气相色谱－原子发射光谱联用仪测定18种安眠镇静药的元素比例及其在中毒病人全血样品中的应用

 采用气相色谱－原子发射光谱联用仪（ＧＣ－ＡＥＤ）测定了１８种安眠镇静药的元素组成和元素比例。根据气相色浴－质谱（ＧＣ－ＭＳ）测定的分子量数据推测出它们的分子式，结果与实际值一致。以元素组成、元素比例和保留时间为判据，对一例中毒患者全血样品进行了定性分析，发现血中含有苯巴比妥。     

哈士蟆油中脂肪酸的GC、GC-MS分析

用气相色谱（ＧＣ）与气相色谱－质谱（ＧＣ－ＭＳ）联用技术对哈士蟆油中的脂肪酸组成进行了定性与定量分析,共鉴定出１０种脂肪酸并用气相色谱法作了定量,对所得的结果进行了讨论。     

聚苯基不对称三嗪的热分解

用高分辨裂解气相色谱－质谱（ＨＲＰｙＧＣ－ＭＳ）考察了由对苯二眯腙和四种不同芳香族四酮合成的聚苯基不对称三嗪的热分解行为，鉴定了相应裂解产物的组成、分布及其与高分子结构的关系，并用热重法（ＴＧ）测定了它们的热分解反应动力学参数，提出了其热分解反应机理．     

Gd（ClO_4）_3·3H_2O－18C6－CH_3CN三元体系25℃相平衡研究及配合物的合成与表征

采用半微量相平衡方法研究了Ｇｄ（ＣｌＯ_４）_３·３Ｈ_２Ｏ－１８Ｃ６－ＣＨ_３ＣＮ三元体系在２５℃时的溶解度，测定了饱和溶液的折光率。结果表明，该体系在２５℃时形成两种化学计量的配合物，其组成分别为：Ｇｄ（ＣｌＯ_４）_３·１８Ｃ６·３Ｈ_２Ｏ·２ＣＨ_３ＣＮ和Ｇｄ（ＣｌＯ_４）_３·２（１８Ｃ６）·３Ｈ_２Ｏ·２ＣＨ_３ＣＮ，制备了固态配合物，用化学分析及元素分析、ＩＲ、ＤＴＧ、ＴＧ及ＤＳＣ等研究了配合物的组成与性质。     

芳香烃异构体的毛细管柱气相色谱－傅里叶变换红外光谱联用技术分析

采用国产色谱仪与进口红外光谱仪及接口组成的气相色谱－傅里叶变换红外光谱（ＧＣ／ＦＴＩＲ）分析仪，使用大口径毛细管柱，分析了乙苯与苯乙烯固相催化反应液的复杂芳香烃异构体组成，讨论了ＧＣ／ＦＴＩＲ分析中随机噪声和基线漂移的去除方法。采用等高线图（ＣＴＤ）分析技术得到了混合液中各组分的纯气相红外光谱图，最后鉴定了１４个气相色谱峰中的９个，占整个色谱峰面积９９％以上。     

芳香烃异构体的毛细管柱气相色谱—傅里叶变换红外光谱联用技术分析

采用国产色谱仪与进口红外光谱仪及接口组成的气相色谱－傅里叶变换红外光谱（ＧＣ／ＦＴＩＲ）分析仪，使用大口径毛细管柱，分析了乙苯与苯乙烯固相催化反应液的复杂芳香烃异构体组成，讨论了ＧＣ／ＦＴＩＲ分析中随机噪声和基线漂的去除方法。采用等高线图９ＣＴＤ）分析技术得混合液中各组分的纯气相红外光谱图，最后了１４个气相色谱峰中的９个，占整个色谱峰面积９９５以上。     

重质石油中含氮化合物的形态及分布分析──高效液相色谱－气相色谱在线联用分析方法研究

 研究了高效液相色谱－气相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ－ＧＣ）联用技术及其应用。采用正相微柱ＨＰＬＣ－ＧＣ联用及完全溶剂蒸发方式，分析了煤焦油馏分──蒽油，显示了微柱ＨＰＬＣ－ＧＣ联用的应用潜力。采用正相ＨＰＬＣ－ＧＣ联用结合反冲技术，分离了重质石油中的饱和烃、芳烃和极性化合物（含氮化合物等）。     

