Asymmetric Covalent Triazine Framework for Enhanced Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis via Energy Transfer Cascade

Complex multiple‐component semiconductor photocatalysts can be constructed that display enhanced catalytic efficiency via multiple charge and energy transfer, mimicking photosystems in nature. In contrast, the efficiency of single‐component semiconductor photocatalysts is usually limited due to the fast recombination of the photogenerated excitons. Here, we report the design of an asymmetric covalent triazine framework as an efficient organic single‐component semiconductor photocatalyst. Four different molecular donor–acceptor domains are obtained within the network, leading to enhanced photogenerated charge separation via an intramolecular energy transfer cascade. The photocatalytic efficiency of the asymmetric covalent triazine framework is superior to that of its symmetric counterparts; this was demonstrated by the visible‐light‐driven formation of benzophosphole oxides from diphenylphosphine oxide and diphenylacetylene.     

二氧化钛基Z型光催化剂综述(英文)

TiO_2具有无毒、耐腐蚀、高稳定和低成本等特点,已被广泛应用于光催化领域.然而,TiO_2的禁带较宽,只能吸收仅占太阳光4%的紫外光部分,从而严重限制了TiO_2光催化材料对太阳光的有效应用.目前很多方法被用来提高TiO_2光催化效率,如金属/非金属掺杂、贵金属负载、异质结构建和与碳材料复合等,这些策略在提高光催化剂的光催化效率中,涉及到如何兼顾太阳光利用和光生空穴和电子氧化还原能力两者之间的平衡.通常,半导体禁带宽度越窄,半导体的光谱响应范围越宽、太阳光利用越多,但光生空穴和电子氧化还原能力越弱.因此,想要提高TiO_2的光催化性能,应考虑以下两个方面的平衡:即降低带隙宽度,拓展半导体的光谱响应范围;与之同时使价带电位更正,导带电位更负之间的平衡.然而,这两个点是相互矛盾的,因此很难在单组分光催化剂中同时实现这两点.然而,Z型光催化剂可以同时满足这两点要求,即:降低半导体的带隙,同时使导带更负,价带更正,因为Z光催化系统利用了两种半导体的优势,其电荷转移机制类似于自然界中绿色植物的光合作用,其中的载流子传输途径包括两步激发,类似于英文字母"Z",Z型光催化剂因此而得名.Z型光催化剂既能保留较高还原能力的光生电子和又能保留较高氧化能力的光生空穴,由于Z型光催化剂特有的优点,在光催化领域的应用越来越广泛.本文综述了TiO_2基Z型光催化剂的最新研究进展,其中包括:Z型光催化机理、应用范围和光催化活性改进方法.Z型光催化剂分为传统液相Z型光催化体系,全固态Z型光催化体系,以及最近几年发展起来的直接Z型光催化体系.它们的主要应用包括:光催化分解水产氢、二氧化碳还原制备太阳燃料、有机污染物光催化降解.论文进一步讨论了提高TiO_2基Z型光催化剂性能的方法,包括pH值调控、电子导体选择、助催化剂使用、掺杂改性、组织形貌控制、两种半导体质量比优化等.最后,提出了TiO_2基Z型光催化剂今后面临的挑战和发展前景展望.     

Synthesis of carbon nitride hollow microspheres with highly hierarchical porosity templated by poly (ionic liquid) for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Hydrogen, as a sustainable and clean energy, has been considered as a promising candidate to replace fossil fuels. And it is meaningful to fabricate the photocatalysts to drive photocatalytic water splitting leading to hydrogen production. Herein, a facile approach was developed by the means of the template effect of poly (ionic liquid) and self-assembly of cyanuric acid and melamine through hydrogen bonds, to obtain carbon nitride hollow microspheres with highly hierarchical porosity. The influence of poly (ionic liquid) concentration on the structure and photocatalytic activity of as-prepared carbon nitride was investigated. The optimized carbon nitride hollow microspheres possessed the multiple porous channels and improved surface area (71 m²/g) due to the decomposition of poly (ionic liquid) and cyanuric acid-melamine supramolecular aggregates. Moreover, the as-prepared carbon nitride hollow microspheres exhibited a remarkable catalytic activity in the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction under visible light irradiation. Especially, the sample CN-0.02 exhibits the highest hydrogen evolution rate (90.1 μmol h⁻¹). The outstanding photocatalytic activity is attributed to the high specific surface area, broad light absorption range and fast separation rate of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. This novel method opens up a new way toward the development of highly-active photocatalysts for water splitting.     

