丙烷在无机膜反应器中的芳构化

研究了在固定床反应器和膜反应器中的丙烷芳构化，考察了ＨＺＳＭ－５担载的Ｇａ和Ｐｔ－Ｇａ催化剂对反应的影响。结果表明，采用无机膜反应器可以提高丙烷芳构化选择性，从而提高芳烃收率达１０％以上。在膜反应器中，低碳烷烃选择性降低，烯烃选择性增强。固定床相比，膜反应器在低温时对芳构化反应的促进作用最为显著，但是随着温度升高，其促进作用减弱。     

Pt-Ga/HZSM-5催化剂上丙烷芳构化

考察了Ｐｔ／ＨＺＳＭ－５，Ｇａ／ＨＺＳＭ－５和Ｐｔ－Ｇａ／ＨＺＳＭ－５上的丙烷芳构化反应，其中Ｐｔ－Ｇａ／ＨＺＳＭ－５双组份催化剂上有较高的丙烷反应活性和芳烃选择性，用程序升温还原（ＴＰＲ）和Ｈ２化学吸附法表征催化剂，发现Ｐｔ与Ｇａ的协同相互作用促进了Ｇａ＾３＋的还原，使其峰温向低温移动的７０℃，且双组分催化剂中Ｐｔ的Ｈ２吸附性能大大降低，使催化剂表成乙烯加氢能力降低，从而提高了产物芳烃的选择性，     

STUDY OF HYDROGEN TRANSFER REACTIONS IN PROPANE AROMATIZATION OVER Ga MODIFIED HZSM-5 CATALYSTS

研究了丙烷在不同ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３比值的ＨＺＳＭ５和Ｇａ改性ＨＺＳＭ５催化剂上的芳构化转化，为探讨氢转移反应的能力，也考察了在丙烷中添加少量氢对芳构化转化的影响。结果表明，随ＨＺＳＭ５分子筛ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３比值的减小，氢转移反应程度增大；在分子筛中引入Ｇａ，氢转移反应能力增大。最后提出了有Ｇａ参与的反应机理。     

HZSM—5与ZnO／SiO2的固相反应

以乙烯、乙烷为探针反应分子，以混合不同锌含量的ＺｎＯ／ＳｉＯ２与ＨＺＳＭ－５为催化剂，在不同处理条件与不同混合方式（直接混合或机械研磨）下研究高温焙烧的催化剂对乙烯、乙烷芳构化反应的影响。考察了不同含量的Ｚｎ／ＨＺＳＭ－５上Ｃ２Ｈ４、Ｃ２Ｈ６的芳构化反应及ＮａＨＺＳＭ－５与ＺｎＯ／ＳｉＯ２和ＮａＺｎＨＺＳＭ－５与ＺｎＯ／ＳｉＯ２混合催化剂高温焙烧后的Ｃ２Ｈ４芳构化反应。发现Ｚｎ／ＨＺＳＭ－５是一种     

HZSM一5与ZnO／SiO_2的固相反应

以乙烯、乙烷为探针反应分子，以混合不同锌含量的ＺｎＯ／ＳｉＯ＿２，与ＨＺＳＭ－５为催化剂，在不同处理条件与不同混合方式（直接混合或机械研磨）下研究高温焙烧的俗化剂对乙烯、乙烷芳构化反应的影响。考察了不同含量的Ｚｎ／ＨＺＳＭ－５上Ｃ＿２Ｈ＿４、Ｃ＿２Ｈ＿６的芳构化反应及ＮａＨＺＳＭ－５与ＺｎＯ／ＳｉＯ＿２和ＮａＺｎＨＺＳＭ－５与ＺｎＯ／ＳｉＯ＿２混合催化剂高温焙烧后的Ｃ＿２Ｈ＿４芳构化反应。发现Ｚｎ／ＨＺＳＭ－５是一种双功能催化剂，乙烯、乙烷芳构化反应的活性和选择性均与Ｚｎ／ＨＺＳＭ－５的双中心Ｚｎ￣（２＋）和Ｂ酸的相互匹配有密切关系，Ｂ酸和Ｚｎ￣（２＋）存在最合适匹配。而ＮＺＳＭ－５与ＺｎＯ／ＳｉＯ＿２合催化剂高温焙烧后具有Ｚｎ／ＨＺＳＭ－５的双功能性，ＨＺＳＭ－５与ＺｎＯ／ＳｉＯ＿２在高温下发生了固相反应。     

