镍基金属有机框架衍生的双功能电催化剂用于析氢和析氧反应（英文）

开发高活性、低成本的析氢反应和析氧反应电催化剂对于能源的可持续发展至关重要。金属有机框架衍生的纳米材料已经成为一类非常有前景的非贵金属双功能电催化剂,但是目前对镍基金属有机框架衍生的双功能电催化剂的深入研究并不全面,其催化活性和稳定性还有待进一步提高。本文制备了一种棒状多孔碳负载镍纳米颗粒的新型电催化剂,并将其用作电催化析氢和析氧反应。实验研究结果表明该类电催化剂表现出优异的析氢和析氧反应活性和长期稳定性,在10 mA·cm~(-2)的电流密度下,析氢反应和析氧反应的过电位分别为120和350 mV。我们认为:材料可控的纳米结构和均匀分布的活性位点共同提升了复合材料的电催化性能。     

镍铜合金立方体纳米晶的脉冲电沉积及电催化析氢性能

以泡沫镍(NF)为基体, 采用常规脉冲伏安法合成了独立分相的金属Ni, Cu为主晶相、 平均粒径为70 nm的规则立方体结构镍铜合金电催化剂(NiCu/NF). 在电催化析氢反应中, NiCu/NF表现出优良的催化活性和优异的催化稳定性, 在电流密度为10 mA/cm ²时, 在1.0 mol/L KOH溶液中需要的析氢过电位仅为86 mV, 催化24 h的电位波动仅为12 mV. 二级复合纳米立方体结构使NiCu/NF展现出15.5倍于空白NF的电化学活性面积(ECSA), 为电催化反应提供了大量催化活性位点, 也为电极表面的电荷传输、 物质传递提供了充足的通道; Cu的引入以及NiO/Ni异质结的形成改善了邻近Ni原子的活性, 使镍基材料本征析氢活性得以改善, 三者协同促进了NiCu/NF电催化活性的提升. NiCu/NF电极在析氢过程中遵循Volmer-Heyrovsky机理, 反应速率由电极表面吸附氢原子的电化学脱附过程决定.     

片状NiWP@多面体NiWO电催化剂的制备及其析氢性能

采用水热法在泡沫镍上制备多面体镍钨氧化物(NiWO)前驱体,然后在不同温度下对前驱体进行磷化处理,获得片状镍钨磷化物(NiWP)@多面体NiWO复合电催化剂。结果表明：优化磷化温度可显著改善片状NiWP@多面体NiWO电催化析氢性能。当磷化温度为450℃时,所得电极具有较好的析氢催化活性,在1 mol·L^-1 KOH中仅需115 mV的过电位就能达到10 mA·cm^-2的电流密度,Tafel斜率为85 mV·dec^-1,与铂片的Tafel斜率相近。此外,24 h长期稳定性测试结果表明该电催化剂具有良好的稳定性。优异的性能可归因于片状NiWP@多面体NiWO复合结构增大了催化活性面积,减小了电荷/质量传输阻力,使得析氢反应中电子转移速度加快,反应动力学性能提高。     

磷化镍/氮硫双掺杂石墨烯复合材料的制备及电催化析氢性能

采用水热法合成了具有高活性的磷化镍纳米晶(Ni₂P), 并合成了氮、 硫共掺杂石墨烯负载磷化镍纳米催化剂(Ni₂P/NSRGO). 对该催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征, 并研究其电催化析氢性能. 电化学测试结果表明, Ni₂P/NSRGO复合电催化剂的析氢性能优于Ni₂P/RGO催化剂, 具有较小的Tafel斜率(35 mV/dec)、 较低的过电位(η₁₀=140 mV)和良好的稳定性.     

高效析氧电催化剂Co3O4@NiMn-LDH异质结构阵列的制备

我们合理设计和制备了一种新型的高性能析氧电催化剂——泡沫镍负载Co_3O_4@NiMn-LDH(层状双金属氢氧化物)三维异质结构阵列(Co_3O_4@NiMn-LDH/NF)。这种基于泡沫镍基底的三维异质结构催化剂经简单的两步水热反应即可制得。对比Co_3O_4、NiMn-LDH及传统RuO2催化剂,所制备的Co_3O_4@NiMn-LDH/NF催化剂展示出更优异的电催化析氧性能。在1 mol·L~(-1)KOH溶液中,电流密度为50 mA·cm~(-2)时的过电势仅为282 mV,塔菲尔斜率为64 mV·dec~(-1)。通过有效的界面工程设计,使异质结构陈列Co_3O_4@NiMn-LDH发挥出Co_3O_4和NiMn-LDH各自优异的电催化性能。其中,基于泡沫镍基底生长的活性组分Co_3O_4纳米线阵列作为中间核支撑结构,保持了良好的空隙率,不仅有利于暴露更多的活性位点,而且有利于电解液的扩散和气体产物的释放;而依附于Co_3O_4纳米线阵列上的NiMn-LDH异质结构纳米片层则富有更多的亲水性基团,使得活性位点更易与水结合,从而促进氧析出反应的进行。     

