纳米材料用于放疗防护的研究进展

放射治疗是利用高能射线抑制癌细胞增殖的治疗方法, 已广泛用于恶性肿瘤的治疗. 但是, 高能射线不可避免地会对机体的正常组织造成损害, 产生放疗相关副作用. 尽管目前有一些小分子放疗防护药物已应用于临床或处于临床前研究, 但其较短的血液循环时间和较快的新陈代谢速度极大地削弱了其防护效果. 近20年来, 随着纳米技术在生物医学领域的飞速发展, 纳米放疗防护剂的出现为提高防护效果提供了新的选择. 通过合理地设计和开发纳米放疗防护剂, 有望解决现有小分子放疗防护药物的缺陷. 鉴于纳米放疗防护剂具有诸多优势, 本Review概述了纳米放疗防护材料的常见设计策略, 同时分析了放射诱导的常见疾病的致病机制和纳米放疗防护材料防治各种放射诱导疾病的研究现状. 最后, 还讨论了纳米材料用于放疗防护所面临的挑战和未来前景.     

超疏水性聚苯胺微/纳米结构的合成及防腐蚀性能

以苯胺为单体, 过硫酸铵为氧化剂, 通过改变不同的掺杂剂, 采用"无模板"法合成了具有不同浸润性的聚苯胺微/纳米结构, 并得到超疏水聚苯胺微/纳米结构. 采用红外吸收光谱、 紫外-可见吸收光谱、 X射线衍射及扫描电镜对聚苯胺微/纳米结构及形貌进行了表征, 测定了聚苯胺微/纳米结构的接触角, 并通过Tafel极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗研究了不同疏水性的聚苯胺微/纳米结构在0.1 mol/L H₂SO₄溶液中对碳钢的腐蚀防护作用, 探讨了聚苯胺微/纳米结构的表面浸润性对腐蚀防护性能的影响. 研究结果表明, 随着聚苯胺微/纳米结构疏水性的增强, 对碳钢的腐蚀防护作用增强, 当掺杂剂为全氟辛酸时所制备的超水聚苯胺微/纳米结构表现出最佳的防腐蚀性能(η= 94.70%).     

让铁器文物与历史说话*——“金属的电化学腐蚀与防护”教学

以铁器文物的防护为背景,在“金属的电化学腐蚀与防护”主题中,尝试将铁器文物与中学化学教学相结合,通过对不同环境中铁器文物腐蚀原理的探究,了解运用化学原理解释铁器文物保护的方法,使学生掌握金属的电化学腐蚀与防护知识,感受化学对人类的影响,促进学生化学学科核心素养的发展。     

论化学实验室安全防护

化学实验是化学学科形成和发展的基础,化学实验具有一定的危险性,实验室的安全防护应得到应有的重视。较系统地叙述了化学实验室安全规范,同时,对实验室的各种安全事故也提供了各种防备和处理方法。     

基于剪切增稠液体防护装甲的研究

综述了剪切增稠液体(Shear Thickening Fluid,即STF)的基本性质、组成成分、流变机理,影响STF流变性能的诸多因素以及对STF流变性能的研究方法,介绍了STF中聚乙二醇(PEG)/纳米SiO2颗粒体系和SiO2的制备方法,对PEG/SiO2的增稠机理进行了讲解。在对STF研究的基础上,阐述了STF-织物组成的液体防护装甲的优异防护性能、防弹和防刺(防锥、防刀)机理,讲述了STF-Kevlar构成的液体防护装甲及防刺机理,介绍了动态防刺测试和准静态防刺测试,最后对液体防护装甲未来研究方面进行了展望。     

提升化学学科核心素养的高中化学教学——以“金属的防护”为例

针对人教版选修1《化学反应原理》第4章第3节“金属的腐蚀与防护”课时2“金属的防护”进行教学实践探索,融合STEM教育理念促进知识与社会生活结合。选用任务情境“家用电热水器碳钢内胆防腐”,通过实验探究构建起电化学防护的认知模型,再将模型应用于实际生产生活问题的解决,进行热水器内胆的防腐设计。在真实情境问题的解决中,将知识、方法、应用等3者融合,培养学生的问题意识和创新思维,逐步内化并表现出化学学科核心素养。     

口罩中的化学与技术*

以医用外科口罩、新型纳米口罩等为例,分析了口罩的组成材料、加工技术及防护原理,对于公众了解口罩的材料组成、性能、科学选用之间的关系,提高科学素养和公共健康安全意识有积极作用。     