光催化制氢研究进展

The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (PHER) has gained much attention as a promising strategy for the generation of clean energy. As opposed to conventional hydrogen evolution strategies (steam methane reforming, electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution, etc.), the PHER is an environmentally friendly and sustainable method for converting solar energy into H₂ energy. However, the PHER remains unsuitable for industrial applications because of efficiency losses in three critical steps: light absorption, carrier separation, and surface reaction. In the past four decades, the processes responsible for these efficiency losses have been extensively studied. First, light absorption is the principal factor deciding the performance of most photocatalysts, and it is closely related to band-gap structure of photocatalysts. However, most of the existing photocatalysts have a wide bandgap, indicating a narrow light absorption range, which restricts the photocatalytic efficiency. Therefore, searching for novel semiconductors with a narrow bandgap and broadening the light absorption range of known photocatalysts is an important research direction. Second, only the photogenerated electrons and holes that migrate to the photocatalyst surface can participate in the reaction with H₂O, whereas most of the photogenerated electrons and holes readily recombine with one another in the bulk phase of the photocatalysts. Hence, tremendous effort has been undertaken to shorten the charge transfer distance and enhance the electric conductivity of photocatalysts for improving the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated carriers. Third, the surface redox reaction is also an important process. Because water oxidation is a four-electron process, sluggish O₂ evolution is the bottleneck in photocatalytic water splitting. The unreacted holes can easily recombine with electrons. Sacrificial agents are widely used in most catalytic systems to suppress charge carrier recombination by scavenging the photogenerated holes. Moreover, the low H₂ evolution efficiency of most photocatalysts has encouraged researchers to introduce highly active sites on the photocatalyst surface. Based on the abovementioned three steps, multifarious strategies have been applied to modulate the physicochemical properties of semiconductor photocatalysts with the aim of improving the light absorption efficiency, suppressing carrier recombination, and accelerating the kinetics of surface reactions. The strategies include defect generation, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), element doping, heterojunction fabrication, and cocatalyst loading. An in-depth study of these strategies provides guidance for the design of efficient photocatalysts. In this review, we focus on the mechanism and application of these strategies for optimizing light absorption, carrier separation and transport, and surface reactions. Furthermore, we provide a critical view on the promising trends toward the construction of advanced catalysts for H₂ evolution.     

Design of Single‐Site Photocatalysts by Using Metal–Organic Frameworks as a Matrix

Single‐site photocatalysts generally display excellent photocatalytic activity and considerably high stability compared with homogeneous catalytic systems. A rational structural design of single‐site photocatalysts with isolated, uniform, and spatially separated active sites in a given solid is of prime importance to achieve high photocatalytic activity. Intense attention has been focused on the design and fabrication of single‐site photocatalysts by using porous materials as a platform. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have great potential in the design and fabrication of single‐site photocatalysts due to their remarkable porosity, ultrahigh surface area, extraordinary tailorability, and significant diversity. MOFs can provide an abundant number of binding sites to anchor active sites, which results in a significant enhancement in photocatalytic performance. In this focus review, the development of single‐site MOF photocatalysts that perform important and challenging chemical redox reactions, such as photocatalytic H₂ production, photocatalytic CO₂ conversion, and organic transformations, is summarized thoroughly. Successful strategies for the construction of single‐site MOF photocatalysts are summarized and major challenges in their practical applications are noted.     

