α-MnO2纳米棒/多孔碳正极材料的制备及水系锌离子电池性能研究

针对水系锌离子电池锰基正极材料存在比容量低、循环稳定性差等问题, 本工作利用水热法制备出棒状结构的α-MnO₂, 通过柠檬酸钠高温碳化制备多孔碳, 进而通过超声分散等处理制备出α-MnO₂/PCSs复合材料. 三维的多孔网络有助于提高电子导电性, 提供一个稳定的支撑;α-MnO₂纳米棒均匀地附着在多孔碳纳米片层表面, 有效地避免α-MnO₂的团聚, 从而提高锌离子传输效率. 得益于α-MnO₂/PCSs独特的结构优势, 将其作为锌离子电池正极材料, 在电流密度为0.1 A•g^–1的条件下循环100次后, 其可逆容量为350 mAh•g^–1, 在1 A•g^–1的大的电流密度下, 经过1000圈循环后, 容量可达160 mAh•g^–1, 展现了优异的循环稳定性能, 有望成为高性能锌离子电池的潜在正极材料.     

三维多孔铜和锌镀层协同构筑无枝晶锂金属电极

金属锂具有高理论比容量和低氧化还原电位, 被认为是高能量密度二次电池最理想的负极材料之一, 但其在循环过程中的枝晶生长和体积变化易造成电池失效和安全隐患. 以孔径为5 μm左右的自制三维多孔铜为基底, 在其表面电沉积锌层(3D Cu@Zn), 作为金属锂沉积的集流体, 构筑无枝晶锂金属电极. 三维多孔铜的孔结构稳定, 孔径大小适宜, 可有效降低局部电流密度和缓解体积变化. 锌镀层可降低锂金属的形核过电位, 诱导锂的均匀沉积, 有效抑制锂枝晶生长. 以3D Cu@Zn为集流体, 锂沉积面积容量为4 mAh•cm^–2, 电极表面仍无枝晶出现, 经过锂剥离后表面仍然光滑; 而铜箔上沉积的锂显示明显的枝晶和不均匀性, 3D Cu上沉积的锂显示局部不均匀性和一定量枝晶. 在电流密度为0.5和 1 mA•cm^–2, 面积容量为1 mAh•cm^–2条件下, Li||3D Cu@Zn半电池获得了稳定的库伦效率; 在2 mA•cm^–2的高电流密度和1 mAh•cm^–2的面积容量条件下, Li||3D Cu@Zn@Li对称电池可稳定循环700 h以上; 以3D Cu@Zn@Li为负极, LiFePO₄为正极的全电池, 在1 C倍率下, 经过150次循环后仍保持88 mAh•g^–1的容量, 均明显优于Cu片和3D Cu作为集流体的锂金属电极.     

Cu3Si负极脱/嵌锂过程的赝电容行为与二级相变的关联性

高能量密度的锂离子电池的应用日趋广泛, 寻找兼具高能量密度、快速充放电、长循环寿命能力的材料成为了研究热点. 采用冶金法制备了纯度较高的Cu₃Si相, 扣式半电池测试表明, Cu₃Si负极在0.1C倍率下首圈放电比容量759 mAh•g^–1, 首圈库伦效率96.56%, 循环200圈之后放电比容量是822 mAh•g^–1, 容量保持率达到98%. 且其充放电曲线为斜坡状, 具有赝电容特性. 首次发现了Cu₃Si材料兼具电池和电容属性, 二者共同储存了电荷, 且以电容贡献率为主. 经嵌锂后的Cu₃Si样品的差示扫描量热法(DSC)曲线在550~600 ℃有一个明显台阶, 对应于比热容的变化, 且充放电前后样品的物相并未发生改变, 说明Cu₃Si脱嵌锂非一级相变, 而是二级相变. 因此, 就Cu₃Si材料而言, 二级相变的氧化还原过程在电化学特性上表现为赝电容行为.     

