燃煤在O_2/CO_2方式下NO_X生成特性的研究

O2 CO2 方式是一种能有效控制CO2 、SO2 与NOX 排放的新型高效清洁的煤燃烧技术 ,在自行设计的实验装置上研究了三种不同煤质特性的燃煤在这种方式下NOX 的生成与排放特征。主要研究结果表明当温度为 70 0℃及 90 0℃时 ,O2 CO2 方式下NOX 的排放量较空气气氛下大为降低。研究结果还表明O2 CO2 方式下温度、煤质特性、钙基吸收剂的加入对NOX 的生成特性有着重要影响     

H2O、CO2组分对NOx存储-还原性能的影响

NOx存储-还原技术是控制汽车稀燃NOx排放的重要手段之一,在汽车尾气中H2O、CO2组分含量均相对较高,有必要弄清这些组分对NOx存储-还原特性的影响。论文以MnOx改性Pt/Ba/Al2O3催化剂为研究对象,评价在不同气氛下的NOx存储能力和催化还原性能。结果表明：CO2、H2O组分均抑制催化剂的NOx存储性能,H2O的抑制作用主要表现在低温区,CO2抑制NOx存储的现象在高温区更为显著。CO2对NOx存储速率的抑制作用较H2O更为明显,且其NOx存储速率随着温度的升高表现的差异性更为明显。对于NOx催化还原过程,CO2、H2O或CO2 H2O添加均导致N2选择性降低,其N2选择性按CO2 > H2O > CO2 H2O的顺序降低。     

O2/CO2气氛下石灰石煅烧与硫化反应研究

富氧燃烧技术是一种能够综合控制燃煤污染物排放的新型洁净燃烧技术。本文对O2/CO2气氛下煤燃烧流化床条件下的石灰石煅烧分解特性进行了热力学分析，并与热重试验结果进行了对比，得出石灰石的起始分解温度随O2/CO2气氛中CO2分压比的增大而增加，但增幅减小。结合小型流化床试验装置上煅烧与硫化反应过程中的石灰石样品的孔结构特性和可视化SEM分析，得出空气气氛和O2/CO2＝20/80气氛在煅烧与硫化反应过程中的孔结构特性差异很大：反应温度为1 123 K时，空气气氛下石灰石迅速分解，比表面积、孔隙率增大，硫化反应发生后孔堵塞导致比表面积、孔隙率减小；1 123 K的煅烧温度还不足以使O2/CO2＝20/80气氛下的石灰石分解，硫化反应过程中还伴随着石灰石的煅烧分解。     

富氧条件下Ag/Al2O3和Cu/Al2O3组合催化剂催化C3H6选择性还原Nox的性能

 在全自动催化剂活性评价装置上,考察了富氧条件下Ag/Al2O3和Cu/Al2O3两种催化剂上催化丙烯还原NOx的活性. 在实验温度范围(200～650 ℃)内,Ag/Al2O3具有 优异的催化丙烯选择性还原NOx的活性,但同时有大量副产物CO形成. Cu/Al2O3选择性催化丙烯还原NOx的活性不高,却能有效促进CO的氧化. 在无水条件,Ag/Al2O3-Cu/Al2O3组合体系具有与Ag/Al2O3相似的脱除NOx活性,同时使CO在300 ℃以后几乎完全转化. 在10%水蒸气存在的情况下,Ag/Al2O3-Cu/Al2O3组合催化剂脱除NOx的活性下降,但水蒸气对CO转化率的影响不大.     

循环流化床燃煤过程NO、N2O和SO2的排放行为研究

在30kW循环流化床装置上进行了中国西部三种煤的燃烧实验，考查了燃烧温度、空气分级、空气过剩系数、固体颗粒循环料率和煤种等因素对NO、N2O、SO2污染物排放的影响。结果表明，强化空气分级可显著降低高挥发分煤种NO的生成量，但对N2O影响不大；增加空气过剩系数同时增加了NO与N2O的排放；增加固体循环料率显著降低NO生成量，但N2O排放略有增加；高阶煤燃烧生成较多N2O，低阶煤生成较多NO。燃烧温度1120K、过剩空气系数1.25下约85%燃料中N转化为N。实验范围内改变操作参数不影响SO2与CO排放量。     

增压O_2/CO_2气氛下煤燃烧特性实验研究

增压O2/CO2燃烧是一种可高效分离回收CO2的新兴燃烧技术,其燃烧机理与常压空气、常压O2/CO2燃烧存在较大差异。在加压热重分析仪上研究了增压条件下总压、氧浓度、气氛及粒径等反应参数对美国烟煤和淮北无烟煤燃烧特性的影响,确定了煤的着火温度,并对其进行燃烧动力学分析。结果表明,增压O2/CO2气氛下,随着压力或氧浓度的增加,DTG曲线向低温区移动,煤样整体燃烧速率加快。压力提升、氧浓度增加及煤粉细化均可改善O2/CO2气氛下煤样的着火特性。常压O2/CO2气氛下煤粉燃烧基本属于一级反应;增压O2/CO2气氛下,低温区属于0.5级反应,而高温区属于1.5级反应。     

制备条件对MoS2/Al2O3耐硫甲烷化催化剂性能的影响

本文研究了前驱体MoO_3的负载量、浸渍温度和焙烧温度等制备条件对Mo S2/Al_2O_3耐硫甲烷化催化剂性能的影响,并通过XRD和H2-TPR表征了催化剂的物相和还原性能。结果表明,随着负载量增加,MoO_3与Al_2O_3间的相互作用增强,Al2(Mo O4)3相增多,导致催化剂更难被还原硫化,MoO_3还原温度升高。浸渍温度对CO转化率和CH4选择性有一定的影响,浸渍温度为70℃时,MoO_3的生成增多,且还原温度最低,CO转化率较高,而CH4选择性和CO_2选择性变化不大。随着焙烧温度升高,CO转化率先升高后降低,对CH4和CO_2选择性影响不大,其中以450℃焙烧的CO转化率最高,600℃焙烧的CO转化率最低。当焙烧温度在400~450℃时,Al2(Mo O4)3和Mo4O11的特征峰基本上消失,能够完全生成MoO_3,且结晶度较好。因此,合适的焙烧温度为400~450℃。     

利用H2与金属氧化物的选择性反应从CO中除H2

研究了一些氧化物的H2－TPR及CO－TPR行为,结果发现,Co3O4／Al2O3,NiO／SiO2,NiO和Pd／NiO的H2－TPR温度要低于它们的CO－TPR温度,特别是Pd／NiO样品,它的H2－TPR温度为598K,而其CO－TPR温度高达949K,差别为351K,因此有可能利用Pd／NiO在一定温度下选择性地与CO中的H2反应而将其除去. 实验结果表明,Pd／NiO可在603K及4000h-1的条件下从H2（0.34％）,CO（50％）和N2（余）的混合气中选择性地除去90％以上的H2,吸氢容量为每克样品55mL标准态H2.     

Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂上CO氧化反应的研究

以浸渍法与沉积沉淀法制备了不同Co负载量的Co／γ-Al2O3催化剂，研究了对CO的催化氧化行为,考察了Co含量，焙烧温度，反应温度等对催化剂氧化性能的影响，结果表明，沉积沉淀法制备400℃焙烧的负载量为10％的Co／γ-Al2O3在90℃就能够实现CO完全氧化，且热稳定性比浸渍法制得催化剂好．本文还采用XRD、TPR、XPS等技术，分别研究了Co／γ-Al2O3样品的晶相结构，还原性能及表面化学状态.XRD结果表明，以硝酸盐为前驱物的Co负载于γ-Al2O3后，Co主要以Co3O4结构存在，反应的活性相Co3O4的生成有利于CO催化氧化，且以不同制备方法得到的样品中Co3O4晶粒大小不同，催化活性也不同．TPR结果表明，以沉积沉淀法制备催化剂的还原峰向低温移动，CoOx的还原更加容易．XPS表面分析表明沉淀法制备的Co／γ-Al2O3样品中，Co3O4在载体表面富集．     

微乳法制备Au/Al2 O3 催化剂及其催化氧化CO性能的研究

用Tx-100／正己醇／环己烷／水的W／O微乳体系,合成了一系列Au／Al2O3催化剂。考察了焙烧温度、沉淀剂种类、搅拌方式等对Au／Al2O3,催化氧化CO活性的影响。结果表明：以氨水为沉淀剂,机械搅拌,600℃焙烧制得的Au／Al2O3,显示出较好的CO氧化性能。当反应温度为100℃时,CO转化率达85．0％,240℃时转化率达96．0％。XRD,DTA,TPR和TEM等表征表明：低温焙烧的催化剂,大部分载体Al2O3为无定型,对催化活性不利;焙烧温度过高,可能造成金微粒的团聚烧结,使其活性下降;由较强烈的搅拌方式制得的Au／Al2O3经适宜温度焙烧,可获得金粒尺寸较小、CO催化氧化活性较高的Au／γ-Al2O3催化剂。     

Intermolecular forces for D2, N2, O2, F2 and CO2

The intermolecular potentials for D₂, N₂, O₂, F₂ and CO₂ are determined on the basis of the second virial coeffincients, the polarizabilities parallel and perpendicular to the molecular axes, and the electric quadrupole moment. The repulsive parts of the potentials are taken from the corresponding Kihara core-potentials. Effects of the octopolar induction are taken into consideration in a unique way. The potential depends on relative orientations of the two molecules as well as the distance r between the molecular centers. This dependence is shown in graphs. A measure of the anisotropy of the potential depth is 0.72 for CO₂ 0.36 for D₂, and smaller than 0.27 for N₂ O₂ and F₂. The remarkable anisotropy for CO₂ and D₂ is due to strong electrostatic quadrupole interactions.     

Ba3 (VO4)2-K2 Ba(MoO4)2 and Pb3 (VO4)2-K2 Pb(MoO4)2 systems

Phase equilibria in the Ba₃(VO₄)₂-K₂Ba(MoO₄)₂ and Pb3(VO₄)₂-K₂Pb(MoO₄)₂ systems have been investigated. In the first system, a continuous series of substitutional solid solutions with the palmierite structure is formed, and in the second one, the polymorphic transition in lead orthovanadate at 100°C restricts the extent of the palmierite-type solid solution to 10–100 mol % K₂Pb(MoO₄)₂. Original Russian Text ? V.D. Zhuravlev, Yu.A. Velikodnyi, A.S. Vinogradova-Zhabrova, A.P. Tyutyunnik, V.G. Zubkov, 2008, published in Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii, 2008, Vol. 53, No. 10, pp. 1746–1748.     

配合物[Cu(H2O)(C12H8N2)2].2ClO4的合成、性质及晶体结构

合成了配合物[Cu(H2O)(C12H8N2)2]*2ClO4(C12H8N2为1,10-邻菲咯啉),用元素分析、摩尔电导、红外光谱及电子光谱进行了表征,并测定了配合物的晶体结构.该晶体属单斜晶系,空间群为CC;晶胞参数a=1.9177(2)nm,b=0.81994(0)nm,c=1.62458(14)nm,β=100.104(6)°;V=2.5419(4)nm3,Z=4,F(000)=1300,DC=1.693g/cm3,R=0.0430,wR=0.1195.中心铜(Ⅱ)离子与两个1,10-邻菲咯啉的四个N原子和一个水分子的氧原子配位,形成了一个变形的三角双锥结构.     