Pt／H－Ga－Si杂原子分子筛催化剂上丙烷芳构化

考察了在具有Ｐｅｎｔａｓｉｌ孔道结构的Ｈ－Ｇａ－Ｓｉ与Ｐｔ／Ｈ－Ｇａ－Ｓｉ杂原子分子筛及ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛催化剂上的丙烷芳构化。Ｐｔ／Ｈ－Ｇａ－Ｓｉ有较高催化活性和芳烃选择性，用ＸＲＤ、ＴＥＭ和ＴＰＲ等技术对催化剂进行了表征，讨论了Ｐｔ与Ｇａ的相互作用。Ｐｔ／Ｈ－Ｇａ－Ｓｉ为双功能催化剂，Ｐｔ促进烷烃脱氢成为烯烃，还能降低丙烷裂解活性，而且可稳定骨架Ｇａ，使其不易脱除；Ｇａ可以提高中间烯烃转变为芳烃的选择性。Ｈ－Ｇａ－Ｓｉ与ＨＺＳＭ－５上的丙烷芳构化机理不同。Ｈ－Ｇａ－Ｓｉ上为丙烷脱氢机理，Ｇａ脱去Ｈ＋形成活泼正碳离子，同时由于骨架Ｇａ与分子筛Ｂ酸位相邻，所以可提高芳烃选择性；ＨＺＳＭ－５上丙烷活化是经过裂化机理，再通过氢转移步骤形成芳烃。     

低碳烃芳构化过程中HZSM—5催化剂结炭规律的研究

用ＧＣ、ＴＰＯ－ＧＣ、ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ和ＴＥＭ等方面，测定了丙烷在ＨＺＳＭ－５沸石上芳构化过程中，催化剂的活性、结炭量、结炭Ｃ／Ｈ比、酸密度等，考察了催化剂的结炭量与其它参数之间的关系。结果表明，在反应温度为８７３Ｋ，进料空速ＷＨＳＶ＝５ｈ＾－１时，丙烷在ＨＺＳＭ－５上的结炭首先发生在沸石晶体的外表面的活性中心上；结炭量为１．８－３．４％时，主要在孔道交叉点结炭；结炭量在３．４－５．７％时，孔道已有     

DEHYDROGENATION AND AROMATIZATION OF METHANE IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN OVER DOPED Mo/HZSM-5 CATALYSTS

研究了在Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂上添加助剂以及不同的反应预处理温度对甲烷无氧脱氢芳构化反应的影响。实验结果表明，由于第二组分的添加，Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂的活性和选择性都得到了较大程度的改善。预处理温度是影响催化剂反应性能的关键因素。Ｍｏ－Ｒｕ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂经过８７３Ｋ空气预处理后，甲烷在９７３Ｋ的转化率约为１０％，催化剂的稳定性也得到较大程度的提高。ＴＰＳＲ实验结果表明，Ｒｕ的加入降低了芳烃生成的温度。ＴＰＯ和ＤＴＡ实验结果表明，在Ｍｏ－Ｒｕ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂上可生成较多的碳物种，结合反应结果，可以认为反应过程中生成的碳物种对甲烷的无氧脱氢芳构化反应是起积极作用的     

甲烷在MoO_3／HZSM－5分子筛催化剂上的非氧催化转化

研究了反应温度、空速、Ｍｏ担载量和焙烧温度对ＭｏＯ３／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂上甲烷的芳构化反应的影响．ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛的Ｂｒｏｎｓｔｅｄ酸性、孔道结构和Ｍｏ在分子筛中的分布是影响催化性能的重要因素．ＨＺＳＭ－５上Ｍｏ担载量为２～３％时活性最佳，在１０１３Ｋ反应温度下甲烷转化率可达９％，芳烃选择性大于９０％．空速影响的实验表明乙烯是反应的初始产物．在此基础上提出了＂甲烷酸助异裂活化＂的新概念、＂金属钼类碳烯中间物＂的新观点和甲烷芳构化的可能机理．     

