NO2 在第二电子吸收带的光解

运用单光子激光诱导荧光方法,研究了NO2分子在第二吸收带的光解反应动力学.首次报道了NO2(B2B2态)光解初生态产物NO自由基的v″=1,2的转动分布.发现了NO自由基v″=1的明显双模式分布.进而提出了可能有两种竞争机理控制该反应.     

反相胶束对辣根过氧化物酶催化反应的影响

胶束体系是酶学研究比较理想的体系,因为它所具有的诸如热力学稳定、光学透明及能增溶亲水分子、亲油分子或两性分子等性质,使许多酶在胶束体系中的反应速率远远高于在水相中,即人们发现的所谓“超活性”［‘j．辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）是一种比较稳定的酶,且价廉易得,具备一般过氧化物酶的典型反应．在研究中人们发现,HRP在反相胶束体系中同样具有“超活性”,由于HRP能够催化大量底物进行反应,因此“超活性”对HRP的催化反应具有重要意义．已有研究者［’、’j对CTAB反相胶束体系中HRP的性质进行了探讨,但反相胶束对HRP的…     

席夫碱自组装单分子膜的电化学行为

利用自组装技术将席夫碱硫醇衍生物在金表面形成自组装单分子膜,并初步研究了此自组装单分子膜的电化学行为,发现该席夫碱分子在0.1 mol•L－1的KCl溶液中具有电化学不可逆氧化还原行为，且随着自组装时间的增加表观电极反应速率常数值显著减小,最后减小为0,并对此进行了解释.     

生物分子的单分子检测研究

本文评述了生物单分子检测的方法及其在生物大分子结构与功能之间的关系、酶的活性、反应动力学、分子构象、DNA和RNA的转录、蛋白质折叠等生物学重要问题研究上的应用。对生物单分子检测技术这一研究领域的发展趋势作了展望。     

含有两个香豆素的α,ω-双发色团长链化合物的光环合加成反应

本文研究了含有两个香豆素的α,ω双发色团长链化合物在溶液中的光环合加成反应, 结果表明: 标题化合物有着不同于单体香豆素的光化学行为, 即它能在低浓度及非极性溶剂内发生分子内的光二聚反应。此外, 通过高分辨核磁共振谱对产物立体化学的研究发现, 反应无论是在极性溶剂或非极性溶剂中进行或反应中是否加入了三重态敏化剂。所得产物均为顺式头-头分子内二聚结构。对反应机制进行了初步讨论。     

荧光光谱研究喹诺酮抗菌素与过氧化氢酶的相互作用

应用荧光光谱法研究了水溶液中喹诺酮抗菌素氧氟沙星、环丙沙星与过氧化氢酶分子间的结合反应。结果表明：药物对过氧化物酶的内源荧光有较强的猝灭作用,形成复合物所产生的静态猝灭是引起过氧化氢酶荧光猝灭的主要原因。进一步依据荧光猝灭结果确定了药物－酶复合物的形成常数和结合位点数。     

酸性有机磷类萃取剂单分子膜的气-液界面行为:亚相pH和铺展溶剂的影响

液-液两相萃取过程中,有机磷类萃取剂分子的界面行为决定了其以何种形式参与到界面萃取反应中.为了阐明萃取剂分子界面行为的变化特点,采用Langmuir单分子膜技术研究了单分子膜中P507分子在气-液界面的吸附和聚集行为随亚相pH、有机溶剂极性的变化.通过测定表面压-分子面积等温线,并采用界面红外反射吸收光谱（IRRAS）分析表征气-液界面P507分子间相互作用,结果发现,以正己烷作铺展溶剂时,随亚相pH的降低,P507单分子膜质子化程度提高,P507分子极性端水化能力削弱,分子间相互作用增强,单分子膜中形成含有分子间氢键的聚集体.但采用极性有机溶剂（二氯甲烷和氯仿）铺展P507单分子膜,膜内P507分子界面聚集状态发生变化.铺展溶剂极性增强,单分子膜内会含有更多极性端水化能力强的P507分子单体,并且亚相pH降低,单分子膜不会出现类似正己烷条件下的π-A曲线收缩和P-O-H基团峰位红移现象.这证实了有机铺展溶剂极性可以改变P507单分子膜中分子界面存在形式和聚集状态.本工作为深入理解溶剂萃取过程中水油两相界面处酸性有机磷类萃取剂分子的聚集行为变化及其对界面反应活性的影响机制奠定了基础.     