The preparation of NbH5(Me2PCH2CH2Me2)2 and NbHL2(Me2PCH2CH2PMe2)2 (L = CO or C2H4)

MMe₅(dmpe) (M = Nb or Ta, dmpe = Me₂PCH₂CH₂PMe₂) reacts with H₂ (500 atm) and dmpe in THF at 60°C to give MH₅(dmpe)_2? NbH₅(dmpe)₂ readily reacts with two mol of CO or ethylene (L) to give NbHL₂(dmpe)₂. The exchange of the hydride ligand with the ethylene protons in NbH(C₂H₄)₂(dmpe)₂ is not rapid on the ¹H NMR time scale (60 MHz) at 95°C.     

Phase transitions in Ca3(BN2)2 and Sr3(BN2)2

α-Ca₃(BN₂)₂ crystallizes in the cubic system (space group: ) with one type of calcium ions disordered over of equivalent (8c) positions. An ordered low-temperature phase (β-Ca₃(BN₂)₂) was prepared and found to crystallize in the orthorhombic system (space group: Cmca) with lattice parameters: , , and . Structure refinements on the basis of X-ray powder data have revealed that orthorhombic β-Ca₃(BN₂)₂ corresponds to an ordered super-structure of cubic α-Ca₃(BN₂)₂. The space group Cmca assigned for β-Ca₃(BN₂)₂ is derived from by a group-subgroup relationship.DSC measurements and temperature-dependent in situ X-ray powder diffraction studies showed reversible phase transitions between β- and α-Ca₃(BN₂)₂ with transition temperatures between 215 and 240 °C.The structure Sr₃(BN₂)₂ was reported isotypic with α-Ca₃(BN₂)₂ () with one type of strontium ions being disordered over of equivalent (2c) positions. In addition, a primitive () structure has been reported for Sr₃(BN₂)₂. Phase stability studies on Sr₃(BN₂)₂ revealed a phase transition between a primitive and a body-centred lattice around 820 °C. The experiments showed that both previously published structures are correct and can be assigned as α-Sr₃(BN₂)₂ (, high-temperature phase), and β-Sr₃(BN₂)₂ (, low-temperature phase).A comparison of Ca₃(BN₂)₂ and Sr₃(BN₂)₂ phases reveals that the different types of cation disordering present in both of the cubic α-phases () have a directing influence on the formation of two distinct (orthorhombic and cubic) low-temperature phases.     

Zur Trennung von H2, O2, N2, NO, CO, N2O, CO2, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, NO2(N2O4) und Feuchtigkeit

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Synthesis and structural investigation of the compounds containing HF2 anions: Ca(HF2)2, Ba4F4(HF2)(PF6)3 and Pb2F2(HF2)(PF6)

Three new compounds Ca(HF₂)₂, Ba₄F₄(HF₂)(PF₆)₃ and Pb₂F₂(HF₂)(PF₆) were obtained in the system metal(II) fluoride and anhydrous HF (aHF) acidified with excessive PF₅. The obtained polymeric solids are slightly soluble in aHF and they crystallize out of their aHF solutions. Ca(HF₂)₂ was prepared by simply dissolving CaF₂ in a neutral aHF. It represents the second known compound with homoleptic HF environment of the central atom besides Ba(H₃F₄)₂. The compounds Ba₄F₄(HF₂)(PF₆)₃ and Pb₂F₂(HF₂)(PF₆) represent two additional examples of the formation of a polymeric zigzag ladder or ribbon composed of metal cation and fluoride anion (MF⁺)_n besides PbF(AsF₆), the first isolated compound with such zigzag ladder. The obtained new compounds were characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction method and partly by Raman spectroscopy. Ba₄F₄(HF₂)(PF₆)₃ crystallizes in a triclinic space group P1¯ with a=4.5870(2) Å, b=8.8327(3) Å, c=11.2489(3) Å, α=67.758(9)°, β=84.722(12), γ=78.283(12)°, V=413.00(3) Å³ at 200 K, Z=1 and R=0.0588. Pb₂F₂(HF₂)(PF₆) at 200 K: space group P1¯, a=4.5722(19) Å, b=4.763(2) Å, c=8.818(4) Å, α=86.967(10)°, β=76.774(10)°, γ=83.230(12)°, V=185.55(14) ų, Z=1 and R=0.0937. Pb₂F₂(HF₂)(PF₆) at 293 K: space group P1¯, a=4.586(2) Å, b=4.781(3) Å, c=8.831(5) Å, α=87.106(13)°, β=76.830(13)°, γ=83.531(11)°, V=187.27(18) Å³, Z=1 and R=0.072. Ca(HF₂)₂ crystallizes in an orthorhombic Fddd space group with a=5.5709(6) Å, b=10.1111(9) Å, c=10.5945(10) Å, V=596.77(10) Å³ at 200 K, Z=8 and R=0.028.     