锂-氧气电池:正极催化剂的最新进展与挑战（英文）

非质子锂-氧气电池具有高理论能量密度,在过去几年里受到了广泛关注。然而,动力学缓慢的氧还原反应(ORR)/氧析出反应(OER)和放电产物Li₂O₂导电性差导致锂-氧气电池过电位大,放电容量有限,循环寿命短。开发有效的锂-氧气电池正极催化剂可以调控放电与充电过程中Li₂O₂的形成和可逆分解,减小放电/充电极化。尽管提升ORR/OER动力学的正极催化剂已经取得了一系列重要进展,但是对正极在放电和充电中Li₂O₂生成和分解过程的理解依然是不足的。这篇综述聚焦于锂-氧气电池正极催化剂的最新进展,总结了催化剂与Li₂O₂生成/分解的作用关系,本文首先指出了锂-氧气电池正极面临的科学问题,包括动力学缓慢的ORR/OER过程和导电性差的反应产物Li₂O₂钝化电极,并提出了锂-氧气电池正极设计准则。通过对最近报道的正极催化剂进行分类讨论,明晰调控催化剂活性位点策略,理解在正极反应过程中...     

锂离子电池高容量合金基含锂负极材料的研究进展

现有的以石墨为负极的锂离子电池能量密度逐渐接近其理论极限. 基于合金化反应机制的高容量含锂负极材料Li_xM_y(M为能够和锂发生合金化反应的元素)是一类新兴的负极材料, 具有数倍于石墨的储锂比容量, 且可以为电池提供活性锂源. 这些特性使其能够与高容量无锂正极材料(如S, O₂, FeF₃和V₂O₅等)相匹配, 构建下一代高比能锂离子电池新体系. 本文综述了近年来高容量合金基含锂负极材料(如Li_xSi, Li_xSn, Li₃P和Li_xAl基系列材料)的研究进展, 分析了所面临的挑战, 概述了材料的合成与电极的制备方法, 并介绍了它们在常规锂离子电池、 锂离子-硫电池及锂离子-空气电池等多个全电池体系中的应用实例, 提出并举证了其电化学性能优化与调控的策略, 最后展望了未来的研究方向.     

金属有机框架衍生的空心碳纳米笼的结构调控与锂硫电池性能研究

锂硫电池因其高理论比容量、低成本与环境友好等优点吸引了广泛的研究兴趣, 但实际应用仍受硫的利用率偏低、穿梭与极化效应严重等问题的制约. 本研究以金属有机框架材料为前体, 通过单宁酸蚀刻ZIF8、ZIF67和ZIF8@ZIF67@ZIF8颗粒产生空心内腔, 再经热解与碳化处理制得了粒径相近、笼壁组成与结构不同的三种空心碳纳米笼. 填充硫后用作锂硫电池的正极材料, ZIF8@ZIF67@ZIF8衍生的碳纳米笼展现出最优的性能, 在0.1 C时放电比容量达到1010 mAh•g^-1, 在1 C时仍可保留664 mAh•g^-1; 在0.5 C下循环300圈后仍可保留492 mAh•g^-1, 显著优于ZIF8与ZIF67衍生的碳纳米笼对比样. 前者优异的性能源于其特殊的笼壁结构与组成: 前体中Co的存在可提高其导电性, Zn物种的蒸发带来大的比表面积和丰富的微孔/介孔, 有利于硫的填充以及Co物种与活性硫物种的接触及催化转化, 从而有效地抑制穿梭与极化效应, 提高正极中硫的利用率, 表现出更优的锂硫电池性能.     