硫氰根选择性吸附在g-C_3N_4/Ag表面增强其光催化制氢性能(英文)

作为一种无金属的新型半导体材料,g-C_3N_4因具有稳定的物理化学性质及合适的能带结构而引起人们的关注.理论上g-C_3N_4完全满足水分解的电势条件.然而研究发现,g-C_3N_4材料本身的光催化性能并不好,这主要是由于半导体材料被光激发后生成的自由电子和空穴还没来得及到达材料表面参与反应,就在材料体相内发生复合,导致电子参与有效光催化制氢反应的几率大大降低.同时还发现,将少量的贵金属,如Pt,Au,Pd作助催化剂修饰在该半导体表面,其光催化性能明显提高.但由于这些贵金属储量非常稀少,价格昂贵,导致它们的使用受到一定限制.而Ag作为一种价格远低于Pt,Au,Pd的贵金属,也得到了广泛的研究.研究表明,金属Ag储存电子的能力很好,因此可以有效地将半导体上生成的光生电子快速转移到Ag上面去,从而达到电子空穴快速分离的目的.但是在光催化制氢过程中,Ag吸附H~+的能力较弱,致使电子与H~+反应的诱导力较弱,使得Ag释放电子的能力较差.因此可以通过提高Ag表面对H~+的吸附强度,以加速Ag的电子释放,通过表面修饰来提高Ag助剂的光催化活性.研究发现,Ag纳米粒子表面与含硫化合物之间存在很强的亲和力.硫氰根离子(SCN~–)具有很强的电负性,容易吸附溶液中H~+离子,并且也易吸附在Ag纳米粒子的表面.因此可以利用Ag与SCN~–的作用来增强Ag释放电子的能力.本文采用光还原法将Ag沉积在g-C_3N_4半导体材料表面,然后通过在制氢牺牲剂中加入KSCN溶液,利用SCN~-与Ag的亲和力来提高光生电子参与光催化反应的效率.结果表明,在SCN~-存在的情况下,g-C_3N_4/Ag的光催化制氢性能显著提高.当制氢溶液中SCN~–浓度为0.3 mmol L~(–1)时,材料的光催化制氢性能达最大,为3.89μmol h~(–1),比g-C_3N_4/Ag性能提高5.5倍.基于少量的SCN~–就能明显提高g-C_3N_4/Ag材料的光催化性能,我们提出了一个可能性的作用机理:金属银和SCN~-协同作用,即银纳米粒子作为光生电子的捕获和传输的一种有效的电子传递介质,而选择性吸附在银表面的SCN~-作为界面活性位点有效地吸附溶液中的质子以促进产氢反应,二者协同作用,加速了g-C_3N_4-Ag–SCN~-三物种界面之间电荷的传输、分离及界面催化反应速率,有效抑制了g-C_3N_4主体材料光生电子和空穴的复合,因而g-C_3N_4/Ag–SCN复合材料的光催化制氢性能提高.考虑到其成本低、效率高,SCN~–助催化剂有很大的潜力广泛应用于制备高性能的银修饰光催化材料.     

Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Organic Transformation

Photocatalytic organic transformation is an efficient, energysaving and environmentally friendly strategy for organic synthesis. The key to developing a green and economical route for photocatalytic organic synthesis lies in the construction of optimal photocatalysts. Covalent organic frameworks(COFs), a kind of porous crystalline materials with characteristics of high surface area, excellent porosity, and superior thermo-chemical stability, have driven people to explore their potential as photocatalysts in photocatalytic organic transformations by virtue of their structural versatility and designability. Furthermore, the insolubility of COFs makes it possible to recycle the catalysts by simple technical means. In recent years, researchers have made great efforts to develop both the design strategies of COFs as heterogeneous photocatalysts and the reaction types of photocatalytic organic transformations. In this review, we focus on the design of COF-based photocatalytic materials and analyze the influence factors of photocatalytic performance. Moreover, we summarize the application of COFbased photocatalysts in photocatalytic organic conversion. Finally, the perspectives on new opportunities and challenges in the field are discussed.     