纳米化学

介绍了纳米结构物质的发展现状, 着重阐述了纳米物质的化学制备方法以及对其化学性质研究的新进展。介绍了纳米物质的可能应用途径, 指出纳米化学的发展对纳米材料的开发和应用具有十分重要的作用。     

纳米孔分析方法在有毒物质检测中的应用

纳米孔技术作为一种新型的分析检测方法,被广泛应用于核酸测序、蛋白质/多肽分析以及病毒、微生物等生物大分子和金属离子的检测。随着人们对公共安全和食品药品安全等问题的日益关注,对有毒物质的检测也提出了更高的要求。鉴于纳米孔分析方法具有高灵敏度和高选择性等优点,很多研究团队将其应用于有毒物质的检测,进行了很多的研究工作。本文针对近年来纳米孔技术在有毒物质检测中的应用进行综述,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

氮化硼纳米片在重防腐涂层中的应用进展

氮化硼纳米片也被称为“白色石墨烯”,是一种重要的纳米填料,具有优异的机械性、导热性、耐磨性、阻隔性、疏水性,同时也是一种新兴的性能优良的绝缘材料.被广泛应用于重防腐涂层、润滑剂、传感器等领域.基于氮化硼纳米片在金属腐蚀防护领域巨大的应用前景,本综述将从氮化硼纳米片的制备及表面官能化、氮化硼薄膜防护涂层、氮化硼纳米片/有机防护涂层、氮化硼纳米片-无机复合材料/有机防护涂层这四部分进行系统总结,重点围绕氮化硼纳米片在有机涂层中均匀分散能力以及金属腐蚀防护能力等方面等进行详细分析和介绍,同时对氮化硼纳米片基防腐涂料未来发展进行了展望.     

纳米药物分析

介绍了纳米药物的定义，简明叙述了纳米药物的特点，探讨了新纳米药物目前研究重点，包括新纳米材料的药用功效研究、新药物载体和药物新剂型的开发及其涉及到的分析技术。展望了纳米药物对分析化学所提出的机遇和挑战。     

纳米药物分析

介绍了纳米药物的定义,简明叙述了纳米药物的特点,探讨了新纳米药物目前研究重点,包括新纳米材料的药用功效研究、新药物载体和药物新剂型的开发及其涉及到的分析技术。展望了纳米药物对分析化学所提出的机遇和挑战。     

Mechanisms and measurements of nanomaterial-induced oxidative damage to DNA

Many of the current investigations on the environmental and human health risks of engineered nanomaterials focus on their short-term acute toxicity. However, the long-term chronic effects of nanomaterials on living systems, and in particular, on the genetic components of living systems, also warrant attention. An increasing number of nanomaterial safety studies include an assessment of genotoxicity as part of the overall risk evaluation. The potential of nanomaterials to directly or indirectly promote the formation of reactive oxygen species is one of the primary steps in their genotoxic repertoire. The subsequent modification of genomic DNA by reactive oxygen species could lead to the development of mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, or other age-related diseases if the DNA damage is not repaired. This review focuses on the interactions of nanomaterials with DNA and specifically on the capacity of some nanomaterials to induce oxidative damage to DNA. A critical assessment of the analytical methodology and the potential biochemical mechanisms involved in nanomaterial induction of oxidative damage to DNA is presented, results obtained for the various studies with each nanomaterial are compared, and recommendations for future research are discussed. Researchers should consider, among other experimental recommendations, (1) the application of more chromatography-based and mass-spectrometry-based analytical techniques to the assessment of oxidative damage to DNA to facilitate an enhanced understanding of DNA damage mechanisms and (2) the verification of cellular viability before conducting genotoxicity assays to reduce the impact of fragmented DNA, formed as a consequence of cell death, on DNA damage measurements.     

Proteomic profiling of protein corona formed on the surface of nanomaterial

The formation of protein coronas on nanomaterial will significantly alter the surface properties of nanomaterial in biological systems and subsequently impact biological responses including signaling, cellular uptake, transport, and toxicity etc. It is of critical importance to understand the formation of protein coronas on the surface of nanomaterial. Analytical techniques, especially mass spectrometry-based proteomics methods, are playing a key role for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of protein coronas on nanomaterial. In this review, the proteomic approaches developed for the characterization of protein coronas on various nanomaterials are introduced with the emphasis on the mass spectrometry-based proteomic strategies.     