改性Pechini方法合成富锂正极材料Li[Li(1/3－x/3)CoxMn(2/3－2x/3)]O2及性能研究

通过改性Pechini方法合成不同Co含量的富锂正极材料Li[Li_(1/3－x/3)Co_xMn_(2/3－x/3)]O₂ (x＝0.4, 0.5, 0.6). XRD研究结果表明, 不同Co含量的富锂正极材料均具有良好的层状结构, 结晶度高. 电化学测试结果表明材料的初始容量随Co含量的增加而增加, 在200～220 mAh/g之间. 其中x＝0.4材料的循环性能最佳, 在0.5 C (100 mA/g)时, 循环50次后的容量保持率为75%. 容量微分曲线研究结果表明在3.5 V以下出现了Mn^4＋/Mn^3＋的还原峰, 并随循环次数的增加峰面积加大. 循环过程的XRD研究表明, 随着充放电次数的增加, 富锂正极材料的层状结构逐渐向尖晶石相转变, 且有杂质相MO_x (M＝Co, Mn)生成, 导致容量衰减.     

脉冲激光沉积法制备FeSe薄膜电极及其电化学性质

采用脉冲激光溅射Fe和Se粉末的混合靶制备FeSe薄膜并用XRD、充放电和循环伏安测试研究了薄膜的结构和电化学性质. XRD结果显示, 当基片温度为200 ℃时, 薄膜主要由晶态的FeSe组成. 在电压1.0～3.0 V范围内, 该薄膜的可逆容量为360.8 mAh•g^－1, 经过100次循环之后的放电容量为396.5 mAh•g^－1, 具有很好的循环性能. ex situ XRD结果显示FeSe能够和Li发生可逆的电化学反应, 颗粒尺寸大于5 nm的纳米铁颗粒能够驱动Li₂Se的分解并在充电过程中重新生成FeSe. FeSe具有较高的可逆容量和较好的循环性能, 可能成为一种优良的锂二次电池正极材料.     

全固态无负极锂金属电池纳米化复合集流体构筑

全固态无负极锂金属电池(AFSSLB)是一种通过初次充电形成金属锂负极的新型锂电池,它的负极与正极容量比为1,能使任意锂化正极系统达到最大能量密度。无机固态电解质的引入使无负极锂金属体系兼具高安全性。然而,电池循环过程中的锂离子通量不均导致的界面接触损失和锂枝晶生长会不断加剧,从而造成电池循环容量迅速衰减。本文构筑了纳米化的银碳复合集流体,显著增强了全固态无负极锂金属电池中集流体-电解质界面的性能。使用该集流体的固态电池循环过程中接触良好,界面阻抗为～10?·cm^-2。从而实现了超过7.0mAh·cm^-2锂金属的均匀稳定沉积,并在0.25mA·cm^-2的电流条件下实现循环200次以上。     

MXene-碳黑/硫复合材料在锂硫电池一体式电极的研究

锂硫电池的实际能量密度不高和多硫化物（LiPSs）的穿梭效应等问题严重影响了该电池的实际应用。本文通过将二维的Ti₃C₂T_x Mxene纳米片与碳黑/硫（CB/S）材料进行混合,制备了Ti₃C₂T_x-CB/S正极材料并将其涂覆在商业隔膜（PP）上,最终获得了Ti₃C₂T_x-CB/S-PP一体式电极并用于锂硫电池。利用Ti₃C₂T_x纳米片对CB/S进行修饰,不仅能提高活性物质硫的导电性,还能对扩散的LiPSs进行物理阻挡和化学吸附。而一体式电极的设计有利于提高电池的能量密度。恒流充放电测试结果表明,Ti₃C₂T_x-CB/S-PP电极在0.1 C电流下的初始放电容量为1028.8 mAh·g^-1,高于不含Ti₃C₂T_x的CB/S-PP电极的896.8 mAh·g^-1。Ti₃C₂T_x-CB/S-PP电极还展示出了比基于传统铝箔集流体的Ti₃C₂T_x-CB/S-Al电极更好的循环稳定性,前者在0.5 C下400圈长循环测试中的每圈衰减率为0.072%,而后者则为更高的0.10%。本文利用Ti₃C₂T_x-CB/S构建一体式电极的策略为实现高性能和高能量密度的锂硫电池提供了新的研究方向。     

