锂离子电池高电压电解液

开发高电压正极材料是发展高能量密度锂离子电池的重要途径之一。常规电解液在高电压下容易与正极材料表面发生副反应,影响高电压正极材料性能的发挥,因此,高电压电解液引起了人们广泛的关注。本文主要从新型溶剂体系和常规碳酸酯溶剂体系两方面对锂离子电池高电压电解液进行综述与评价,提出了现有电解液的不足及面临的问题。从电解液溶剂分子设计理论入手,分析了砜类溶剂、腈基溶剂和离子液体等新型溶剂作为高压电解液溶剂的优缺点,同时探讨了不同种类添加剂在常规碳酸酯溶剂体系中的作用机理。此外,本文还介绍了理论计算方法在锂离子电池高电压电解液研究中的应用,并对其在设计新型高电压电解液中的应用前景进行了展望。     

锂离子动力电池及其关键材料的发展趋势

进一步提高电池的能量密度是动力电池发展的主题和趋势,而关键材料是其基础.本文从锂离子动力电池正、负极材料,隔膜及电解液等几个方面,对锂离子动力电池关键材料的发展趋势进行评述.开发高电压、高容量的正极新材料成为动力锂离子电池比能量大幅度提升的主要途径;负极材料将继续朝低成本、高比能量、高安全性的方向发展,硅基负极材料将全面替代其他负极材料成为行业共识.此外,本文还对锂离子动力电池正极、负极材料等的选择及匹配技术、动力电池安全性、电池制造工艺等的关键技术进行了简要分析,并提出了锂离子动力电池研究中应予以关注的基础科学问题.     

高镍三元正极材料的表面包覆策略

锂离子电池(LIBs)因具有更高的重量/体积能量密度、 更长的使用寿命、 更低的自放电率等优点而逐渐被广泛应用. 相比于已经广泛使用的钴酸锂和磷酸铁锂等正极材料, 高镍三元正极材料Li[Ni_1-x-yCo_xMn_y]O₂(NCM)以其高电压和高容量等优点, 逐渐成为下一代高能锂离子电池的首选正极材料之一. 尽管高镍NCM正极材料具有上述优点, 但在进一步的实际应用前还需解决其循环稳定性、 倍率性能和安全性等问题, 这些问题主要源于NCM材料本身的晶体结构不稳定、 正极-电解液间界面副反应及高界面电阻等. 针对这些问题, 目前对高镍NCM正极电化学性能优化的大量研究都与电极-电解液界面有关, 如何通过改善界面稳定性、 增加离子在固液界面的迁移率、 抑制界面副反应、 提高正极材料的稳定性进而改善电池性能成为了关注焦点. 本文总结了目前对于其电化学性能衰减的机理解释, 分类概括了包括电化学惰性包覆锂、 残积物清除剂包覆和锂离子良导体包覆等对于高镍NCM正极材料的颗粒表面包覆策略, 简述了一些新兴的包覆策略, 并对高镍NCM正极材料的发展方向和前景提出了展望.     

锂离子电池高电压正极粘结剂的研究进展

锂离子电池在高电压下会导致严重的电解液分解以及不稳定的正极与电解质界面问题,严重制约高电压正极材料的商业化.粘结剂不仅可以将正极活性材料和导电炭紧密粘结在集流体上,还对构建电解质与正极之间的多尺度相容性界面起积极作用,因此,粘结剂的优化可以有效解决上述难题.本文提出了高电压锂离子电池正极粘结剂需具备的必要条件,如:粘结性能和机械性能优异,具有出色的电化学稳定性和热力学稳定性以及良好的离子和电子传输能力等.综述了近些年来高电压正极粘结剂的研究及发展现状,通过天然粘结剂和合成粘结剂对目前已报道的高电压粘结剂进行了评述,介绍了各种粘结剂对电极的粘结性能和包覆以及对锂离子电池性能的影响机制,重点阐述了粘结剂分子结构中的极性基团与活性物质间的相互作用,如氢键和离子-偶极相互作用,并讨论了设计开发高电压正极粘结剂的途径以及展望了高电压正极粘结剂的发展前景.     

