesoporous volume as well as the interaction of the incorporated Se with the metals via coordination should be the promoting factors for the advanced performances of the novel materials.     

Synthesis of poly{[bis(diethynylphenyl)silylene]phenylene}s with highly heat-resistant properties and an application to conducting materials

Poly{[bis(3,5-diethynylphenyl)silylene]-p-phenylene} was prepared by the reaction of poly[(diethoxysilylene)-p-phenylene] with 3,5-bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)phenyllithium, followed by desilylation of the resulting substitution product. The present polymer exhibited extremely high heat-resistance and their thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in a nitrogen atmosphere showed the temperature of 5% weight loss (Td₅) of 791 °C. Total weight loss at 1000 °C in TGA was determined to be 6% based on the initial weight. Treatment of a polymer film on a quartz plate at 1200 °C in vacuo led to the formation of a conducting thin film with a thickness of 74 nm and a conductivity of 9 S/cm.