Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide using heteropolyoxometalates: the effects of cation and addenda atoms

The direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol and carbon dioxide over a series of Keggin-type heteropolyoxometalates has been investigated. The effects of the cations and the addenda atoms of the heteropolyoxometalate on the conversion and the product selectivities were investigated. The results showed that Co_1.5PW₁₂O₄₀ was the best catalyst of the series. The effect of reaction temperature and CO₂ pressure on the direct synthesis of DMC demonstrated that lower temperatures and higher pressures are favorable for the synthesis of DMC. Higher temperatures favor the formation of dimethoxymethane (DMM) and methyl formate (MF).     

Vapor Phase Carbonylation Reactions Using Methyl Nitrite Over Pd Catalysts

Vapor phase carbonylation reactions using methyl nitrite (MN) as an oxidant have been developed by Ube Industries, Ltd. Dimethyl oxalate (DMO) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) are synthesized efficiently over Pd(0) and Pd(II) catalysts under mild condition in gas phase, respectively. In these synthesis procedures, two kinds of separate reactions are involved. The first reaction is the catalytic synthesis of DMO or DMC from MN and CO; and the second reaction is non-catalytic MN synthesis from methanol, O₂ and NO, which is produced from the first reaction. The high DMO or DMC selectivity and suppression of catalyst deactivation originate from the facts that O₂ is not involved and H₂O is not produced in the first reaction.     

Effects of pretreatment and reduction on the Co/Al2O3 catalyst for CO hydrogenation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of preadsorbed CO at different temperatures, calcination temperatures, the combined influence of reduction temperature and time, and pretreatment using hydrogen or syngas as reduction agents on the F-T synthesis （FTS） activity and selectivity of Co/Al2O3 catalyst. The reactivity of the carbon species at higher preadsorption temperature with H2 in TPSR decreased, whereas the carbon-containing species showed higher reactivity over Co/Al2O3 catalyst with low calcination temperature. This agreed well with the order of catalytic activity for F-T synthesis on this catalyst. The catalytic activity of the catalyst varied with reduction temperature and time remarkably. CODEX optimization gave an optimum reduction temperature of 756 K and reduction time of 6.2 h and estimated C5＋ yield perfectly. The pretreatment of Co/Al2O3 catalyst with different reduction agents （hydrogen or syngas） showed important influences on the catalytic performance. A high CO conversion and C5＋ yield were obtained on the catalyst reduced by hydrogen, whereas methane selectivity on the catalyst reduced by syngas was much higher than that on the catalyst reduced by hydrogen.     

A new route to the synthesis of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4（3H）-one derivatives catalyzed by 12-tungstophosphoric acid （H3PW12040）

Heteropoly acid H3PW12040 （PW） has been used as an effective catalyst for the synthesis of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4（3H）-one derivatives. The present methodology offers several advantages, such as high yields, short reaction times, mild reaction condition and a recyclable catalyst with a very easy work up.     

Mechanistic investigations on dimethyl carbonate formation by oxidative carbonylation of methanol over a CuY zeolite: an operando SSITKA/DRIFTS/MS study

The simultaneous combination of steady state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) with diffuse reflectance Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and mass spectrometric (MS) analysis was applied to study the oxidative carbonylation of methanol (MeOH) to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) on a CuY zeolite catalyst prepared by incipient-wetness impregnation of commercial zeolite NH(4)-Y. The interaction of the catalyst with different reactants and reactant mixtures (O(2), CO, CO/O(2), MeOH/O(2), MeOH/CO, and MeOH/CO/O(2)) was studied in detail using (16)O(2)/(18)O(2) as well as (12)CO/(13)CO containing gas mixtures. DMC is produced via a monodentate monomethyl carbonate (MMC) species as intermediate which is formed by the concerted action of adsorbed methoxide and CO with gas phase MeOH. Adsorbed bidentate MMC species were found to be inactive. Lattice oxygen supplied by CuO(x) species is involved in the formation of MMC. Gas phase oxygen is needed to re-oxidize the catalyst but favours also the oxidation of CO to CO(2) and unselective oxidation reactions of MeOH to methyl formate, dimethoxymethane, and CO(2). The appropriate choice of reaction temperature and of the oxygen content in the reactant gas mixture was found to be indispensable for reaching high DMC selectivities.     

1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑磷钨酸盐的制备及其对酯化反应的催化性能

以溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑盐([bmim]Br)和磷钨酸(H3PW12O40)为原料制备了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑磷钨酸盐([bmim]3PW12O40)催化剂,并用傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重分析-差示扫描量热法、正丁胺电位滴定及元素分析等技术对催化剂进行了表征,考察了催化剂对乙醇与乙酸酯化合成乙酸乙酯反应的催化活性.结果表明,[bmim]3PW12O40中有3个结晶水,并保持有H3PW12O40的Keggin结构和酸强度,[bmim]3PW12O40的酸量明显少于H3PW12O40的酸量.在乙醇与乙酸酯化合成乙酸乙酯反应中,[bmim]3PW12O40催化剂具有较高的催化活性和较好的重复使用性能.     

固体酸催化烯烃改性生物油酚类化合物研究

选取生物油中含量较高的愈创木酚、儿茶酚和苯酚为酚类模型化合物,以蒙脱土K-10负载的Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40为固体超强酸催化剂,苯酚/1-辛烯烷基化反应为探针,考察了催化剂负载量,反应温度及物料摩尔比等因素对酚类烷基化反应的影响.结果表明,在60～100℃范围内,30%Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/K-10对苯酚烷基化反应具有很好的催化活性和选择性,原料摩尔比为1时苯酚氧烷基化产物的选择性最好.愈创木酚中甲氧基的位阻效应使其转化率在相同条件下比苯酚低很多,相应氧烷基化产物的选择性也很低.儿茶酚与1-辛烯反应主要生成单羟基氧烷基化产物,100℃时选择性仍高达96%.升高温度有利于烷基化改性反应的进行,但产物中氧烷基化产物的选择性随着温度升高而降低.     

New evidence on the structure of potassium salts of 12-tungstophosphoric acid, KxH3-xPW12O40

Physicochemical properties and compositions of KxH(3-x)PW12O40 salts, where 2 < or = x < or = 3, have been investigated. It has been found that freshly prepared K2HPW12O40 salt (drying at 313 K) contains particles of heteropolyacid and particles of the neutral potassium salt, the sample being in 78.6% amorphous. On aging at room temperature, the heteropolyacid spreads to form a surface layer covering the neutral potassium salt particles K3PW12O40. Heat treatment of KxH(3-x)PW12O40 salts, where 2 < or = x < 3, from 313 K to higher temperatures induces the transformation of the heteropolyacid-covering K(3) core into a well-dispersed, amorphous surface layer. On further heating of the acidic potassium salts, the surface layer decomposes between 855 and 915 K with the formation of a PW8O26-type bronze as a new phase, the K3PW12O40 salt remaining unchanged. The latter starts to decompose at 1093 K, and in the case of all samples, the process is completed at about 1183 K. Rietveld structure refinement, XPS, and 31P NMR measurements of acidic potassium salts indicate that the core of these salts is always formed by the K3PW12O40 salt, which is covered by a heteropolyacid. Comparison of lattice parameters of the K3 salt and HPW leads to the conclusion that the layer is composed of partially or completely dehydrated heteropolyacid molecules. The coverage of the core by HPW in the K2 sample was estimated to be equal to one monolayer.     