Bi2WO6基光催化剂在环境和能源领域的最新研究进展

随着全球经济的快速发展与人口的日益膨胀,随之而来的能源消耗与环境污染也日益成为一个严峻的挑战.半导体光催化技术能够将低密度的太阳能转化为高密度的化学能,此外它能够通过产生活性自由基来降解空气或水中的污染物,因此在解决上述问题中具有巨大潜力,被认为是有着广阔前景的绿色无污染的能源转化和环境修复手段.在过去几十年的研究中,一些光催化剂表现出了较好的光催化活性,如TiO2和ZnO等.然而,由于它们的宽带隙,仅仅在紫外光下具有活性,这极大地限制了其对太阳光的利用.为了尽可能地利用太阳能,研究者们开发了许多具有可见光活性的光催化剂.钨酸铋(Bi2WO6)作为一种典型的Aurivillius层状钙钛矿材料,因具有独特的层状结构、良好的可见光催化活性、高的热稳定性和光化学稳定性及环境友好性等特点而备受关注.然而,有限的光吸收和光生载流子的快速复合阻碍了Bi2WO6光催化性能的进一步提高.因此,研究者们进行了大量的研究,致力于进一步增强Bi2WO6光催化剂的活性.本文对Bi2WO6基光催化剂的最新研究进展进行了系统综述.首先介绍了Bi2WO6的晶体结构、光学性质和光催化基本原理.然后,基于Bi2WO6的改性策略,包括形貌控制、原子调控和复合材料制备,重点讨论了Bi2WO6在水分解、污染物处理、空气净化、杀菌消毒、二氧化碳还原、选择性有机合成等领域的光催化应用.最后,对Bi2WO6基光催化剂当前面临的挑战和未来的发展作了展望和总结,提出了Bi2WO6光催化剂未来的一些研究方向,包括(1)大规模、精确可控地合成Bi2WO6,特别是高活性晶面、多孔结构和量子点的设计;(2)精确调控原子位置,利用先进的技术手段进一步揭示活性位点上的光催化过程;(3)发展原位表征技术来观察复合光催化剂的界面电荷动力学以及开发新型Bi2WO6基复合体系.(4)通过机械应力、温度梯度以及电场等外场的耦合提高Bi2WO6的光催化性能;(5)进一步深入研究Bi2WO6在不同领域的光催化应用,特别是在肿瘤治疗和太阳能燃料制备方面,一些新的应用如固氮等也值得探索.期望本综述能够为Bi2WO6和其他高效光催化材料的设计提供一些指导和帮助.     

表面组装钴物种同时促进Cd0.9Zn0.1S光催化剂的界面电荷分离和表面反应

利用人工光合成将太阳能转化为化学燃料是太阳能利用的重要途径,具有广阔的应用前景,其中,太阳能光催化分解水制氢是最为关键的反应之一.但是,大多数半导体光催化材料面临着光生电荷分离困难和表面催化反应速率慢等挑战.本文以具有可见光响应的半导体光催化剂Cd_0.9Zn_0.1S(CZS)纳米棒为研究模型,利用水热法成功在其表面上均匀地组装氧化钴物种(CoO_x),构建了多级异质结构CZS@CoO_x.扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜显示,表面组装的CoO_x物种均匀地覆盖在CZS纳米棒的整个表面上,形成了有序的CZS@CoO_x核壳多级异质结构.高分辨率透射电子显微镜进一步确认了氧化钴晶格间距与六方CZS的(002)晶面高度匹配,利于光生电荷在界面的分离和转移.稳态荧光光谱测试表明,与物理混合的样本相比,CZS@CoO_x多级异质结构表现出明显降低的荧光强度,说明多级异质结构能有效促进光生电子-空穴对的分离.时间分辨荧光光谱结果显示,CZS@CoO_x多级异质结构的平均光生电荷寿命明显增长,进一步确认了多级异质结构对光生电荷分离的作用.此外,电化学开路电位测量显示,增强的开路电压响应归因于多级异质结构CZS@CoO_x中致密的界面接触.电化学阻抗谱进一步确认,与没有形成致密界面结构的CZS-CoO_x和CZS/CoO_x相比,多级异质结构CZS@CoO_x的电荷转移电阻大幅度降低,从而确保了更快的界面电荷分离和转移.最后对CZS@CoO_x多级异质结构的光催化产氢活性进行了评价,发现其光催化产氢的性能远高于贵金属Pt/CZS光催化剂;进一步测量了CZS@CoO_x的表观量子效率,在420 nm处光催化产氢的表观量子效率为20%.此外,在多级异质结构CZS@CoO_x上进一步引入Pt助催化剂,可将表观量子效率进一步提升至37%.本文报道的这一简易可行的表面组装构建多级异质结构的策略有望在太阳能光催化领域发挥重要作用.     