Layer-Structured Ti Doped O3-Na1-xCr1-xTixO2(x=0, 0.03, 0.05) with Excellent Electrochemical Performance as Cathode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries

Layer-structured O3 type cathode materials Na_1-xCr_1-xTi_xO₂(x=0, 0.03, 0.05) are fabricated by a thermo-polymerization method. The structures and morphologies are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. It has been found that the appropriate Ti doping effectively leads to the formation of uniform morphology. As a cathode, the x=0.03 sample delivers a quite high discharge capacity of 110 mAh/g at 32 C in the voltage range from 2.0 V to 3.6 V (vs. Na/Na⁺) and with a capacity retention of 96% after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. The Na//Na_0.97Cr_0.97Ti_0.03O₂ cell exhibits very high coulombic e ciency (above 96%). All these results suggest that Na_0.97Cr_0.97Ti_0.03O₂ is very promising for high-rate sodium ion batteries.     

A density functional theory study on boundary of “superreduced” transition metal carbonyl anions [M(CO)n](M=Cr, n=5, 4, 3, z=2, 4, 6; M=Mn, n=5, 4, 3, z=1, 3, 5; M=Fe, n=4, 3, 2, z=2, 4, 6; M=Co, n=4, 3, 2, z=1, 3, 5)

A nonlocal density functional theory (DFT) method has been applied to the calculations on optimized geometry, Mulliken atomic net charges and interatomic Mulliken bond orders as well as total bonding energies (E) in the binary transition metal carbonyl anions with different reduced states [M(CO)_n]^z− (M=Cr, n=5, 4, 3, z=2, 4, 6; M=Mn, n=5, 4, 3, z=1, 3, 5; M=Fe, n=4, 3, 2, z=2, 4, 6; M=Co, n=4, 3, 2, z=1, 3, 5). For comparison of relative stability, a relative stabilization energy D is defined as D=E([M(CO)_n]^z−)−nE(CO). The calculated C–O distances are lengthened monotonously with the increase of the anionic charge, but the M–C distances are significantly lengthened only in the higher reduced states. The relative stabilization energy calculated is a considerable negative value in the lower reduced states, but a larger positive value in the higher reduced states. The DFT calculations show that with the increase of the anionic charge, the Mulliken net charges on the M, C, and O atoms all increase, however, an excess of the anionic charge is mainly located at the central metal atom. The calculated C–O Mulliken bond orders decrease consistently with the increase of the anionic charge, but the M–C bond orders exhibit an irregular behavior. However, the total bond orders calculated clearly explain the higher reduced states to be considerably unstable. From analysis of the calculated results, it is deduced that the stability of the binary transition metal carbonyl anions [M(CO)_n]^z− studied are associated with the coordination number n and the anionic charge z, further, it is possible for the anions studied to be stable if n≥z, conversely, it is impossible when n<z.     

The Efficient K Ion Storage of M2P2O7/C (M=Fe,Co, Ni) Anode Derived from Organic-Inorganic Phosphate Precursors

Metal phosphates have been widely explored in lithium ion batteries and sodium ion batteries owing to high theoretical capacities, mild toxicity and low cost. However, their potassium ion battery applications are less reported due to the limited conductivity and the slow diffusion kinetics. Considering these drawbacks, novel structured M₂P₂O₇/C (M=Fe, Co, Ni) nanoflake composites are prepared through an organic-phosphors precursor-assisted solvothermal method and a subsequent high temperature annealing process. The designed Co₂P₂O₇/C composite exhibits the highest rate capacity with 502 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹ and good cyclability for 900 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹ and 2 A g⁻¹ when compared with Ni and Fe based composites. The superior electrochemical performance can be attributed to their unique nanoparticle-assembled nanoflake structure, which can afford enough active sites for K⁺ intercalation. In addition, the robust pyrophosphate crystal structure and the in situ formed carbon composition also have positive effects on enhancing the long-term cycling performance and the electrode's conductivity. Finally, this organic-phosphors precursor induced simple approach can be applied for easy fabrication of other pyrophosphate/carbon hybrids as advanced electrodes.     