纳米非晶镍硼合金的合成及其碱性电催化析氢性能研究（英文）

可持续能源电解水制氢是实现零碳排放氢经济的有效途径。碱性环境下的电催化析氢反应(HER)是电解水技术主要的能量转换过程之一。开发高活性、低成本的非贵金属催化剂是碱性电解水析氢反应的关键所在。本研究以壳寡糖为保护剂,采用简单易行的化学还原法制备了纳米NiB非晶合金电催化剂并用于碱性析氢反应。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电感耦合等离子体分析(ICP)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等多种表征方法研究了不同条件下获得的催化剂结构组成及特征物性参数。结果表明,壳寡糖的加入可以有效调控纳米粒子的平均粒径为4 nm左右,提升活性比表面积,增加活性位点,从而提高其电催化活性。所制备的NiB-COS在1.0 mol/L NaOH中表现出优异的HER性能,析氢反应起始过电位仅为15.1 mV,在电流密度为10 mA/cm²时HER过电位为49.4 mV,Tafel斜率为86.1 mV/dec,为制备高活性、低成本、简单易得的HER电催化剂提供了重要策略。     

C_3N_4-Ti_4O_7-MoS_2复合催化剂界面效应增强电催化析氢性能（英文）

电催化水裂解是目前最有前景的制氢技术之一。二硫化钼(MoS_2)作为最有前途的非贵金属电解水制氢催化剂之一,受有限的催化位点和弱电导率的困扰,迫切地需要被进一步优化。本文采用简单的水热方法构建了C_3N_4-Ti_4O_7-MoS_2异质催化剂,利用活性组分间的界面相互作用,实现了催化剂活性位点的高度暴露、表面电荷的再分布、氢吸附动力学和稳定性的优化,改进了MoS2的电催化析氢性能。结果表明,界面效应赋予C_3N_4-Ti_4O_7-MoS_2催化剂优异的电催化活性,即300 mV的过电位下获得50 mA/cm~2的电流密度以及较低的Tafel斜率(54 mV/dec),长达33 h的析氢反应后仍保持高的催化活性,其电催化析氢性能优于纯MoS_2。结果表明,界面效应作为一种合理改进MoS_2基电催化剂的策略,对开发新型高效制氢电催化剂的发展至关重要。     

多孔枝晶镍铜合金的制备及其电催化析氢、肼氧化性能

以镍网(NM)为基体,采用氢气泡模板法合成了独立分相金属Ni、Cu为主晶相、具有四级复合微纳结构的镍铜合金电催化剂(NiCu/NM)。在电催化析氢(HER)及肼氧化(HzOR)反应中,NiCu/NM表现出优良的催化活性,在1.0 mol·L^-1KOH(含0.5 mol·L^-1N2H4·H2O)溶液中,电流密度为10 mA·cm^-2时,其需要的HER及HzOR过电势分别为104和41 mV;在双电极体系中,电流密度为100 mA·cm^-2时,NiCu/NM的分解槽压仅为0.536 V,远低于全水分解过程所需的1.921 V,大大提高了电池的产氢效率。无论三电极体系还是双电极体系,NiCu/NM均表现出优异的催化活性及稳定性。分析认为,镍铜合金薄膜的多级复合结构使其展现出增大了近14倍的电化学活性面积(ECSA),为电催化反应提供了大量催化活性位点,也为电极表面的电荷传输、物质传递提供了充足的通道;Cu的掺入提高了材料的本征HER活性,两者协同促进了电催化活性的提升,其中NiCu/NM的结构优势对其优良的催化性能起主导作用。     

氮掺杂碳材料负载碳化钼的合成及析氢性能研究

过渡金属碳化物被认为是一类可替代贵金属的高效电催化析~*氢反应催化剂,提升其催化性能和稳定性能获得了广泛关注和研究。本文以钼酸铵和二氰二胺为前驱体,均匀混合后利用一步高温退火法制备了氮掺杂碳材料负载碳化钼(Mo_2C-NC)的复合材料。通过透射电子显微镜,X射线粉末衍射以及X射线光电子能谱等测试对该催化剂形貌,组成及结构进行表征。电化学测试结果表明,Mo_2C-CN复合催化剂表现了优异的电催化析氢性能:当电流密度为10 mA cm~(-2)时,在酸性和碱性体系中,Mo_2C-CN催化剂的过电势分别为和130和257 mV s~(-1),并且均展示出了优异的稳定性能。     

石墨烯负载超薄二硫化钼杂化材料的电催化析氢性能

以磷钼酸和L-半胱氨酸作为前驱体,还原氧化石墨烯作为载体,采用水热法一步合成了超薄二硫化钼/还原氧化石墨烯杂化材料(UT-MoS_2/rGO)。作为电催化析氢(HER)非贵金属催化剂,对其结构特征和在0.5 mol·L-1H2SO4溶液中氧化还原反应的催化性能进行表征。结果显示,得益于UT-MoS_2暴露的丰富活性位点、导电rGO片的稳定支撑以及MoS_2与rGO的良好结合,UT-MoS_2/rGO显示了优异的电催化性能。其起始过电势为-66 mV;电流密度为-10 mA·cm-2时过电势为-145 mV,Tafel斜率为42.9 mV·dec-1;交流阻抗为0.76Ω;在0.1～0.2 V范围内循环伏安测试1000次后,其催化活性仍能保持98%。     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.