TiO_2/12-磷钨杂多酸/金复合纳米材料的制备及电化学性能

采用水热法制备TiO2纳米管(TNTs),然后以12-磷钨杂多酸(PTA)作为交联剂,运用光催化方法在TiO2纳米管表面负载金纳米颗粒(GNPs),从而得到新型复合纳米材料——TNTs-PTA-GNPs;借助傅立叶变换红外光谱仪,X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜分析了新型复合纳米材料的结构及形貌,并利用循环伏安法测试了其电化学性能.结果表明,GNPs均匀分布在TNTs表面,从而大幅度改善纳米材料的导电性;但复合纳米材料中无游离的金纳米颗粒.与此同时,TNTs-PTA-GNPs纳米材料具有良好的生物相容性,且可促进酶与电极之间的直接电子转移.     

面向食品安全分析的核酸适配体传感技术

食品中危害因子的检测一直是国内外食品安全领域致力解决的重要问题。核酸适配体是一类通过体外筛选技术得到的单链DNA或RNA,具有特异性强、稳定性好和靶分子广等特点,因而被广泛用于食品安全检测领域。近年来,随着纳米传感技术的快速发展,互补结合适配体和纳米材料的特殊性质,可实现对靶标物质的超灵敏、高选择性及快速检测。本文总结了近年来筛选的食品危害因子适配体,综述了面向食品安全检测的基于适配体传感和纳米材料修饰的分析检测技术的进展,主要包括比色法、荧光法、电化学法以及表面等离子体共振技术,并探讨了适配体传感检测所存在的问题和未来的发展趋势。     

Surface treatment of Basalt fiber for use in automotive composites

Balancing the performance, durability and safety requirements of automotive systems with the regulatory landscape in an environment of climate change has accelerated the search for sustainable fiber reinforced polymer composites for automobile structures. Glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites (GFRP) are widely used in certain structures like front end modules and liftgate; However, they cannot be used in more demanding applications due to their low mechanical properties. Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites (CFRP) are promising candidates for applications like bonnet, but their use is constrained by cost. Basalt fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites (BFRP) are sustainable materials that can be positioned between GFRP and CFRP in terms of performance and cost-effectiveness. The mechanical performance of the BFRP depend on the quality of the fiber-matrix interface that aids in efficient load transfer from the matrix to the fiber. Typically, basalt fibers are inert in nature and need treatments to improve its adhesion to polymeric matrices. The major chemical treatments that are reviewed in this article include matrix functionalization, silane treatment, functionalized nanomaterial coating and plasma polymerization. The physical treatments reviewed include plasma treatment and milling. It is evident that chemically treating the basalt fiber with a functionalized nanomaterial yields BFRP with a good stiffness – toughness balance that can be used for challenging metal replacements as also in new emerging areas like sensing and 3D printing.     

石墨烯吸附材料及其在真菌毒素检测中的应用

石墨烯类纳米材料作为一种近十年来兴起的新型吸附材料,被广泛应用于各种有毒有害物质的去除和检测研究。真菌毒素是污染粮油食品的主要危害因子之一,其检测技术研究常常受样品前处理方法的限制。该文介绍了目前作为吸附剂的石墨烯类纳米材料及其样品前处理技术,总结了其在真菌毒素检测中的最新应用进展。     

Nanomaterial labels in electrochemical immunosensors and immunoassays

This article reviews recent advances in nanomaterial labels in electrochemical immunosensors and immunoassays. Various nanomaterial labels are discussed, including colloidal gold/silver, semiconductor nanoparticles, and markers loaded nanocarriers (carbon nanotubes, apoferritin, silica nanoparticles, and liposome beads). The enormous signal enhancement associated with the use of nanomaterial labels and with the formation of nanomaterial-antibody-antigen assemblies provides the basis for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of disease-related protein biomarkers, biothreat agents, or infectious agents. In general, all endeavors cited here are geared to achieve one or more of the following goals: signal amplification by several orders of magnitude, lower detection limits, and detecting multiple targets.     

A self-assembling peptide targeting VEGF receptors to inhibit angiogenesis

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) pathways are essential in tumor angiogenesis, growth and metastasis. Studies on anti-angiogenic therapy have been mostly focused on the blockage of VEGF-VEGFR pathways. We report an extracellularly transformable peptide-based nanomaterial to develop artificial extracellular matrix (ECM)-like networks for high-efficient blockage of natural VEGF-VEGFR interactions. The transformable peptide-based nanomaterial transforms from nanoparticles into nanofibers upon binding to VEGFR in solution. In addition, the transformable peptide-based nanomaterial forms ECM-like fibrous networks on VEGFR overexpressed cells, inhibiting the VEGF-VEGFR interactions and the subsequent angiogenesis. The tube formation is reduced by nearly 85.1% after treatment. This strategy shows excellent potential for anti-angiogenesis, and inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis.