溶胶-凝胶法制备二氧化钛溶胶

以钛酸丁脂为前驱体,乙醇为溶剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了二氧化钛(TiO2)溶胶.最佳制备条件为:钛酸丁脂29 mmol,n(水):n(钛酸丁脂)=5:1,n(乙醇):n(钛酸丁脂)=15:1,pH 3～4,聚乙烯醇2 mL,于室温剧烈搅拌下缓慢加料制得透明度较好,可长时间放置,粘度适于涂膜的TiO2溶胶.     

丙烯酸酯共聚物无皂水溶胶稳定性的研究

用溶液聚合法合成了四种AA含量不同的丙烯酸酯共聚物(MMA/BA/HEMA/AA)，通过中和AA使共聚物带有—COO~-能起自乳化作用分散于水中而成为无皂水溶胶．TEM观察表明水溶胶粒子呈球状，单分散性好，粒径随AA含量增加而变小，在30～90 nm范围．用电导滴定法测定水溶胶粒子中—COOH和—COO~-的分布，表明绝大部分—COO~-处于粒子表面，并且随AA含量增加，粒子表面的—COO~-增多，Zeta电位增大，这是导致水溶胶的抗电解质稳定性(以C.C.C.值反映)和贮存稳定性(以表现粘度反映)随AA含量增加而提高的主要原因。     

SiO2溶胶稳定性的研究

The theory of the stability of SiO_2 colloid in different electrolyte (NaCl) concen-tration was studied. It was found that the stability of SiO_2 colloidal dispersion was lower with the increase of eletrolyte (NaCl) concentration and the logw-logc relation was straight line. The potential curves in the system were constructed. The stability of SiO_2 colloidal dispersion correspond with the DLVO theory.     

针状TiO2锐钛矿晶粒溶胶的制备、结构及形成机理研究

The PTA sol was prepared using titanyl sulfate(TiOSO₄), peroxide (H₂O₂) and ammonia (NH₃·H₂O) as raw materials. The semitransparent, light yellow AS(autoclaved sol) with ultra-fine needle-like anatase crystals was synthesized by autoclaving the PTA sol at 80～100 ℃ for different times. The anatase crystals were needle-like and 80 nm in length, 20～30 nm in diameter. The FTIR, XRD, SEM were used to analyse the chemical structure, properties of the AS and influencing factors during the sol preparation. The mechanism model of the AS formation was established based on the inorganic and crystal structural chemistry. The PTA molecules were decomposed to form Ti⁴⁺ under hydrothermal conditions and the Ti⁴⁺ were hydrated with water to get [Ti(OH)₄(OH₂)₂]⁰, a growing units of the anatase crystals. The appearance of the needle-like anatase crystals and the anatase precipitate are also explained in this paper.     

复合溶胶-凝胶法改善PBO纤维的光稳定性

分别以钛酸正丁酯(C_(16)H_(36)O_4Ti)、醋酸(CH_3COOH)、盐酸(HCl)、丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH560)、苯基三甲氧基硅烷(Ph-TMS)、甲醇(CH_3OH)和去离子水为原料,氨水(NH_3·H_2O)为催化剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法和复合溶胶-凝胶法分别涂覆制备防老化聚亚苯基苯并二噁唑(PBO)纤维。通过粒度分析验证了纳米溶胶的成功制备,通过EDS能谱、SEM扫描电镜、接触角测定等手段分析测试PBO纤维表面的化学组成与物理性能,验证防老化PBO纤维的制备。以拉伸强度测试、SEM扫描电镜和表面接触角表征PBO纤维的防老化性能。结果表明:在氙灯耐气候试验箱经历130 h的老化后,与未经过涂覆的PBO原纤相比,采用纳米TiO_2水溶胶-凝胶法涂覆的PBO纤维拉伸强度保持率只提高了5%,利用纳米有机硅溶胶-凝胶法涂覆的PBO纤维拉伸强度保持率可提高10%,而经过纳米TiO_2和有机硅复合溶胶-凝胶法涂覆的PBO纤维,拉伸强度保持率提高了27%,且老化后的纤维表面保持得非常完整。     