单分子的光学检测及应用

介绍了单分子光学检测技术的基本原理、方法及其在化学和生命科学中的应用,重点强调单分子动力学在酶反应和生物大分子构象变化研究中的独特作用,对今后的发展作了展望     

N-异丙基丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸十八酯共聚物水溶液胶束及相分离行为研究

合成了N异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)和丙烯酸十八酯(ODA)的共聚物.利用荧光探针和滴重法研究了NIPAMODA共聚物在水溶液中的胶束形成过程.同时还利用荧光探针法研究了共聚物水溶液在温度升高时出现的LCST(LowerCriticalSolutionTemperature)现象,表明该高分子在温度升高时存在着相分离现象.利用LB技术测量共聚物不溶单分子膜的PA曲线,发现随着温度升高共聚物的单分子膜越来越凝聚的反常现象,这从另一个侧面证实了共聚物NIPAMODA的相分离行为,并对此现象作了讨论.     

荧光光谱法研究喹诺酮抗菌素与过氧化氢酶的相互作用

应用荧光光谱法研究了水溶液中喹诺酮抗菌素氧氟沙星、环丙沙星与过氧化氢酶分子间的结合反应。结果表明：药物对过氧化氢酶的内源荧光有较强的猝灭作用,形成复合物所产生的静态猝灭是引起过氧化氢酶荧光猝灭的主要原因。进一步依据荧光猝灭结果确定了药物－酶复合物的形成常数和结合位点数。     

单分子水平的酶催化与基因表达研究

近半个多世纪以来生命科学取得了非凡的进展, 从DNA双螺旋结构的提出, 到第一个酶晶体结构的被解析, 都得益于像X射线衍射、核磁共振、质谱这样的物理化学工具的发展. 如今, 在深入细致地定量研究生物活体系统中我们正面临新的挑战, 例如:了解酶及其他大分子复合物在体内是如何实时工作的, 它们在分子数很少时是怎样工作的, 在活细胞中大分子复合物是如何协调工作的, 以及不同的基因在活细胞中分子数很少的情况下是如何实现表达和不表达的等等. 近十多年来, 单分子成像, 超高分辨率显微镜和单分子操纵技术在世界范围内被广泛地运用于生物医学研究, 对生物化学和分子生物学的发展产生着深远的影响, 因为运用这些单分子、超高分辨技术, 使很多如上述的令人感兴趣的生物学问题实现了单分子层面上的研究和理解. 本文拟就近年来相关的物理化学方法特别是单分子方法和技术在生物医学中的应用做一个简要介绍.     

Metallic-Nanostructure-Enhanced Fluorescence of Single Flavin Cofactor and Single Flavoenzyme Molecules

The enzyme cofactors are intrinsically fluorescent and participate directly in the single molecule enzymology studies. Due to photobleaching, one cannot follow kinetics continuously by cofactor fluorescence for more than several minutes typically. Modification of spectral properties of fluorophores, such as the amplification of emission intensity, can be achieved through coupling with surface plasmons in close proximity to metallic nanostructures. This process, referred to as metal-enhanced fluorescence, offers promise for a range of applications, including bioassays, sensor technology, microarrays, and single-molecule studies. Here, we demonstrated up to a 100-fold increase in the emission of the single cofactors and flavoenzymes near silver nanostructures. Amplified fluorescence of different types of flavins and flavoenzymes has been interpreted by using time-resolved single molecule fluorescence data. The results show considerable promise for the studies of enzyme kinetics using the intrinsic fluorescence from the cofactors.     