磷钨酸铝催化合成对甲氧基苯乙酮

以H3PW12O40和AlCl3·6H2O为原料合成AlPW12O40,以此为催化剂研究苯甲醚与乙酸酐的酰基化反应,其主要产物为对甲氧基苯乙酮.采用正交试验确定酰化反应的适宜条件为:苯甲醚0.1 mol,苯甲醚与乙酸酐物质的量比为1∶1.5,催化剂用量1 g,反应时间4h,反应温度100℃,在此条件下,产品收率达到69.80％.考察了不同反应底物及不同酰化试剂对反应的影响和不同磷钨酸盐的催化效果,比较了不同加热方式对催化反应的影响.结果表明,磷钨酸铝的催化活性最好,微波加热合成目标产物效果更好.     

二氧化硅负载磷钨酸催化合成3,4-二氢嘧啶-2(1H)-酮衍生物

以取代苯甲醛、乙酰乙酸乙酯和尿素为原料,以溶胶凝胶法制备二氧化硅负载的磷钨酸（H3PW12O40/SiO2）为催化剂,催化合成3,4-二氢嘧啶-2(1H)-酮,考察了三组分摩尔比、反应温度、催化剂用量及反应时间对反应收率的影响。 研究表明,H3PW12O40/SiO2是合成3,4-二氢嘧啶-2(1H)-酮的良性催化剂,在取代苯甲醛的用量为0.04 mol,反应温度为90 ℃的条件下,收率可达73.1%~88.4%。 催化剂和产品结构分别经IR、XRD、SEM和1H NMR、IR、MS等技术手段表征。     

Keggin型多酸基晶态材料的合成及催化性能

通过引入Keggin型多酸离子[PW₁₂O₄₀]^3-到Co-bbp(bbp:3,5-双(4-吡啶基)吡啶)体系中,在水热条件下合成一个新的物质Co{bbp}₂(H₂O)₄(HPW₁₂O₄₀)(1)。 通过X射线单晶衍射(CDD)分析表明该化合物为单斜晶系,C2空间群。 所呈现的结构由金属Co和有机配体bbp配合形成金属-有机单体,然后通过配体间的π…π键堆积成二维层状框架结构,多酸[PW₁₂O₄₀]^3-作为模板嵌入框架的空穴内,形成一个以多酸为模板超分子化合物。 通过研究化合物1的催化性质,结果发现其对罗丹明B(RhB)具有很好的催化降解能力(可见光照120 min后降解率为94%),并且可以电催化亚硝酸根(NO₂^-)和抗坏血酸(AA),是一个具有多功能的催化剂。     

Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate by vapor phase oxidative carbonylation of methanol over Cu-based catalysts

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis reaction by oxidative carbonylation of methanol has been studied using vapor phase flow reaction system in the presence of Cu-based catalysts. A series of Cu-based catalysts were prepared by the conventional impregnation method using activated carbon (AC) as support. The effect of various promoters and reaction conditions on the catalytic reactivities were intensively evaluated in terms of methanol conversion and DMC selectivity. The morphological analysis by X-ray diffraction and SEM was also conducted in order to characterize the emloyed catalysts. Regardless of catalyst compositions, the optimal reaction temperature for oxidative carbonylation of methanol was found to be around 120–130°C. The reaction rate was too slow below 100°C, while too much by-products was produced above 150°C. Among the various catalysts employed, CuCl₂/NaOH/AC catalyst with the molar ratio of OH/Cu=0.5–1.0, has shown the best catalytic performance, which appears to have a strong relationship with the formation of intermediate species, Cu₂(OH)₃Cl.     

Multifunctional catalysis by Pd-polyoxometalate: one-step conversion of acetone to methyl isobutyl ketone

Pd metal supported on Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 is an efficient bifunctional catalyst for the one-step conversion of acetone to methyl isobutyl ketone in gas and liquid phase.     

