不同亲水性探针分子在金电极上硫醇自组装跨膜动力学研究

采用扫描电化学显微镜测定了不同亲水性氧化还原电对在硫醇修饰的金电极表面上的异相电子转移速率常数. 分别选择铁氰化钾[K3Fe(CN)6]和N,N,N',N'-四甲基-1,4苯二胺(TMPD)作为氧化还原探针,根据得到的反馈曲线拟合出异相电子转移速率常数. 比较这些速率常数可以看出, 修饰层对疏水性的TMPD分子显示出更好的穿透性. 通过一个简单的模型可以解释TMPD的穿透过程, 在TMPD电子隧穿的前后存在着单层膜和水溶液间的快速平衡, 而隧穿作为决速步骤, 其表观速率常数也比K3Fe(CN)6的大. 通过计算得到TMPD的隧穿因子β为1.2/CH2.     

氮氧自由基研究 ⅩⅪ.水溶液中哌啶氮氧自由基单电子还原反应机理的极谱研究

氮氧自由基在电极上可得到电子而被还原,但关于哌啶氮氧自由基在水溶液中的电极还原反应,仅Neiman等用经典极谱法考察过其半波还原电位与介质pH的关系,认为自由基被还原为相应羟胺,质子参与电极反应,但未能确定质子化过程是先于还是后于电子转移过程。氮氧自由基在水溶液中可氧化谷胱甘肽、半胱氨酸,反应产物分布强烈受介质pH影响。氮氧自由基氧化维生素C的速率随介质pH改变而变化。已经证明,这些反应均经过单电子转移氧化还原反应机理,氮氧自由基均被还原为羟胺。因此,用电化学方法研究质子在氮氧自由基单电子还原过程中的作用,对于进一步阐明氮氧自由基与上述生物分子的电子转移反应机理无疑有一定实际意义。     

共轭二烯在硅胶表面上的光氧化反应

本文选用了trans, trans-1,4-二苯基-1,3-丁二烯(DPB)分别与单重量态氧(^1O2)敏化剂亚甲基蓝(MB)或贫电子敏化剂9,10-二氰基蒽(DCA)共同吸附在硅胶表面上, 通过其光敏氧化反应来比较DPB吸附在硅胶表面与DPB在溶液中反应的异同.     

甲基纤维素(MC)疏水作用的电化学研究

应用电化学循环伏安法, 以电活性小分子亚甲基蓝(MB)为探针, 研究了不同温度下修饰在玻碳电极表面的甲基纤维素(MC)凝胶的疏水性. 研究发现, 在45～70 ℃温度范围内, MB在MC凝胶修饰电极上的式电位E⁰⁽较相应的裸电极均正移, 氧化峰电流i_pa和还原峰电流i_pc分别较相应裸电极增大, 且随温度升高而增大. 这些结果表明MC分子之间发生了疏水相互作用, 且随温度的升高, 疏水作用增强. 此外, 在上述温度下, MC凝胶修饰电极上峰电流的比值i_pc/i_pa均小于1, 为0.70, 且没有观察到MB单独的吸附峰, 因此MB分子在凝胶修饰电极上发生了弱吸附. 本文研究显示电化学方法是研究该类多糖凝胶机理的一个补充手段.     

电子穿梭体介导的微生物胞外电子传递:机制及应用

厌氧条件下微生物将电子传递给胞外电子受体的现象非常普遍,电子穿梭体(electron shuttle,ES)是介导胞外电子传递过程的重要途径之一,但其具体的机制尚未明晰。一部分微生物自身能分泌一些物质作为内生ES,另一部分微生物能利用天然存在或人工合成的某些物质作为外生ES,并将其携带的电子传递至微生物胞外电子受体。ES介导微生物胞外电子传递的基本过程为:氧化态电子穿梭体(ES_ox)接受电子变成还原态(ES_red),ES_red传递电子给胞外电子受体,自身再次氧化成ES_ox,从而循环往复。本文重点介绍不同种类ES及其电子穿梭机制,以及ES的分子扩散、氧化还原电势及电子转移能力对胞外电子传递过程的影响。ES介导的胞外电子传递过程直接影响污染物转化和微生物产电,因此在污染修复及生物能源等方面具有重要的应用前景。     