铜溶胶的制备

本文探讨了铜溶胶的制备条件如保护剂、还原剂、铜盐的种类及用量、反庆温度对铅溶胶稳定性的影响。实验结果表明，在适当的条件下，在空气中可以制得稳定存在的铜溶胶，其在条件下可保存１８个月不被氧化，溶胶中铜粒子的平均粒径在４３－１７４ｎｍ的范围。     

PMMA/TiO_2-SnO_2有机无机杂化材料的制备及表征

以乙酰丙酮为偶联剂,应用溶胶-凝胶法制备了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)/TiO2-SnO2有机无机杂化材料。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外光谱(UV)对PMMA/TiO2-SnO2进行表征,并测定其TG性质。结果表明:在聚合反应过程中,有机聚合物和无机组分之间通过共价键相连,并且该杂化材料具有良好的抗紫外光辐射性能和热稳定性能。     

“丁达尔现象”系列创新实验

“丁达尔现象”的系列创新性实验设计,材料易得、现象明显、操作简单快速,适用于教师课堂演示也可开发为学生趣味实验.     

关于Aa-Bb型缩聚物网络结构的研究——溶胶凝胶分配理论

溶胶凝胶分配理论是在分子水平上表征交联网络结构的有效工具。由Flory等建立和发展起来的这一理论,由于引用了溶胶相无分子内环化反应的假定,特别是在理论推导中将分子内交联反应与分子间的链增长反应对两相分配的贡献未能加以区别,致使理论与实验不符。本文充分考虑了经典理论的这些缺欠,建立了更为符合客观实际的理论模型。同时,用十分简便的方法推导了反应溶胶分数,溶胶反应程度,分子内和分子间总反应程度等量宏观联系的参数方程组。以聚酯为模型化合物的实验研究与本文所得理论结果基本相符。     

Synthesis and crystal structure of a novel mixed valence tri-iron complex salt: [hexakis(thiazole)iron(II)][μ-oxo- bis(trichloroiron(III))]

The title compound, [Fe(tz)₆][Fe₂OCl₆] (1) (tz = thiazole) has been synthesized under argon by the reaction of anhydrous FeCl₃ with thiazole in ethanol. 1 crystallises in the cubic space group (no. 205) with a = 15.001(5) Å, V = 3375(2) ų, Z = 4, R = 0.061 and R_w = 0.073. 1 consists of a face-centered cubic array of [Fe(tz)₆]² cations, with the oxo-bridged [Fe₂OCl₆]²⁻ anion occupying the cell and edge centres.     

硝酸异丙酯与Cl原子、 OH和NO3自由基反应的机理及动力学

采用CCSD(T)//M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p)方法, 结合传统过渡态理论, 研究了硝酸异丙酯与Cl原子、 OH及NO₃自由基的反应机理和动力学. 两个反应物单体首先形成氢键复合物, 随后X(X=Cl原子、 OH和NO₃自由基)提取硝酸异丙酯中叔碳的α-H原子或甲基的β-H原子, 室温下, 以X提取α-H原子为主. 反应的主要历程为 Cl原子(OH或NO₃自由基)提取(CH₃)₂CHONO₂的α-H原子, 生成HCl(H₂O或HNO₃)分子和(CH₃)₂CONO₂自由基, 后者分解为丙酮和NO₂. 结果表明, 在200~500 K温度范围内, 随着温度的升高, 丙酮和NO₂的产率降低; 在室温下, 硝酸异丙酯与Cl原子、 OH和NO₃自由基反应的速率常数分别为3.933×10^-11, 1.182×10^-13和7.134×10^-19 cm³·molecule^-1·s^-1. 计算所得硝酸异丙酯与OH自由基反应的动力学数据与实验结论一致.     