杂多酸离子液体催化燃油萃取氧化脱硫性能研究

本文首次将一系列含有不同酸性咪唑阳离子和不同杂多酸阴离子的杂多酸离子液体[C4mim]3PW12O40、[COOH-Cmim] 3PW12O40、[SO3H-C3mim]3PW12O40、[SO3H-C3mim]3PMo12O40和[SO3H-C3mim]4 SiW12O40作为催化剂,乙腈为萃取剂,H2O2为氧化剂,用于催化含二苯并噻吩、苯并噻吩及噻吩模型油的萃取氧化脱硫研究中.实验结果显示,杂多酸离子液体催化燃油脱硫性能不仅与阳离子的酸性强弱有关,而且与阴离子结构密切相关.阳离子的催化活性顺序为:[SO3H-C3mim]+＞[COOH-Cmim]+＞[C4mim]+;阴离子的催化活性顺序为PW12O403-＞ PMo12O403-＞ SiW12O404-.其中[SO3H-C3 mim]3 PW12O40催化活性最高,在60℃反应40min的条件下,二苯并噻吩的转化率约为100％,催化不同硫化物的转化率为:二苯并噻吩＞苯并噻吩＞噻吩.此外,该杂多酸离子液体循环使用5次催化活性仅略有下降.     

固体酸催化烷基化反应中微量氟化氢反应助剂的作用 Ⅱ.助剂与催化剂的相互作用

 采用红外光谱、核磁共振光谱和X射线荧光法研究了异丁烷与丁烯烷基化反应中反应助剂HF与20%H3PW12O40/SiO2固体酸催化剂的相互作用. 结果表明,反应物料中微量的反应助剂HF酸并未与催化剂表面的活性组分磷钨酸H3PW12O40(HPW)分子发生化学反应生成新的化学物质和结构. 催化剂表面的活性组分HPW可以吸收HF分子进入它的体相,吸收阈值为每个HPW分子吸收5个HF分子. 催化剂活性组分HPW吸收了反应助剂HF进入体相后形成了HPW-5HF形式的杂多酸假液相,这大大增加了催化剂的酸中心密度和酸中心强度,加快了烷基化反应的关键中间产物C8＋与i-C4分子之间的氢转移反应, 从而大幅度提高了反应的目的产物三甲基戊烷的选择性.     

不同前驱体制备的Mn-H4SiW12O40/SiO2 催化剂对二甲醚催化氧化制取甲缩醛反应性能的影响

采用浸渍法分别用硫酸锰、醋酸锰、氯化锰和硝酸锰为原料制备了Mn-H4SiW12O40/SiO2 杂多酸催化剂。在常压连续流动固定床反应器中，考察了二甲醚选择氧化制取甲缩醛的反应活性。实验结果表明，催化剂的催化活性顺序为Mn-Cl2H4SiW12O40/SiO2>Mn(NO3)2H4SiW12O40/SiO2>MnSO4H4SiW12O40/SiO2>Mn(AC)2H4SiW12O40/SiO2。并进一步考察了反应温度对不同锰盐前驱体催化剂性能的影响。结果表明，随温度的升高，硫酸锰修饰的H4SiW12O40/SiO2 催化剂催化氧化比较剧烈，在613K时二甲醚转化率高达42.4%，但此时甲缩醛选择性仅为0.9%。采用氯化锰修饰的H4SiW12O40/SiO2催化剂，二甲醚催化氧化反应较缓和，并且甲缩醛的选择性明显高于分别采用硫酸锰、醋酸锰和硝酸锰改性的催化剂，在593K反应1h时，二甲醚转化率为8.6%，甲缩醛选择性达到37.5%。H2-TPR结果显示，硫酸锰改性的催化剂高温氧化性能明显强于另外三种催化剂，氯化锰的修饰使得催化剂的低温氧化性能变强。XRD结果表明，MnCl2 H4SiW12O40/SiO2催化剂的衍射特征峰明显强于其他三种催化剂，并且发现了MnO2衍射特征峰。     