Photocatalysis in Supramolecular Fluorescent Metallacycles and Metallacages

The utilization of photocatalytic techniques for achieving light-to-fuel conversion is a promising way to ease the shortage of energy and degradation of the ecological environment. Fluorescent metallacycles and metallacages have drawn considerable attention and have been used in widespread fields due to easy preparation and their abundant functionality including photocatalysis. This review covers recent advances in photocatalysis in discrete supramolecular fluorescent metallacycles and metallacages. The developments in the utilization of the metallacycles skeletons and the effect of fluorescence-resonance energy transfer for photocatalysis are discussed. Furthermore, the use of the ligands decorated by organic chromophores or redox metal sites in metallacages as photocatalysts and their ability to encapsulate appropriate catalytic cofactors for photocatalysis are summarized. For the sake of brevity, macrocycles and cages with inorganic coordination complexes such as ruthenium complexes and iridium complexes are not included in this minireview.     

含铁的柱撑膨润土光催化降解甲基橙

将两种含铁柱撑膨润土(Fe-Al-Bent和Fe-Bent)用作复相光催化剂, 表征结果证实它们具有很高的比表面积, 铁以高催化活性的α-Fe₂O₃存在于复相催化剂中. 以甲基橙为目标降解物, 考察了不同类型的催化剂、催化剂用量以及H₂O₂浓度对其降解的影响, 并与相应的均相Fenton反应进行了比较. 结果表明: 两种复相光催化剂的催化脱色性能和COD_Cr去除率都很高, 明显优于相应的均相Fenton反应, 且复合铁铝柱撑膨润土(Fe-Al-Bent)比单一的铁柱撑膨润土(Fe-Bent)催化性能更好, 此外它们还具有分离简单、重复使用性好等特点.     

Structural Design Principle of Small‐Molecule Organic Semiconductors for Metal‐Free,Visible‐Light‐Promoted Photocatalysis

Herein, we report on the structural design principle of small‐molecule organic semiconductors as metal‐free, pure organic and visible light‐active photocatalysts. Two series of electron‐donor and acceptor‐type organic semiconductor molecules were synthesized to meet crucial requirements, such as 1) absorption range in the visible region, 2) sufficient photoredox potential, and 3) long lifetime of photogenerated excitons. The photocatalytic activity was demonstrated in the intermolecular C?H functionalization of electron‐rich heteroaromates with malonate derivatives. A mechanistic study of the light‐induced electron transport between the organic photocatalyst, substrate, and the sacrificial agent are described. With their tunable absorption range and defined energy‐band structure, the small‐molecule organic semiconductors could offer a new class of metal‐free and visible light‐active photocatalysts for chemical reactions.     

石墨烯量子点修饰的BiOI/PAN柔性纤维的制备及其增强的光催化活性

In environment remediation, photocatalytic oxidation is a promising technique for removing organic pollutants. Compared to adsorption, biodegradation, and chemical oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation can eliminate organic pollutants completely, conveniently, and cheaply in an environmentally friendly manner. Visible-light-driven photocatalytic oxidation is particularly advisable because of the high proportion of visible light energy in solar energy. Bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) is a promising visible-light-driven photocatalyst for the oxidization of pollutants, not only because of its narrow band gap, but also for its relatively low valence band (VB), which is adequate for photogenerated holes to oxidize a variety of organic compounds. However, the shortcomings of BiOI powder, such the difficulty of recycling it, its low surface area, and fast carrier recombination, limit its practical applications. Meanwhile, the flexibility and hierarchical structure of photocatalysts are particularly advisable because these properties are beneficial for the convenient operation, recycling, and performance improvement of these materials. Herein, based on an electro-spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber substrate, a hierarchical BiOI/PAN fiber was prepared through an in situ reaction. In the as-prepared BiOI/PAN fibers, BiOI flakes were aligned vertically and uniformly around the PAN fibers. BiOI nuclei generated from pre-introduced Bi(Ⅲ) in the PAN fiber act as seeds for the growth of BiOI nanoplates, which is crucial for the formation of a hierarchical structure. Such a hierarchical structure can improve both the light absorption and carrier generation of the BiOI/PAN fibers, as demonstrated by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra and photoluminescence emission. Therefore, the BiOI/PAN fibers exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than BiOI powder. When the BiOI/PAN fibers were decorated with pre-prepared graphene quantum dots (GQDs), a GQD-modified BiOI/PAN fibrous composite (GQD-BiOI/PAN) was fabricated. The morphology of the obtained GQD-BiOI/PAN fibers was nearly the same as that of the BiOI/PAN fibers. A step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunction was formed between the GQDs and BiOI, which was confirmed by the fabrication method, photoluminescence emission, reactive radical tests, and XPS analysis. This kind of S-scheme heterojunction can not only effectively suppress the recombination of photogenerated holes, but can also reserve the more reductive electrons on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of GQDs and the more oxidative holes on the VB of BiOI, for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol. Because of the fibrous hierarchical structure and S-scheme heterojunction, GQD-BiOI/PAN outperformed BiOI nanoparticles and BiOI/PAN nanofibers in the photocatalytic oxidation of phenol under visible light. In addition, because of tight bonding, GQD-BiOI/PAN can be tailored and operated by hand, which is convenient for recycling. During recycling, no obvious loss of sample or decrease in photocatalytic activity was observed. This work provides a new pathway for the fabrication of flexible photocatalysts and a new insight into the enhancement of photocatalysts.      