沉淀法制备Bi2O3的晶相转变过程及其光催化性能

以硝酸铋为原料,氨水为沉淀剂,通过液相沉淀法制得前驱体Bi(OH)₃,并将Bi(OH)₃分别在不同温度和时间下焙烧。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱、热重(TG)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)详细研究了Bi(OH)₃转变为Bi₂O₃的过程及相变过程中粒子形貌、大小、光吸收性质等。结果表明,前驱体Bi(OH)₃经过焙烧之后,发生了如下的转变过程:Bi(OH)₃→Bi₅O₇NO₃→β-Bi₂O₃/Bi₅O₇NO₃→β-Bi₂O₃/Bi₅O₇NO₃/α-Bi₂O₃→α-Bi₂O₃,而且转变过程伴随着粒子长大。在上述转变过程中,与Bi₅O₇NO₃向β-Bi₂O₃转变的过程相比,从β-Bi₂O₃到α-Bi₂O₃相变过程更为迅速。此外,以光催化降解罗丹明B(RhB)为模型反应,考察了不同晶相的Bi₂O₃光催化活性,结果表明Bi₅O₇NO₃和β-Bi₂O₃材料具有优异的光催化性能,而α-Bi₂O₃具有较低的光催化活性。     

八电子Pd4四面体团簇的电子结构稳定性分析

基于理论计算,我们报道了T_d对称性的[Pd₄(μ₃-SbH₃)₄(SbH₃)₄]团簇及一系列类似物的结构与成键。成键分析表明：每个Pd原子都是sp³杂化,其10个价电子与四个配体提供的8个价电子,满足18电子规则。并且,每个Pd原子与四个桥连的SbH₃配体可以形成四个离域的四中心两电子超级σ键或八中心两电子键。一方面,根据超原子网络模型,这个钯团簇可以描述成四个2电子的超原子网络。另一方面,凝胶模型表明,它可以合理化的作为电子组态是1S²1P⁶的8电子超原子。与此同时,d¹⁰…d¹⁰闭壳层相互作用在稳定Pd₄四面体结构中起到了关键性的作用。密度泛函理论计算表明：T_d对称性[Pd₄(μ₃-SbH₃)₄(SbH₃)₄]团簇表现出高度稳定性,具有充满的电子壳层,大的HOMO-LUMO带隙(2.84 eV)以及负的核独立化学位移(NICS)值。此外,基于[Pd₄(μ₃-SbH₃)₄(SbH₃)₄]结构与成键模式,我们设计了一系列稳定的类似物,其有可能被实验合成出来。     

Stabile Bis(η-alkin)MCl2-komplexe; Darstellung und reaktivität

The synthesis and reactivity of {(η⁵-C₅H₄SiMe₃)₂Ti(CCSiMe₃)₂} MCl₂ (M = Fe: 3a; M = Co: 3b; M = Ni: 3c) is described. The complexes 3 are accessible by the reaction of (η⁵-C₅H₄SiMe₃) ₂Ti(CSiMe₃)₂ (1) with equimolar amounts of MCl₂ (2) (M = Fe, Co, Ni). 3a reacts with the organic chelat ligands 2,2′-dipyridyl (dipy) (4a) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (4b) in THF at 25°C to afford in quantitative yields (η⁵-C₅H₄SiMe₃)₂Ti(CSiMe₃)₂ (1) and [Fe(dipy)₂]Cl₂ (5a) or [Fe(phen)₂]Cl₂ (5b). 1/n[Cu^IHal]_n (6) or 1/n[Ag^IHal]_n (7) (Hal = Cl, Br) react with {(η⁵ -C₅H₄SiMe₃)₂Ti(CCSiMe₃)₂}FeCl₂ (3a), by replacement of the FeCl₂ building block in 3a, to yield the compounds {(η⁵-C₅H₄SiMe₃)₂Ti(C CSiMe₃)₂}Cu^IHal (8) or {(η⁵-C₅H₄SiMe₃)₂Ti(CSiMe₃)₂}Ag^IHal (9) (Hal = Cl, Br), respectively. In 8 and 9 each of the two Me₃SiCC-units is η²-coordinated to monomeric Cu^I Hal or Ag^IHal moieties. Compounds 8 and 9 can also be synthesized by the reaction of (η⁵-C₅H₄SiMe₃)₂ Ti(CSiMe₃)₂ (1) with 1/n[Cu^IHal]_n (6) or 1/n [Ag^IHal]_n (7) in excellent yields. All new compounds have been characterized by analytical and spectroscopic data (IR, ¹H-NMR, MS). The magnetic moments of compounds 3 were measured.     