多金属氧酸盐催化苯甲醇的选择性氧化：一个绿色可循环的高效催化氧化体系

以Keggin结构的几类杂多酸和三乙胺（TEA）为原料,通过简单的酸碱反应合成了相应杂多酸的TEA盐。 并以它们作为催化剂,30％H2O2作氧化剂,在不使用长链相转移剂的条件下,研究了它们催化苯甲醇选择氧化制备苯甲醛的反应性能。 结果表明,该类催化剂在苯甲醇的选择氧化反应中具有比相应杂多酸更高的催化活性或选择性。 其中[TEAH]H2PW12O40为最佳催化剂,在适宜的反应条件下,该催化剂上苯甲醇转化率可达99.5％以上,苯甲醛选择性达~100％。 催化剂可以被分离和循环使用多次,活性、选择性基本不变。 用水作溶剂,避免了有机溶剂的使用,是一个高效、绿色的苯甲醛选择氧化体系。     

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over ruthenium-promoted Co/Al2O3 catalyst with different reduction procedures

The effect of reduction procedure on catalyst properties, activity and products selectivity of ruthenium-promoted Co/γ-Al2O3 catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was investigated. Catalyst samples were reduced with different reduction gas compositions and passivated before being characterized by TPR and XRD techniques. Different activity and product selectivity analyses were also performed. These results showed that the catalyst dispersion, particle size, and the degree of reduction changed with different reduction gas compositions, which were resulted from the water partial pressures in reduction process that give varying degrees of interaction with the support. It has been suggested that the FTS activity of cobalt catalyst was directly dependent on the catalyst reducibility. A reduction gas with a molar ratio of H2/He = 1 was used to prevent the formation of Co-support compound during catalyst reduction.     

Selective conversion of cellobiose and cellulose into gluconic acid in water in the presence of oxygen, catalyzed by polyoxometalate-supported gold nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles loaded onto Keggin-type insoluble polyoxometalates (Cs(x)H(3-x)PW(12)O(40)) showed superior catalytic performances for the direct conversion of cellobiose into gluconic acid in water in the presence of O(2). The selectivity of Au/Cs(x)H(3-x)PW(12)O(40) for gluconic acid was significantly higher than those of Au catalysts loaded onto typical metal oxides (e.g., SiO(2), Al(2)O(3), and TiO(2)), carbon nanotubes, and zeolites (H-ZSM-5 and HY). The acidity of polyoxometalates and the mean-size of the Au nanoparticles were the key factors in the catalytic conversion of cellobiose into gluconic acid. The stronger acidity of polyoxometalates not only favored the conversion of cellobiose but also resulted in higher selectivity of gluconic acid by facilitating desorption and inhibiting its further degradation. On the other hand, the smaller Au nanoparticles accelerated the oxidation of glucose (an intermediate) into gluconic acid, thereby leading to increases both in the conversion of cellobiose and in the selectivity of gluconic acid. The Au/Cs(x)H(3-x)PW(12)O(40) system also catalyzed the conversion of cellulose into gluconic acid with good efficiency, but it could not be used repeatedly owing to the leaching of a H(+)-rich hydrophilic moiety over long-term hydrothermal reactions. We have demonstrated that the combination of H(3)PW(12)O(40) and Au/Cs(3.0)PW(12)O(40) afforded excellent yields of gluconic acid (about 85%, 418 K, 11 h), and the deactivation of the recovered H(3)PW(12)O(40)-Au/Cs(3.0)PW(12)O(40) catalyst was not serious during repeated use.     

A Durable Catalyst for Vapor Phase Nitration of Benzene with Nitric Acid

Nitrobenzene is one of the most important chemical intermediates, for preparing drugs, pesticides and explosive etc. For more than a century, it has been commercially manufactured by reacting benzene with mixed acid in liquid phase under vigorous agitation. Despite the high efficiency, the mixed-acid process has some drawbacks, among which the huge amount of spent acid and wastewater are by far the most crucial, and this makes an alternative solution desirable. Nitration of benzene over sol…