纳米复合材料固定化酶的研究进展

载体材料的选择对固定化酶的性能有着至关重要的影响。纳米复合材料不仅具有纳米尺寸的特性,而且可以克服单一材料的不足,在固定化酶领域引起了广泛关注。本文就目前在固定化酶领域使用的纳米复合载体分类进行了系统的阐述,重点介绍了目前在固定化酶研究领域运用较为广泛的硅基纳米复合材料、碳基纳米复合材料和纳米纤维复合材料等材料的制备方法及不同材料对酶学性能的影响,并对这些纳米复合材料固定化酶发展前景进行了展望。     

纳米复合材料固定化酶的研究进展

载体材料的选择对固定化酶的性能有着至关重要的影响。纳米复合材料不仅具有纳米尺寸的特性,而且可以克服单一材料的不足,在固定化酶领域引起了广泛关注。本文就目前在固定化酶领域使用的纳米复合载体分类进行了系统的阐述,重点介绍了目前在固定化酶研究领域运用较为广泛的硅基纳米复合材料、碳基纳米复合材料和纳米纤维复合材料等材料的制备方法及不同材料对酶学性能的影响,并对这些纳米复合材料固定化酶发展前景进行了展望。     

Visualization of large elongated DNA molecules

Long and linear DNA molecules are the mainstream single‐molecule analytes for a variety of biochemical analysis within microfluidic devices, including functionalized surfaces and nanostructures. However, for biochemical analysis, large DNA molecules have to be unraveled, elongated, and visualized to obtain biochemical and genomic information. To date, elongated DNA molecules have been exploited in the development of a number of genome analysis systems as well as for the study of polymer physics due to the advantage of direct visualization of single DNA molecule. Moreover, each single DNA molecule provides individual information, which makes it useful for stochastic event analysis. Therefore, numerous studies of enzymatic random motions have been performed on a large elongated DNA molecule. In this review, we introduce mechanisms to elongate DNA molecules using microfluidics and nanostructures in the beginning. Secondly, we discuss how elongated DNA molecules have been utilized to obtain biochemical and genomic information by direct visualization of DNA molecules. Finally, we reviewed the approaches used to study the interaction of proteins and large DNA molecules. Although DNA‐protein interactions have been investigated for many decades, it is noticeable that there have been significant achievements for the last five years. Therefore, we focus mainly on recent developments for monitoring enzymatic activity on large elongated DNA molecules.     

Enzyme engineering

Enzyme research and development efforts have been shaped by the tools and concepts available for enzyme production and utilization. A new phase of enzymology characterized by the production of modified protein catalysts has begun, made possible by recombinant DNA technology.     

Distinct and long-lived activity states of single enzyme molecules

Individual enzyme molecules have been observed to possess discrete and different turnover rates due to the presence of long-lived activity states. These stable activity states are thought to result from different molecular conformations or post-translational modifications. The distributions in kinetic activity observed in previous studies were obtained from small numbers of single enzyme molecules. Due to this limitation, it has not been possible to fully characterize the different kinetic and equilibrium binding parameters of single enzyme molecules. In this paper, we analyze hundreds of single beta-galactosidase molecules simultaneously; using a high-density array of 50,000 fL-reaction chambers, we confirm the presence of long-lived kinetic states within a population of enzyme molecules. Our analysis has isolated the source of kinetic variability to kcat. The results explain the kinetic variability within enzyme molecule populations and offer a deeper understanding of the unique properties of single enzyme molecules. Gaining a more fundamental understanding of how individual enzyme molecules work within a population should provide insight into how they affect downstream biochemical processes. If the results reported here can be generalized to other enzymes, then the stochastic nature of individual enzyme molecule kinetics should have a substantial impact on the overall metabolic activity within a cell.     

有机介质中酶催化的基本原理

酶在有机溶剂中催化作用的研究日益受到重视,其应用范围也越来越广.本文就有机介质中酶催化的基本原理进行了讨论,包括酶的结构和催化机理,以及溶剂和水对酶的结构和催化功能的影响.同时,本文归纳出提高酶活性的一系列方法,其中不少方法简便易行,能使酶活性提高10²-10⁵倍.     

Single-Molecule FRET Study of DNA G-Quadruplex

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Multi-state molecular switches based on dithienylperfluorocyclopentene and imidazo [4,5-f] [1,10] phenanthroline

Two novel diarylethene derivatives containing imidazo [4,5-f] [1,10] phenanthroline have been efficiently synthesized. These molecules are sensitive to both light and chemical stimuli. Under sequential alternating UV-vis light irradiation and alkali/acid treatment, distinct differences in NMR, UV-vis, and fluorescent spectra were observed. Taking advantage of the variations in visible absorption and fluorescence, a reversible four-state molecular switch with two optical outputs was realized by a single molecule.