质谱法测定冰毒

采用直接进样化学电离（ＣＩ）质谱法，配合电子轰击（ＥＩ）及气相色谱－质谱联用（ＧＣ／ＭＳ）技术，测定了冰毒及其制备过程中的副产品与中间产物，为刑侦破案提供了依据。     

重质石油中含氮化合物的形态及分布分析──高效液相色谱－气相色谱在线联用分析方法研究

研究了高效液相色谱－气相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ－ＧＣ）联用技术及其应用。采用正相微柱ＨＰＬＣ－ＧＣ联用及完全溶剂蒸发方式，分析了煤焦油馏分──蒽油，显示了微柱ＨＰＬＣ－ＧＣ联用的应用潜力。采用正相ＨＰＬＣ－ＧＣ联用结合反冲技术，分离了重质石油中的饱和烃、芳烃和极性化合物（含氮化合物等）。     

Ln（ClO_4）_3－DAPTU－H_2O三元体系30℃时的相平衡研究

测定了Ｌｎ（ＣｌＯ_４）_３－ＤＡＰＴＵ－Ｈ_２Ｏ（Ｌｎ＝Ｌａ，Ｓｍ，Ｙｂ）三元体系在３０℃时的溶解度及饱和溶液的折光率，绘制了相应的溶度图和折光率－组成图，各体系的溶度曲线和折光率曲线均由三支组成，分别与ＤＡＰＴＵ、Ｌｎ（ＤＡＰＴＵ）_２（ＣｌＯ_４）_３·８Ｈ_２Ｏ（Ｌｎ＝Ｌａ，Ｓｍ，Ｙｂ）和Ｌｎ（ＣｌＯ_４）_３·ｎＨ_２Ｏ（Ｌｎ＝Ｌａ，ｎ＝８；Ｓｍ，ｎ＝９；Ｙｂ，ｎ＝８）相对应。从溶度图上发现了３个未见文献报道的固液异组成溶解的化合物，通过化学分析及元素分析、ＴＧ－ＤＴＧ、ＩＲ对其进行了表征。     

Generation and detection of levuglandins and isolevuglandins in vitro and in vivo

Levuglandins (LGs) and isolevuglandins (isoLGs), formed by rearrangement of endoperoxide intermediates generated through the cyclooxygenase and free radical induced oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are extraordinarily reactive, forming covalent adducts incorporating protein lysyl ε-amino groups. Because they accumulate, these adducts provide a dosimeter of oxidative injury. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the generation of LG/isoLG in vitro and in vivo and the detection methods for the adducts of LG/isoLG and biological molecules in vivo.     

Structure Formation and Molecular Mobility in Water and in Aqueous Solutions

The study of the structure of water and of aqueous solutions has recently received new impetus from the efforts at commercial desalineation of sea water and from developments in molecular biology. The current view that, apart from single molecules, water contains only one type of structural element, namely “flickering” network structures with tetrahedrally hydrogen-bonded water molecules (two-states model) is proving inadequate in the interpretation of new experimental data and in the calculation of thermodynamic functions. After a critical discussion of the basis of this model and of the concept of hydrogen bonds, a second kind of structural element, i.e. a third state, is suggested: small aggregates of molecules containing mainly non-tetrahedral hydrogen bonds as well as some tetrahedral ones, and packed more densely than allowed by the lattice-like structure. These aggregates – dimers to hexamers – can be regarded as the primary products of disruption of the network structures, and displace the latter as structural components in water with increasing temperature or concentration of solutes. This “combined” model allows a consistent interpretation of the properties of water and of the various effects of dissolved substances.     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

Coassembly of Nanorods and Nanospheres in Suspensions and in Stratified Films

The entropically driven coassembly of nanorods (cellulose nanocrystals, CNCs) and nanospheres (dye‐labeled spherical latex nanoparticles, NPs) was studied in aqueous suspensions and in solid films. In mixed CNC‐latex suspensions, phase separation into an isotropic latex‐NP‐rich and a chiral nematic CNC‐rich phase took place; the latter contained a significant amount of latex NPs. Drying the mixed suspension resulted in CNC‐latex films with planar disordered layers of latex NPs, which alternated with chiral nematic CNC‐rich regions. In addition, fluorescent latex NPs were embedded in the chiral nematic domains. The stratified morphology of the films, together with a random distribution of latex NPs in the anisotropic phase, led to the films having close‐to‐uniform fluorescence, birefringence, and circular dichroism properties.     

Femtosecond electron-transfer reactions in mono- and polynucleotides and in DNA

Quenching of redox active, intercalating dyes by guanine bases in DNA can occur on a femtosecond time scale both in DNA and in nucleotide complexes. Notwithstanding the ultrafast rate coefficients, we find that a classical, nonadiabatic Marcus model for electron transfer explains the experimental observations, which allows us to estimate the electronic coupling (330 cm(-1)) and reorganization (8070 cm(-1)) energies involved for thionine-[poly(dG-dC)](2) complexes. Making the simplifying assumption that other charged, pi-stacked DNA intercalators also have approximately these same values, the electron-transfer rate coefficients as a function of the driving force, DeltaG, are derived for similar molecules. The rate of electron transfer is found to be independent of the speed of molecular reorientation. Electron transfer to the thionine singlet excited state from DNA obtained from calf thymus, salmon testes, and the bacterium, micrococcus luteus (lysodeikticus) containing different fractions of G-C pairs, has also been studied. Using a Monte Carlo model for electron transfer in DNA and allowing for reaction of the dye with the nearest 10 bases in the chain, the distance dependence scaling parameter, beta, is found to be 0.8 +/- 0.1 A(-1). The model also predicts the redox potential for guanine dimers, and we find this to be close to the value for isolated guanine bases. Additionally, we find that the pyrimidine bases are barriers to efficient electron transfer within the superexchange limit, and we also infer from this model that the electrons do not cross between strands on the picosecond time scale; that is, the electronic coupling occurs predominantly through the pi-stack and is not increased substantially by the presence of hydrogen bonding within the duplex. We conclude that long-range electron transfer in DNA is not exceptionally fast as would be expected if DNA behaved as a "molecular wire" but nor is it as slow as is seen in proteins, which do not benefit from pi-stacking.     

Advances in amperometric and conductometric detection in capillary and chip-based electrophoresis

Amperometric and conductometric detection are currently the two major electrochemical detection modes in capillary and chip electrophoresis. The ease of miniaturization and integration of electrochemical detection elements offers a high potential for the development of portable analytical devices based on electromigrative separations. The challenges and basic concepts of both detection principles in the context of capillary/chip electrophoresis are shortly introduced and milestones of the methodical developments are summarized from a historical perspective. Recent advances and applications are discussed with more detail. Particular attention is paid to new trends in this area of research such as measurements in short capillaries and the enormous progress and increased popularity of contactless conductivity detection. Correspondence: Frank-Michael Matysik, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany     

Supercomputing and supercomputers for science and engineering in general and for chemistry and biosciences in particular

We start by pointing out relationships between production of information, global simulation, and supercomputing, thus placing our research activities in today's society context. Then we detail the evolution in hardware and software for 1CAP, our experimental supercomputer, which we claim to be especially well suited for supercomputing in science and engineering. A preliminary discussion of 1CAP/3090 (our latest experimental effort) is included. Many examples from different disciplines are provided to verify our assertions. We “prove” our point by presenting an example of global supercomputing. Starting with 3 nuclei and 10 electrons, building up to a single water molecule, then to a few hundred, we learn, for example, about Raman, infrared, and neutron scattering; we then move up to a few hundred thousand molecules to analyze particle flow and obstructions; finally we experiment, but only preliminarily, with a few million particles to learn more on nonequilibrium dynamics as in the Rayleigh-Benard systems. In this way, quantum mechanics is overlapped with statistical mechanics and expanded into microdynamics. The entire paper is finally reanalyzed from a different perspective, presenting rather systematically, even if most briefly, our ideas on “modern” computational chemistry, where quantum mechanics is as much needed as fluid dynamics and graphics. In this section the main computational techniques are analyzed in terms of computer programs and their associated flow diagrams to solve the basic equations using parallel supercomputers.