四元尖晶石相Li——M——Mn——O(M=Ni,Cr,Mo,V)嵌入电极的研究

制备了用不同价态的几种金属阳离子(Ni2^+,Cr3^+,V5^+,Mo6^+)修饰的尖晶石LiMn~2O~4嵌入化合物作为锂二次电池的阴极材料,对Li/LiM~yMn~2~-~yO~4电池进行了电化学和X射线衍射研究.结果表明,其它离子的掺杂使标准尖晶石LiMn~2O~4电极对锂的反复脱嵌和嵌入有了更强的承受力,但在不同程度上降低了其初始容量.循环性能的提高归于掺杂的金属阳离子使尖晶石结构趋于更稳定.同时还讨论了修饰离子对尖晶石相在充放电时5V电压平台出现的影响。     

正极材料Li(Ni0.5Mn0.5)1-xMxO2 (M=Ti，Al；x=0，0.02)电化学行为的比较研究

0IntroductionMany efforts have been made to develop newmaterials as an alternative to LiCoO2due to the rela-tively high cost and toxicity of Co.Much attention hasbeen paid to layered structure cathode materials suchas LiMnO2and LiNiO2due to their lower co…     

Mild hydrothermal synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic and magnetic properties of the [M=Fe, x=2.08, y=1.58; M=Co, Ni, x=2.5, y=2] compounds

The [M=Fe (1), x=2.08, y=1.58; M=Co (2), x=2.5, y=2; Ni (3), x=2.5, y=2] compounds have been synthesized using mild hydrothermal conditions at 170 °C during five days. Single-crystals of (1) and (2), and polycrystalline sample of (3) were obtained. These isostructural compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic system, space group Aba2, with a=9.9598(2), b=18.8149(4) and c=8.5751(2) Å for (1), a=9.9142(7), b=18.570(1) and c=8.4920(5) Å for (2) and a=9.8038(2), b=18.2453(2) and c=8.4106(1) Å for (3), with Z=8 in the three phases. An X-ray diffraction study reveals that the crystal structure is composed of a three-dimensional skeleton formed by [MO₅F] and [MO₄F₂] (M=Fe, Co and Ni) octahedra and [HPO₃] tetrahedra, partially substituted by [PO₄] tetrahedra in phase (1). The IR spectra show the vibrational modes of the water molecules and those of the (HPO₃)²⁻ tetrahedral oxoanions. The thermal study indicates that the limit of thermal stability of these phases is 195 °C for (1) and 315 °C for (2) and (3). The electronic absorption spectroscopy shows the characteristic bands of the Fe(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) high-spin cations in slightly distorted octahedral geometry. Magnetic measurements indicate the existence of global antiferromagnetic interactions between the metallic centers with a ferromagnetic transition in the three compounds at 28, 14 and 21 K for (1), (2) and (3), respectively. Compound (1) exhibits a hysteresis loop with remnant magnetization and coercive field values of 0.72 emu/mol and 880 Oe, respectively.     

Structural, magnetic, and electrochemical studies on lithium insertion materials LiNi1−xCoxO2 with 0≤x≤0.25

The structural, magnetic, and electrochemical properties of the LiNi_1−xCo_xO₂ samples with x= 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.25 have been investigated by powder X-ray diffraction analyses, magnetic susceptibility (χ) measurements, and electrochemical charge and discharge test in non-aqueous lithium cell. According to the structural analyses using a Rietveld method, the occupancy of the Ni ions in the Li layer was estimated to be below 0.01 for all the samples and was eventually independent of x. The temperature (T) dependence of χ⁻¹ obtained with the magnetic field H=10 kOe indicated that all the samples are a Curie-Weiss paramagnet down to . At low T, all the samples entered into a spin-glass-like phase below T_f. The magnitude of T_f was found to decrease almost linearly with x, as in the case for the x dependences of the lattice parameters of a_h- and c_h-axes, Weiss temperature, and effective magnetic moment. It is, therefore, found that the change of the magnetic properties with x is simply explained by a dilution effect due to the increase of the quantity of Co³⁺ ions. On the other hand, the electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the irreversible capacity at the initial cycle is drastically decreased by the small amount of Co ions. Furthermore, the discharge capacity (Q_dis) for the x=0.05 and 0.1 samples are larger than that for the x=0 sample; namely, Q_dis=180 mAh g⁻¹ for x=0, Q_dis=217 mAh g⁻¹ for x=0.05, and Q_dis=206 mAh g⁻¹ for x=0.1. Comparing with the past results, the amount of Ni ions in the Li layer is found to play a significant role for determining the magnetic and electrochemical properties of LiNi_1−xCo_xO₂.     