Prussian Blue Type Cocatalysts for Enhancing the Photocatalytic Water Oxidation Performance of BiVO4

The efficiency of photocatalytic overall water splitting reactions is usually limited by the high energy barrier and complex multiple electron-transfer processes of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Although bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) as the photocatalyst has been developed for enhancing the kinetics of the water oxidation reaction, it still suffers from challenges of fast recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and poor photocatalytic activity. Herein, six M^II-Co^III Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) (M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) cocatalysts are synthesized and deposited on the surface of BiVO₄ for boosting the surface catalytic efficiency and enhancing photogenerated carries separation efficiency of BiVO₄. Six M^II-Co^III PBAs@BiVO₄ photocatalysts all demonstrate increased photocatalytic water oxidation performance compared to that of BiVO₄ alone. Among them, the Co−Co PBA@BiVO₄ photocatalyst is employed as a representative research object and is thoroughly characterized by electrochemistry, electronic microscope as well as multiple spectroscopic analyses. Notably, BiVO₄ coupling with Co−Co PBA cocatalyst could capture more photons than that of pure BiVO₄, facilitating the transfer of photogenerated charge carriers between BiVO₄ and Co−Co PBA as well as the surface catalytic efficiency of BiVO₄. Overall, this work would promote the synthesis strategy development for exploring new types of composite photocatalysts for water oxidation.     

光电催化二氧化碳还原研究进展

CO_2是最常见的化合物,作为潜在的碳一资源,可用于制备多种高附加值的化学品,如一氧化碳、甲烷、甲醇、甲酸等。传统的热催化转化CO_2方法能耗高,反应条件苛刻。因此,如何在温和条件下高效地将CO_2转化成高附加值的化学品,一直以来是催化领域的研究热点和难点之一。光催化技术反应条件温和、绿色环保。然而,纯光催化反应普遍存在太阳能利用效率有限,光生载流子分离效率低等问题。针对上述问题,在光催化的基础上引入电催化,可以提高载流子的分离效率,在较低的过电位下,实现多电子、质子向CO_2转移,从而提高催化反应效率。总之,光电催化技术可以结合光催化和电催化的优势,提高CO_2催化还原反应效率,为清洁、绿色利用CO_2提供了一种新方法。本文依据光电催化CO_2还原反应基本过程,从光吸收、载流子分离和界面反应等三个角度综述了光电催化反应的基本强化策略,并对未来可能的研究方向进行了展望。     