锂离子电池高电压电解液的研究现状

目前提高锂离子电池能量密度的途径主要有提高锂离子电池的工作电压和应用高工作电压的正极材料,因此,锂离子电池高电压电解液的研究和开发势在必行。本文概述了锂离子电池电解液和高电压电解液的特点,介绍了前线轨道理论中的HOMO和LUMO对电解液设计的指导意义。尤其是结合日本知名企业和科研机构在高电压电解液方面的研究成果,阐述了两种实现电解质高电压化的途径,即提高溶剂本身的耐氧化性和使用添加剂,总结了氟代酯、氟化醚、硼酸酯、砜类和耐氧化添加剂等用于高电压电解液中的关键物质类型,并讨论了目前高电压电解液研究开发所带来的启示。     

锂离子电池高压电解液

锂离子电池作为一种绿色可充电电池,具有较高能量密度以及功率密度,是便携式电子产品的首选,并逐渐应用于动力汽车领域。为了更好地满足其应用需求,需要进一步提高当前锂离子电池的能量密度。不同于高压正极材料的快速发展,传统电解液在较高工作电压下容易分解,很大程度上阻碍了高能量密度锂离子电池的商业化应用。作为锂离子电池的重要组分,电解液对其多方面性能均具有重要影响,因此亟需提高电解液的工作电压以解决锂离子电池能量密度较低的问题。本文从新型有机溶剂以及高电压添加剂两方面入手,综述近年来国内外高压电解液的研究进展,介绍理论计算对于设计高压电解液的作用,并对高压电解液的发展及前景做出总结和展望。     

高电压镍锰酸锂正极/电解液界面本征性质的研究

高电压正极材料的应用是提高锂离子电池能量密度的有效手段,然而高电压下正极/电解液界面稳定性成为决定锂离子电池在高电压工作条件下循环性能和安全性能的关键因素,因此高电压下正极/电解液界面具有重要的研究价值. 但是,目前报道的正极/电解液界面的研究中通常使用传统的极片制备方法,这需要引入导电剂和粘结剂,会对后期正极活性物质表面钝化膜的形貌和组分表征带来干扰,甚至造成固体电解质界面(SEI)膜存在的假象,难以获得正极材料与电解液之间界面的本征信息. 这里,我们采用溶胶凝胶旋涂法制备了不含导电剂和粘结剂的镍锰酸锂(LNMO)正极,以其为研究对象,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术,结合电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了LNMO正极/电解液界面在充放电过程中的结构演变过程以及本征性质. 研究结果显示在充放电过程中,电解液中溶剂和电解质都会参与反应,其中LiPF₆的降解主要发生在高电压下,其降解产物在放电过程中又会被反应消耗掉. 它们的降解产物沉积到LNMO正极形成表面膜,该表面膜的主要成分随着电压的不同组分有所不同.     

锂离子电池低温性能改善研究进展

锂离子电池因其能量密度高,循环寿命长等优点已成为新型动力电池领域的研究热点,但其温度特性尤其是低温性能较差制约着锂离子电池的进一步使用. 本文综述了锂离子电池低温性能的研究进展,系统地分析了锂离子电池低温性能的主要限制因素. 从正极、电解液、负极三个方面讨论了近年来研究者们提高电池低温性能的改性方法. 并对提高锂离子电池低温性能的发展方向进行了展望.     

高比能锂离子电池高电压电解液的设计

自便携式电子设备以及电动汽车问世后,锂离子电池储能设备已经难以满足当前的生活与生产需求.锂离子电池作为商业储能设备市场的主要占有者,正朝着更高的能量密度、更长久的使用寿命以及更高的安全性能等方向发展.虽然通过提高锂离子电池的截止电压可以达到提升电池重量密度和体积密度的效果,但电池体系在高电压下将非常不稳定,这将导致锂离子电池的循环性能迅速衰减.同时,大量的电解液分解产物的堆积,导致电池的界面阻抗上升.另一方面,气体的生成形成了电池的安全隐患.本文针对高电压电解液的溶剂设计和电解液添加剂设计两个方面,回顾了过去一段时间里高电压电解液的发展.根据当前的理论研究基础,提出了高比能锂离子电池电解液的设计重心和未来该领域的主要研究方向.     

含有氟代溶剂或含氟添加剂的锂离子电解液

随着大型移动设备（如新能源汽车等）、储能电站及其他便携式充电设备的日益普及,锂离子电池正逐步占领化学电源市场的主导地位。电解液是锂离子电池的重要组成部分,对电池的许多性能如输出电压、能量密度、输出功率、寿命、温度适用范围和安全性能等具有重要的影响。氟具有很强的电负性和弱极性,氟代溶剂或含氟添加剂具有低熔点、高闪点和高氧化分解电压等优点。氟代溶剂与电极材料之间的润湿性也较好,在高电压电解液、高安全性电解液、宽温度窗口电解液以及其他特殊功能电解液的开发中具有深入的研究和广泛的应用。本文综述了近年来氟代溶剂或添加剂在锂离子电池电解液中的不同应用,分析阐述了其对电池性能提升的机理,总结了以氟代碳酸乙烯酯（FEC）为代表的氟代溶剂的合成方法,最后对用于锂离子电池电解液的氟代溶剂或含氟添加剂的研发方向和发展趋势进行了展望。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).