苯、乙烯和乙苯在HZSM-5及其负载Co,Zn的催化剂上的吸附和脱附行为

用ＴＰＤ和ＴＰＳＲ技术研究了苯，乙烯和乙苯在ＨＺＳＭ－５及其负载Ｃｏ、Ｚｎ的催化剂上的吸附和脱附地为。结果表明，苯的ＴＰＤ峰皆为弥散的单峰。乙烯在ＨＺＳＭ－５及Ｚｎ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂上发生二聚、歧化和芳构化反应，在Ｚｎ／ＨＺＳＭ－５上乙烯的二聚和歧化反应能力减弱，芳构化能力增强。     

惰性膜反应器用于丁烷氧化脱氢制丁烯和丁二烯反应

采用浸渍法制备了Ｖ－Ｍｇ－Ｏ催化剂,利用ＸＲＤ和ＢＥＴ对催化剂进行了表征,比较了固定床反应器（ＦＢＲ）、惰性膜反应器（ＩＭＲ）与混合式惰性膜反应器（ＭＩＭＲ）用于丁烷氧化脱氢制丁烯和丁二烯反应的性能,采用在陶瓷丰部分涂釉的方法获得臃符合实验要求的惰性膜,利用惰性膜沿反应器轴向分布氧气,降低反应区氧气分压,从而提高目的产物的选择性,通过优化进料方式,在２０ＭＭＲ反应器中得到了６６％的Ｇ４烯烃选择性３     

水蒸气存在时Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上的甲烷芳构化反应性能

研究了水蒸气存在条件下Mo/HZSM-5沸石分子筛催化剂上的甲烷芳构化反应行为,发现水蒸气的引入可以明显地降低甲烷芳构化反应的起始温度,从而在较为温和的条件下实现甲烷的活化.适量水蒸气的加入可以在一定程度上改善Mo/HZSM-5催化剂的稳定性,过量水蒸气的引入则会抑制甲烷芳构化反应.在反应温度为973 K时,引入适量的水蒸气对芳构化反应产物的分布没有明显影响在低温条件下的甲烷芳构化反应过程中检测到有乙烯生成,该结果支持了甲烷芳构化反应可能经历了乙烯这一中间产物的机理.实验结果还表明,水蒸气对催化剂上的积炭量没有明显的影响.     

Comparative study of fluidized-bed and fixed-bed reactor for syngas methanation over Ni-W/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst

In this work, syngas methanation over Ni-W/TiO₂-SiO₂ catalyst was studied in a fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and its performance was compared with a fixed-bed reactor (FIXBR). The effects of main operating variables including feedstock gases space velocity, coke content, bed temperature and sulfur-tolerant stability of 100 h life were investigated. The structure of the catalysts was characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption-desorption and TEM. It is found that under same space velocity from 5000 h^?1 to 25000 h^?1 FBR gave a higher CH₄ yield, lower coke content, and lower bed temperature than those obtained in FIXBR. Ni-W/TiO₂-SiO₂ catalyst possessed excellent sulfur-tolerant stability on the feedstock gases less than 500 ppm H₂S in FBR. The carbon deposits formed on the spent catalyst were in the form of carbon fibers in FBR, while in the form of dense accumulation distribution appearance in FIXBR.     

Continuous Production of Oxytetracycline in Fluidized Bed Bioreactor by Immobilized Cells of Streptomyces varsoviensis MTCC-1537: Effect of Dilution and Glucose Loading Rates

Oxytetracycline (OT) production using glutaraldehyde cross-linked calcium alginate immobilized cells of Streptomyces varsoviensis in continuous fluidized bed reactor (FBR) was investigated. Initially, batch experiments were carried in stirred tank reactor (STR) and FBR using calcium alginate immobilized cells. Higher OT production of 0.45 gm/L was achieved by FBR when compared with 0.33 g/L of OT in STR. All subsequent studies were carried out in continuous mode of operation in FBR. During 21 days of operation, effect of glucose concentration and different dilution rates were studied. A maximum of 0.75 g/L OT was achieved in the medium having 10 g/L of glucose concentration. The highest OT concentration of 0.92 g/L and the highest yield of OT with respect to biomass at 0.1713 g/g were obtained at the dilution rate of 0.25 day⁻¹.     

Production of ethanol from starch by co-immobilizedZymomonas mobilis-glucoamylase in a fluidized-bed reactor

The production of ethanol from starch was studied in a fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) using co-immobilizedZymomonas mobilis and glucoamylase. The FBR was a glass column of 2.54 cm in diameter and 120 cm in length. TheZ. mobilis and glucoamylase were co-immobilized within small uniform beads (1.2-2.5 mm diameter) of κ-carrageenan. The substrate for ethanol production was a soluble starch. Light steep water was used as the complex nutrient source. The experiments were performed at 35κC and pH range of 4.0-5.5. The substrate concentrations ranged from 40 to 185 g/L, and the feed rates from 10 to 37 mL/min. Under relaxed sterility conditions, the FBR was successfully operated for a period of 22 d, during which no contamination or structural failure of the biocatalyst beads was observed. Volumetric productivity as high as 38 g ethanol/(Lh), which was 74% of the maximum expected value, was obtained. Typical ethanol volumetric productivity was in the range of 15-20 g/(Lh). The average yield was 0.49 g ethanol/g substrate consumed, which was 90% of the theoretical yield. Very low levels of glucose were observed in the reactor, indicating that starch hydrolysis was the rate-limiting step.     

Ethanol Production from Wet-Exploded Wheat Straw Hydrolysate by Thermophilic Anaerobic Bacterium Thermoanaerobacter BG1L1 in a Continuous Immobilized Reactor

Thermophilic ethanol fermentation of wet-exploded wheat straw hydrolysate was investigated in a continuous immobilized reactor system. The experiments were carried out in a lab-scale fluidized bed reactor (FBR) at 70°C. Undetoxified wheat straw hydrolysate was used (3–12% dry matter), corresponding to sugar mixtures of glucose and xylose ranging from 12 to 41 g/l. The organism, thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter BG1L1, exhibited significant resistance to high levels of acetic acid (up to 10 g/l) and other metabolic inhibitors present in the hydrolysate. Although the hydrolysate was not detoxified, ethanol yield in a range of 0.39–0.42 g/g was obtained. Overall, sugar efficiency to ethanol was 68–76%. The reactor was operated continuously for approximately 143 days, and no contamination was seen without the use of any agent for preventing bacterial infections. The tested microorganism has considerable potential to be a novel candidate for lignocellulose bioconversion into ethanol. The work reported here also demonstrates that the use of FBR configuration might be a viable approach for thermophilic anaerobic ethanol fermentation.     

STUDIES ON THE CERAMIC MEMBRANE REACTOR FOR OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF METHANE

lntroductionNat[lralgasisanabundanresourceandtheworldreservesareestimatedtobe43trillioncubicmeers.DuetoitshightransportcostandverystablechendcalproPerty,onlylessthanlo%oftheworldproductionofnaturalgasisusedinchendcalindustriesandtheremainderisburnedasfuelforpowergeneratingandhcaing.Toincreaseitsvalueanduseitasachemicalfeedstock,naturalgasmustbeconvetaltomoreappropriatC-products.SincethepioneeringworkofKellerandBhasim(l982)atUnionCarbidell],therehasbeenconsiderableinterestinmethaneconversiont…     

碳四烃在改性HZSM-5分子筛上芳构化研究

研究了炼厂混合C_4烃在Zn、Ga、Cr、La改性的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的芳构化反应,采用TPD和IR测定了催化剂的表面酸性质。结果表明,用Zn(3%)和Zn(2%)Ga(1%)改性的HZSM-5分子筛具有较好的芳构化性能;各改性HZSM-5分子筛催化剂芳构化性能变化与表面酸性有关,总酸量下降,芳构化活性下降,强B酸中心减少,深度裂解反应减少;Zn的单组分和双组分改性的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂芳构化活性的增高与表面强L酸浓度增加和吡啶吸附IR谱中的1615cm~(-1)吸收峰出现有关。     

聚西夫碱型共轭高分子的合成及电性能的研究

从乙二醛、对苯二醛与二元胺反应得到八种线型共轭结构的缩聚物。在模型化合物及其对应的聚合物的紫外、可见吸收光谱显示出随分子共轭程度的增加向长波位移。乙二醛与对苯二胺的缩聚物热处理后使结构芳香化,而对苯二醛与对苯二胺缩聚物在350℃以下热处理时,仍发生进一步缩聚反应。缩聚物的导电性能与分子的共轭程度及分子间的结构有关。