Cr2O3-Rh/Ga2O3光催化分解水的时间分辨红外光谱研究

研究半导体光催化分解水反应中光生电荷动力学和助催化剂的作用对理解其反应机理至关重要.一般来说,助催化剂不仅可以促进半导体/助催化剂界面处的光生电荷高效分离,而且可以作为反应活性中心来直接催化表面氧化或还原反应.Cr₂O₃-Rh是一种重要的产氢助催化剂,通过担载Cr₂O₃-Rh助催化剂来提高光催化分解水的策略被应用到许多光催化分解水体系中.已有研究发现,Rh/Cr₂O₃核壳结构助催化剂的产氢活性位仍然在Rh纳米粒子表面,而Cr₂O₃壳层阻止O2到达Rh核从而抑制生成水的逆反应.此外,在(Rh_2-yCr_yO₃)/(Ga_1-xZn_x)(N_1-xO_x)光催化剂中,CrO_x促进了从半导体光催化剂到活性位RhOx的电子转移.然而,Cr₂O₃-Rh助催化剂的作用本质(包括Cr₂O₃所起的作用)仍然是一个悬而未决的问题,特别是Cr₂O₃-Rh助催化剂的担载对半导体催化剂中光生电荷动力学影响的研究还非常少.本文采用原位光沉积的方法制备了Ga₂O₃、Rh/Ga₂O₃、Cr₂O₃/Ga₂O₃和Cr₂O₃-Rh/Ga₂O₃等一系列光催化剂;采用紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、CO吸附红外光谱和高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)等表征手段研究了Cr₂O₃-Rh助催化剂的结构和形貌;采用时间分辨红外光谱(TR-MIR)研究了这些光催化剂在真空或者反应物(水汽或者氧气)存在条件下的光生电子的衰减动力学过程.UV-Vis DRS结果表明,Ga₂O₃的带隙基本上不受Rh或者Cr₂O₃-Rh助催化剂担载的影响.XPS结果表明,Cr₂O₃和Rh成功地担载在Ga₂O₃表面上.CO吸附红外和HRTEM结果表明,在Cr₂O₃-Rh助催化剂中Rh纳米粒子被Cr₂O₃部分覆盖.光生电子的衰减动力学研究结果显示,Ga₂O₃中光生电子很难直接参与质子还原反应,只有被Rh捕获后的电子才能高效地参与产氢反应;在水汽存在条件下Ga₂O₃、Rh/Ga₂O₃和Cr₂O₃-Rh/Ga₂O₃中光生电子的衰减速率随着它们光催化产氢活性的升高而增加;与Cr₂O₃/Ga₂O₃和Rh/Ga₂O₃相比,Cr₂O₃-Rh/Ga₂O₃中光生电子的初始吸光度和寿命均减小,说明Cr₂O₃对Rh/Ga₂O₃的结构修饰促进了电子从Ga₂O₃向Rh的转移过程,从而加速了质子还原反应.最后,基于这些结果提出了Cr₂O₃-Rh/Ga₂O₃光催化剂上的光催化分解水机理.本文的研究结果有利于更加深入地认识半导体光催化分解水反应机理,并为高效半导体光催化剂的合成提供一定的理论支持和指导.     

聚合物单原子光催化剂的载流子分离和表面反应机制

近10年来, 研究者制备了大量的单原子催化剂(SACs), 其在光、 电、 热等催化体系中展现出优异的催化性能及较高的实用性和经济性. 光催化过程的独特性使其在催化本质上明显不同于热催化和电催化过程, 即处于激发态的电子和空穴参与反应, 而非基态的价电子. 本文首先探讨了有机聚合半导体与传统无机金属化合物半导体的区别, 指出聚合物半导体介电常数通常较小且光生电子与空穴的中心距离过短(计算上通常 ^{<1 nm), 导致其界面处几乎不存在明显的能带弯曲. 将金属离子引入聚合物半导体的骨架中可以有效引入给体-受体对, 在提高载流子分离效率的同时延长其寿命. 在高效聚合物基单原子光催化剂的设计过程中, 引入单原子金属位点后的激发态电荷分布及捕获态电子对反应的驱动力是决定催化剂整体性能的关键因素. 时间-空间双因子布局分析法和瞬态吸收光谱可为研究者提供相关信息. 随着人工智能的进一步发展, 建立回归精度接近或达到密度泛函理论水准的能量函数, 从而反推激发态下体系的能量变化, 有望为光催化反应的激发特性与反应活性建立可靠的联系. 此外, 配体和溶剂化效应在今后的研究中也应被仔细考虑.}     

Visible-Light-Promoted Switchable Selective Oxidations of Styrene Over Covalent Triazine Frameworks in Water