静电自组装方法合成的具有多孔三维网络结构的Fe_3O_4/石墨烯复合材料作为高性能锂离子电池负极材料(英文)

采用静电自组装方法,分两步合成Fe(OH)3/GO前驱体(GO:氧化石墨烯),再通过水热反应和600°C高纯氮气气氛下煅烧,获得了Fe3O4/石墨烯复合材料.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、拉曼(Raman)光谱等多种分析,发现该复合材料具有三维多孔石墨烯网络结构.把合成的这种Fe3O4/石墨烯复合材料作为锂离子电池负极材料,电化学测试结果表明其具有优良的电化学性能:首次放电容量为1390 mAh·g-1,50次循环后容量为819 mAh·g-1.通过对比实验表明,三维石墨烯网络结构的形成对复合材料的电化学循环稳定性起着关键作用.     

Sterically demanding cyclopentadienyl chemistry: synthesis of iron and zirconium complexes of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl

Reaction of phenyl magnesium bromide with the ,β-unsaturated ketone 3-methyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroind-8(9)-en-1-one, followed by an aqueous work-up, generates the pro-chiral tetra-substituted cyclopentadiene, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindene, Cp^‡H, a precursor to the η⁵-cyclopentadienyl ligand in (Cp^‡)₂Fe and [(Cp^‡)Fe(CO)]₂(μ-CO)₂. Both complexes were generated as mixtures of rac-(RR and SS)- and meso-(RS)-isomers, and in either case pure meso-isomer was isolated by crystallisation and characterised by single crystal X-ray structure, both molecules having crystallographic C_i symmetry. Reduction with Na/Hg cleaves meso-(RS)-[(Cp^‡)Fe(CO)]₂(μ-CO)₂ and the resulting mixture of (R)- and (S)-[(Cp^‡)Fe(CO)₂]⁻ anions reacts with MeI to give racemic (Cp^‡)Fe(CO)₂Me, which was characterised by the X-ray crystal structure. The Cp^‡ ligand is more electron donating than (η-C₅H₅) as revealed by the reduction potential of the (Cp^‡)₂Fe⁺/(Cp^‡)₂Fe couple, E°=−0.127 V (vs. Ag  AgCl). Reaction of LiCp^‡ with ZrCl₄ yields the zirconocene dichloride [Zr(Cp^‡)₂Cl₂] as mixture of rac- and meso-isomers, from which pure rac-isomer is obtained as a mixture of RR and SS crystals by recrystallisation. The reaction of rac-[Zr(Cp^‡)₂Cl₂] with LiMe gives rac-[Zr(Cp^‡)₂Me₂]. The structures of RR-[Zr(Cp^‡)₂Cl₂] and rac-[Zr(Cp^‡)₂Me₂] have been determined by X-ray diffraction. The structural studies reveal the influence of the bulky substituted cyclopentadienyl ligand on the metal---Cp^‡ distances and other metric parameters.     

α-Fe2O3/石墨烯水凝胶复合材料的自组装制备及电化学性能

采用水热法自组装合成超薄α-Fe₂O₃/还原氧化石墨烯水凝胶（3DGH）复合材料.复合材料的物性表征和电化学测试结果表明,α-Fe₂O₃/3DGH材料呈三维多孔结构,直径约100 nm的α-Fe₂O₃颗粒均匀生长在还原氧化石墨烯片层上;通过调节复合材料中Fe³⁺的负载量,可实现α-Fe₂O₃颗粒的可控生长,粒径为200~30 nm;作为超级电容器的电极材料,α-Fe₂O₃粒径为100 nm左右时,铁负载量为40%的α-Fe₂O₃/3DGH复合材料具有最大的比电容（750.8 F/g,1 A/g）和循环稳定性（在10 A/g电流密度下,充放电5000次后比电容保持率为81.9%）,高于纯α-Fe₂O₃材料的比电容（251.6 F/g,1 A/g）和循环稳定性（充放电5000次后比电容保持率为43.8%）.     

