超声波法制备超细铜粉

在40k Hz超声波作用下,使用以Na BH4作为还原剂的化学还原法制备具有粒径约300 nm~500 nm、产率约为80~90%的超细铜粉,其具有反应温度低反应速率快的优点。最佳制备条件为Cu SO4溶液初始浓度为20 g/L、Na BH4的加入量为1.5 g/L、p H值为11.5、反应温度20~30℃;反应时间20~25 min。通过XPS、XRD、SEM对超细铜粉表面进行检测发现分析表明所制备的超细铜粉呈类球状,其表面有少量Cu2O和Cu(OH)2存在。     

磷钼钒杂多酸的制备及其催化合成2-乙基己酸

采用酸化法制备了磷钼钒杂多酸H4PMo11VO40.32H2O,并通过IR和XRD等手段进行结构表征;研究磷钼钒杂多酸作为催化剂,以氧气为氧化剂,由2-乙基己醛催化氧化制备2-乙基己酸反应过程,考察了反应温度、氧气浓度、酸浓度及溶剂等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,制备的磷钼钒杂多酸H4PMo11VO40.32H2O为Keggin型结构,能够有效地催化氧气氧化2-乙基己醛制备2-乙基己酸反应;在实验确定的适宜反应条件下,2-乙基己酸的产率达到90%以上。     

离子液体相转移催化环己醇氧化制备环己酮

以不同种类的离子液体作为相转移催化剂,用双氧水作为氧化剂,Na2WO4·2H2O为催化剂,在适当的反应条件下,能有效进行相转移催化环己醇氧化制备环己酮.实验结果表明,采用酸性离子液体[C16mim]HSO4和[C14mim]HSO4相转移催化合成环己酮,可提高环己酮的产率,具有反应条件温和、操作简便、需用时间短、相转移催化剂可以循环使用等优点.在反应温度为90℃,反应时间为50min条件下,环己醇的转化率高达100%,选择性99%以上.     

纳米KMn8O16粉体的室温固相合成与表征

室温或近室温固相反应要求绿色化、清洁化[1,2]。我们以KMnO4和MnCl2·4H2O为原料,用室温固相氧化还原反应制备氧化锰粉体时,得到了一种对H2O2分解具有较高催化活性的纳米KMn8O16粉体,用XRD、SEM、IR等技术对其进行了表征,发现研磨时间对粉体性能有显著影响。1　实验部分1 1　粉体的制备按摩尔比(2∶3)准确称取一定量的分析纯KMnO4和MnCl2·4H2O,分别置于玛瑙研钵中充分研细,再混合研磨,固相反应立即发生,体系颜色逐渐加深,并有刺激性气体产生,充分研磨后70℃恒温12h,固相产物依次经水洗至中性、醇洗、抽滤,真空干燥得黑色粉…     

Na_2WO_4催化H_2O_2氧化环己烯合成己二酸反应研究

以Na2WO4为催化剂,H2O2(30wt.%)为氧化剂,考察了环己烯合成己二酸过程中反应条件的影响。采用单因素实验确定最佳的反应条件:反应体系的物料比为Na2WO4·2H2O∶H3PO4∶H2O2∶C6H10=5∶20∶400∶100(mmol比),Na2WO4与H2O2加热回流温度为60℃,加热回流时间为30 min,反应温度为102℃,反应时间为2 h,此时己二酸的产率最高为63%。采用正交实验法确定影响己二酸产率的三个主要因素顺序为:反应温度Na2WO4与H2O2加热回流时间Na2WO4与H2O2加热回流温度。     

合成ε-己内酯实验的绿色化探索

将环己酮催化氧化合成ε-己内酯开设成一个绿色化探索的设计性实验。采用清洁的氧化剂H2O2,筛选高效的环保型催化剂,在不同条件下制备了一系列的复合金属氧化物MgO/SnO2为催化剂,比较了不同催化剂的催化性能,进行了微型实验和常量实验的比较,确定了以MgO/SnO2（物质的量比7：3）为催化剂的合成工艺条件,测定了目标产物的产率。实验从设计方案到实施过程都渗透了绿色化学的理念和思想,引导学生树立绿色化学观念、增强环境保护意识,有效地发挥了他们的主观能动性;使学生接触了学科前沿,受到了科学思维的训练和创造性思维的培养。     

环己酮合成实验的改进

对环己酮的合成实验进行了改进。以WO3为催化剂、H2O2为氧化剂、四丁基溴化铵（TBAB）为相转移催化剂,催化氧化环己醇制备环己酮。确定了催化剂、氧化剂和相转移催化剂的用量,并研究了反应温度和时间等条件对反应的影响。     

十聚钨酸盐催化环己醇制备环己酮工艺研究

合成新型N-甲基吗啉十聚钨酸盐[Mor1,2]4W10O32,对其进行提纯、表征和催化性能研究。催化体系是以[Mor1,2]4W10O32为催化剂,30%H2O2为氧化剂,催化氧化环己醇制备环己酮。考察催化剂用量、氧化剂用量、反应温度变化和反应时间变化对环己酮产率的影响,确定最佳反应条件为:反应温度80℃、环己醇用量5mmol、催化剂用量30μmol、氧化剂H2O2用量12.5 mmol,反应时间6小时,此时环己酮产率可达到96%。     

2,6-二甲酰基对甲苯酚的固相合成

以活性纳米γ-MnO2为氧化剂,在无溶剂状态下用2,6-二甲羟基对甲苯酚为原料合成了2,6-二甲酰基对甲苯酚,其结构经^1H NMR,IR和元素分析确证。较适宜的反应条件为：2,6-二甲羟基对甲苯酚0．85g(5mmol),n(2,6-二甲羟基对甲苯酚)：n(活性γ-MnO2)=1：2,间歇性研磨提供充分的自扩散时间(1h～2h),总研磨时间为5h～6h,收率26％。该法与液相合成法相比,反应时间缩短到1／8,产率提高了6％。     

苯甲酸乙酯合成实验的改进

引入微波技术,对以硫酸为催化剂,水浴回流分水制备苯甲酸乙酯的传统方法进行合理改进,重点考察微波功率、反应温度、反应时间对产率的影响。采用正交设计安排实验,实验结果经过优化组合,得出最佳反应条件为：辐射时间15 min,微波功率600 W,反应温度95 ℃。利用微波辐射加热方式替代普通的沸水浴合成苯甲酸乙酯,达到缩短反应时间,提高反应效率的目的,产物用减压蒸馏分离纯化,整个实验教学具有绿色化、现代化和综合化的特点,有利于提高学生实验兴趣,同时保证了在有限的实验时间内有充足的知识点和充分的技能训练。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。