Vapour-liquid equilibrium data for the systems C2H6 + N2, C2H4 + N2, C3H8 + N2, and C3H6 + N2

High pressure vapour-liquid equilibrium data for the C₂H₆ + N₂, C₂H₄ + N₂, C₃H₈ + N₂, and C₃H₆ + N₂ systems are presented. The data are obtained isothermally in the range from 200 K to 290 K. For each point of data, temperature, pressure and liquid and vapour phase mole fractions are measured.Values for the vapour phase mole fractions are calculated from the obtained pressure, temperature and liquid phase mole fractions. The calculated values are compared with the experimental results, and it is found that the average mean deviation between calculated and experimental mole fractions is less than 0.009 for the systems considered in this work.     

Conversion of NO in NO/N2, NO/O2/N2, NO/C2H4/N2 and NO/C2H4/O2/N2 Systems by Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasmas

An experimental study on the conversion of NO in the NO/N₂, NO/O₂/N₂, NO/C₂H₄/N₂ and NO/C₂H₄/O₂/N₂ systems has been carried out using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasmas at atmospheric pressure. In the NO/N₂ system, NO decomposition to N₂ and O₂ is the dominating reaction; NO conversion to NO₂ is less significant. O₂ produced from NO decomposition was detected by an on-line mass spectrometer. With the increase of NO initial concentration, the concentration of O₂ produced decreases at 298 K, but slightly increases at 523 K. In the NO/O₂/N₂ system, NO is mainly oxidized to NO₂, but NO conversion becomes very low at 523 K and over 1.6% of O₂. In the NO/C₂H₄/N₂ system, NO is reduced to N₂ with about the same NO conversion as that in the NO/N₂ system but without NO₂ formation. In the NO/C₂H₄/O₂/N₂ system, the oxidation of NO to NO₂ is dramatically promoted. At 523 K, with the increase of the energy density, NO conversion increases rapidly first, and then almost stabilizes at 93–91% of NO conversion with 61–55% of NO₂ selectivity in the energy density range of 317–550 J L⁻¹. It finally decreases gradually at high energy density. A negligible amount of N₂O is formed in the above four systems. Of the four systems studied, NO conversion and NO₂ selectivity of the NO/C₂H₄/O₂/N₂ system are the highest, and NO/O₂/C₂H₄/N₂ system has the lowest electrical energy consumption per NO molecule converted.     

Formation of [Cp2TiSbMe2]2, [Cp2TiSb(SiMe3)2]2 and [Cp2TiCl]2·2Mes4Sb2

Reactions of [Cp₂Ti(btmsa)] (btmsa = bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene) with R₄Sb₂ (R = Me, Me₃Si) give [Cp₂TiSbMe₂]₂ (1) or [Cp₂TiSb(SiMe₃)₂]₂ (2) respectively. [Cp₂TiCl]₂·2Mes₄Sb₂ (3) is serendipitously formed from [Cp₂Ti(btmsa)] and Mes₂SbH containing NH₄Cl traces.