二茂铁接枝聚丙烯酰胺水溶液的流变行为研究

采用“Post-Modification”技术在二甲基亚砜中直接对聚丙烯酰胺进行烷基化反应,接枝二茂铁官能团(Fc),制备出一种具有氧化还原性质的二茂铁改性聚丙烯酰胺(PAM-Fc).通过红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁氢谱(1H-NMR)、热失重(TGA)、电化学、动态流变测试等方法对PAM-Fc的化学结构、电化学活性和流变特性进行了表征.研究结果表明,PAM-Fc具有氧化还原性,相比PAM呈现更好的热稳定性,这主要源于Fc基团稳定了PAM分子链的自由基.Fc基团在水溶液中的疏水缔合作用会导致体系黏度显著增大.通过添加NaCl、β-环糊精或H2O2等可以对PAM-Fc水溶液的黏度进行有效调控.其中,NaCl可以屏蔽PAM-Fc分子链上的电荷,β-环糊精能够包合Fc基团,H2O2则可将疏水的还原态Fc基团氧化成亲水的氧化态Fc,从而实现PAM-Fc水溶液流变行为的调节.     

铬天青S的极谱

本文用极谱法和循环伏安法研究了铬天青S和电还原。在Britton-Robinson缓冲溶液中,在PH4-11时,铬天青S可产生两个受扩散控制的一电子还原波。其中第一波(峰)相当于由氧化态还原为中间态;第二波(峰)相当于由中间态不可逆地还原为还原态。根据实验结果提出了电还原机理。     

离子液体在CO_2电还原反应过程中的催化作用与机理研究

在1-丁基3-甲基咪唑三氟甲基磺酸盐([Bnlim][CF_3SO_3])/碳酸丙烯酯(PC)溶液中,采用循环伏安曲线、交流阻抗谱及阻抗模拟方法,研究了CO_2在Au上发生电还原反应的速率控制步骤与离子液体的催化作用.结果表明,在CO_2电还原反应过程中,吸附态CO_2经单电子还原生成CO_2~-自由基是速率控制步骤.由于离子液体的催化作用,CO_2在[Bmim][CF_3SO_3]/PC溶液中电还原的过电位比在四丁基三氟甲基磺酸铵([Bu_4N][CF_3SO_3])/PC溶液中降低了239 mV.交流阻抗测试结果表明,离子液体中的阳离子[Bmim]~+吸附在Au电极表面,形成离子液体吸附层,吸附态的CO_2分子经单电子还原后生成CO_2~·-)自由基,与周围离子液体发生相互作用,形成中间体[Bmim-CO_2]_(ad),降低了CO_2~(·-)的能量状态,使得CO_2电还原反应的过电位大幅度降低.     

含多个氧化还原中心的卟啉化合物的电化学及光谱电化学行为(Ⅰ)

在DMF及DMSO中用循环伏安法、现场紫外可见光谱电化学方法及现场FT-IR光谱电化学方法研究了含多个氧化还原中心的卟啉化合物[四(对-硝基苯基)卟啉合钴(Ⅱ)]的氧化还原性质。指出该化合物的第一步氧化或第一步还原为中心金属钴失去或得到1个电子;第二步还原为卟啉环meso位的4个对硝基苯基上的硝基在同一电位下各得1个电子,形成相应的阴离子自由基;第三步还原为卟啉环得到1个电子,但该步反应不可逆。同时发现硝基与卟啉环及中心金属钴之间存在分子内电子相互作用,而4个硝基取代基之间未发现分子内电子相互作用。     

含多个氧化还原中心的卟啉化合物的电化学及光谱电化学行为(Ⅰ)

在DMF及DMSO中用循环伏安法、现场紫外可见光谱电化学方法及现场FT-IR光谱电化学方法研究了含多个氧化还原中心的卟啉化合物[四(对-硝基苯基)卟啉合钴(Ⅱ)]的氧化还原性质。指出该化合物的第一步氧化或第一步还原为中心金属钴失去或得到1个电子；第二步还原为卟啉环meso位的4个对硝基苯基上的硝基在同一电位下各得1个电子,形成相应的阴离子自由基；第三步还原为卟啉环得到1个电子,但该步反应不可逆。同时发现硝基与卟啉环及中心金属钴之间存在分子内电子相互作用,而4个硝基取代基之间未发现分子内电子相互作用。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.