锂离子电池富锂正极材料Li[NixLi1/3-2x/3Mn2/3-x/3]O2(x=1/5, 1/4, 1/3)的合成及电化学性能

通过共沉淀法制备了M(OH)2(M=Mn, Ni)前驱体, 并与LiOH混合, 合成了锂离子电池富锂正极材料Li[NixLi1/3-2x/3Mn2/3-x/3]O2, 采用XRD、SEM和充放电实验对其进行表征. 研究结果表明, Li, Ni, Mn原子在M层中呈有序分布, 形成超结构; 富锂正极材料由亚微米的一次粒子团聚组成1~3 μm颗粒; 在2.0~4.8 V电位范围内, 充放电电流密度为10 mA/g时, 富锂正极材料表现出很高的可逆比容量, 达到200~240 mA·h/g, 同时具有良好的循环可逆性能.     

High Lithium Capacity MxV2O5Ay·nH2O for Rechargeable Batteries

The aqueous synthesis and electrochemical properties of nanocrystalline M_xV₂O₅A_y·nH₂O are described. It is easily and quickly prepared by precipitation from acidified vanadate solutions. M_xV₂O₅A_y·nH₂O has been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, electron microscopy, TGA, chemical analyses, and electrochemical studies. The atomic structure is related to that of xerogel-derived V₂O₅·nH₂O. In M_xV₂O₅A_y·nH₂O, M is a cation from the starting vanadate salt and A is an anion from the mineral acid. This material exhibits high, reversible Li capacity and may be considered for use in a cathode in primary and secondary batteries. The lithium capacity of an electrode composed of M_xV₂O₅A_y·nH₂O/EPDM/carbon (88/4/8) is ∼380(mA h)/g (C/80 rate) and the energy density is ∼1000(W h)/kg (120-μm-thick cathode, 4-1.5 V, versus Li metal anode). Critical parameters identified in the synthesis of M_xV₂O₅A_y·nH₂O, with respect to achieving high Li-ion insertion capacity, are acid/vanadium ratio, starting vanadate salt, and temperature. Inclusion of carbon black in the synthesis yields a composite that maintains the high Li capacity, lowers the electrochemical-cell polarization, and preserves the lithium capacity at higher discharge rates. Li-ion coin cells, using pre-lithiated graphite anodes, exhibit electrochemical performance comparable to that of Li-metal coin cells.     

NASICON型Na4FeV(PO4)3的合成、晶体结构和电化学性能

采用高温熔盐法制备了NASICON型Na_4Fe V(PO_4)_3单晶。单晶X射线衍射数据分析表明,Na_4Fe V(PO_4)_3属于六方R3c空间群,单胞参数为a=b=0.878 17(4) nm,c=2.170 1(2) nm,Z=6,V=1.449 31(18) nm~3。该磷酸盐属于典型的NASICON结构,由PO_4四面体和Fe/VO_6八面体共顶点组成三维框架结构,提供多维的Na~+传输通道,2种不同类型Na~+位于框架的间隙。以Na_4Fe V(PO_4)_3/C粉末样品作为钠电池正极材料并以金属钠为对电极制备电池时,电化学测试结果表明其具有较高的容量。