稀土-钛氧簇合物EuTi6，EuTi7和La2Ti14的可控合成

As opposed to nanoparticles, atomically precise metal clusters possess a well-defined surface and crystal structure, which aids in understanding the relationship between the structure and chemical reactivity at the atomic level. As an interesting subgroup of metal cluster compounds, heterometallic lanthanide-titanium oxo clusters (LnTOCs) have attracted extensive attention due to their interesting chemical properties. However, the controlled precise synthesis of LnTOCs remains a great challenge because of the intense hydrolysis of Ti⁴⁺ ions and the competitive coordination of Ln³⁺ ions. Owing to this synthetic difficulty, high-nuclearity LnTOCs are very rare, which obstructs further studies on their properties. Choosing the appropriate chelating ligands should be an effective strategy to synthesize LnTOCs because chelating ligands can reduce the degree of hydrolysis of Ti⁴⁺ ions. Herein, four new LnTOCs, formulated as [EuTi₆(μ₃-O)₃(OC₂H₅)₈(dtbsa)₆(Hdtbsa)]·(C₂H₅OH) (1), [EuTi₇(μ₃-O)₃(μ₂-OH)₂(OⁱPr)₉(dtbsa)₆(Hdtbsa)Cl]·(HOⁱPr)₃ (2), [EuTi₇(μ₃-O)₃(μ₂-OH)₂(OⁱPr)₈(dtbsa)₇(Hdtbsa)]·(HOⁱPr)₃ (3), and [LaTi₇(μ₃-O)₃(μ₂-OH)₂(OC₂H₅)₈(dtbsa)₇(Hdtbsa)]₂·(C₂H₅OH)₄ (4), were prepared by a solvothermal method via the reaction of 3, 5-di-tert-butylsalicylic acid (H₂dtbsa), rare-earth salts, and Ti(OⁱPr)₄. Single-crystal analysis showed that the heptanuclear compound 1 contains a EuTi₆ metal core featuring a trigonal prismatic structure, wherein Eu³⁺ is located at the center of the prism formed by six Ti⁴⁺ ions. The metal core structure of octanuclear compounds 2 and 3 can be viewed as the EuTi₆ unit in 1 connected to another Ti⁴⁺ on one side of the triangular prism. The metal framework of Ln₂Ti₁₄ in 4 can be regarded as a dimer of EuTi₇ in 2. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra revealed that the band gaps of 1, 2, and 3 (2.35, 2.07, and 2.16 eV, respectively) are significantly smaller than that of anatase (3.2 eV). The results of photoelectric tests indicated that the three clusters show an obvious photoelectric response, and the charge separation efficiency of 1 and 2 was better than that of 3. In order to explore the applications of these compounds to photocatalysis, H₂ production by light-driven water splitting under irradiation by a 300 W Xe lamp (300–800 nm) in an aqueous methanol solution (20 mL, 10%) was attempted. The H₂ production rates for 1, 2, and 3 were 112, 106, and 87 μmol∙h^-1∙g^-1, respectively, which were higher than that obtained with the commercial P25. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) spectra and thermogravimetry (TGA) profiles confirmed the optical and thermal stability of the three clusters. This work not only provides a chelating ligand strategy for the synthesis of LnTOCs but also reveals their light-driven photocatalytic activity stemming from the small band-gap.     

三元正极材料前驱体Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2的连续合成与条件探究

以硫酸锰、硫酸镍、硫酸钴为原材料、NaOH和氨水分别为沉淀剂和络合剂,采用共沉淀法制备三元正极材料前驱体Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3(OH)₂. 探究了搅拌速度对造核颗粒形貌和晶核流量、氨水流量、浆料返流、搅拌桨对晶体结构、前驱体形貌、粒度及其粒度分布的影响. 物理表征结果表明,搅拌速度300 r•min^-1时,生成的晶核聚集成球形或类球形,分散性好,颗粒粒径4~5 μm;在造核金属液流量0.4L•h^-1,生长金属液流量1.72 L•h^-1,搅拌桨为推进式时,产物为单一相的β-Ni(OH)₂层状结构,粒度D₅₀为6~7 μm,振实密度≥2.0 g•cm^-3,比表面积6~10 m²•g^-1;电化学测试结果表明,在3.0~4.25 V电压范围内,0.2 C时,其首次放电容量为149.7 mAh•g^-1,循环100次后,容量保持率为94.09 %;产物满足高端三元正极材料厂家需求. 多釜串联工艺简单有效,具有可行性,有望用于三元正极材料前驱体的规模生产.