Using photocatalytic oxidation to convert basic chemicals into high value compounds in environmentally benign reaction media is a current focus in catalytic research. The challenge lies in gaining controllability over product formation selectivity. We design covalent triazine frameworks as heterogeneous, metal-free, and recyclable photocatalysts for visible-light-driven switchable selective oxidation of styrene in pure water. Selectivity in product formation was achieved by activation or deactivation of the specific photogenerated oxygen species. Using the same photocatalyst, by deactivation of photogenerated H₂O₂, benzaldehyde was obtained with over 99 % conversion and over 99 % selectivity as a single product. The highly challenging and sensitive epoxidation of styrene was carried out by creating peroxymonocarbonate as an initial epoxidation agent in the presence of bicarbonate, which led to formation of styrene oxide with a selectivity up to 76 % with near quantitative conversion. This study demonstrates a preliminary yet interesting example for simple control over switchable product formation selectivity for challenging oxidation reactions of organic compounds in pure water.     

CdS基光催化材料的研究进展

CdS因其具有较窄的带隙宽度、合适的能带位置和宽范围的可见光吸收等特点被广泛应用于可见光催化领域,然而CdS材料应用于实际生产仍然十分困难,纯的CdS光生载流子复合快、活性位点少、光腐蚀严重等问题亟待解决。本文总结了近几年具有优异光催化性能的CdS基复合材料设计案例,阐述了催化剂改性的原理,主要以加速电荷转移、提升电荷分离效率、产生更多的光生载流子为改性策略,并结合实际研究着重分类讨论了设计不同种类的异质结（如p-n型异质结、肖特基结、Z型异质结）、构建同质结和缺陷工程等手段应用于CdS基光催化剂的改性。最后对未来CdS基光催化剂的研究方向和可能面临的挑战做出了展望,以期望CdS基光催化剂广泛应用于实际生产生活中。     

梯型In2O3/ZnIn2S4杂化体系的构建及其光催化固氮增效

工业化固氮合成氨主要采用Haber-Bosch法.然而,该工艺条件苛刻,需要氮气与氢气在高温高压和使用催化剂的条件下反应,耗费大量能源,同时产生温室气体.与Haber-Bosch法不同,光催化固氮不需要使用氢气,而是利用清洁的太阳能和水直接提供固氮反应所需的还原电子和质子,反应耗能低且绿色无污染,是一种理想的固氮方法.然而,目前光催化固氮合成氨受限于光催化剂载流子分离效率低、氮气吸附和活化难,总体固氮效率仍然很低.大量研究证明,构建梯型异质结是一种改善光催化活性的有效手段,这是因为梯型异质结体系不仅有效分离光生载流子,而且保留了光生空穴和电子的强氧化还原能力.另外,表面缺陷不仅可以充当吸附位点,有效调控表面N2分子的吸附特性,还可以起到活化N2分子的作用.本文设计了富含空位的In₂O₃/ZnIn₂S₄梯型异质结,系统考察了复合体系中组分配比对晶型结构、微结构和光学吸收等的影响,并通过XPS谱研究了In₂O₃和ZnIn₂S₄之间存在强的相互作用,这为光生载流子的高效分离奠定了基础.同时,结合XPS、Raman和EPR测试揭示了材料中表面空位的成功构筑.在此基础上,深入研究了In₂O₃/ZnIn₂S₄梯型异质结在室温常压下光催化固氮合成氨的活性.研究结果表明,所有的梯型异质结均展现出明显的光催化固氮活性,其中50 wt%In₂O₃/ZnIn₂S₄梯型体系具有最高的光催化固氮活性,自然光照射2 h产生的氨气浓度达到18.1±0.77 mg·L-1,分别是In₂O₃和ZnIn₂S₄的21.0和2.72倍.并且该复合体系具有较高的光催化稳定性,在连续循环使用6次时,产生氨气浓度仍然可达到16.3±0.86 mg·L^-1.荧光光谱测试、光电化学测试和表面光电压测试证明了电荷的有效分离和转移.综上,构建In₂O₃/ZnIn₂S₄梯型体系后,所制备的In₂O₃/ZnIn₂S₄活性得到增强,这主要归因于空位对氮气的吸附和活化作用以及梯型异质结中载流子的高效分离机制.另外,研究表明·CO₂-物种是光催化固氮合成氨的主要活性物种.