基于新课标的化学和生物学科交叉内容分析及教学建议*

学科间交叉融合是大势所趋。目前化学和生物学科交叉内容的教学仍存在割裂学科联系等问题。选取上述2门学科的2007年版及2019年版教材、2017年版高中课程标准,对比分析教材、课程内容要求和核心素养的交叉部分,提出教学建议:增强教师跨学科素养,重视学科交叉内容的研究;开展有效的交叉内容教学,构建系统的知识网络;重视交叉内容学习的评价设计。     

知识发展、教材编排与学生学习的三序结合*——以“分子和原子”为例

“分子和原子”是九年级《化学》上册第三单元课题1的内容,是学生学习初中化学物质构成的启蒙。本文论述了“分子和原子”的知识研究发展顺序、教材编排顺序和学生学习顺序,针对该部分内容提出了在教学中三序结合的方式与建议。     

基于奥苏贝尔学习理论对人教版和鲁科版高中化学教材“化学键”的比较及建议

以奥苏贝尔学习理论为基础,比较人教版与鲁科版化学教材“化学键”内容,对教材的引言、正文编排顺序、正文内容组织、正文栏目、插图、习题等进行分析,并从奥苏贝尔学习理论角度阐述教材编写及教学建议。     

中德教材“金属与金属矿物”的内容设置比较研究

金属与金属矿物是初中化学重要的学习内容。本文就这部分内容对德国教材与国内上教版义务教育教科书《化学》进行比较,并提出德国教材给我们的启示,以期为我国的教材编写提供借鉴,也为一线教师的教学提供建议。     

化学优质课评比中对教材进行二次开发的研究

在优质课评比中,多数教师重新整合教材,构建了有利于学生自主学习的教学体系。对部分化学优质课的教学设计分析、梳理后,结合部分教师的经验,提出了整合教材必须树立新教材观,挖掘教材中潜在的迁移、认知和情意价值,构建学科知识逻辑顺序与学生认知顺序相匹配的教学体系。     

谈化学教学难点的突破

在教学中能充分准确地估计到学生学习中的难点,是顺利完成教学任务的前提。一般意义上的难点,是指教材中学生觉得抽象、复杂、不易理解和应用的内容。     

支撑自主建构强化能力形成——韩国高中化学教材化学热力学内容编排的启示

化学热力学的相关知识对学生认识化学反应中的能量变化、理解化学反应方向与限度起着至关重要的作用,但一直是高中化学学习中的难点。教材的编排方式直接影响到学生的学习难度和教师的有效教学。韩国高中化学教材化学热力学知识编排运用多种直观呈现方式,降低学习内容的抽象性;依据学生认知特点层层递进呈现知识,从而降低学习难度;运用实验教学、渗透STS教育等方式培养学生科学探究能力和知识运用能力。这些特点都值得我国高中化学教材借鉴。     

“学习提示”模块在新版有机化学教材中的应用

一本好的有机化学教材应该对教师教学和学生自学有很好的辅助和引导作用。如何使学生从浩如烟海的内容中发现重点、难点,并做到有效掌握和融会贯通,是教材编写者需要重点考虑的问题。笔者将教学经验融入到有机化学教材改革实践,在新版教材中加入了原创的“学习提示”板块,用简练、更通俗易懂的语言对一些重要、较难理解的或是容易混淆的知识点进行辅助讲解、串联总结。笔者认为该板块可以起到协助学生理解知识难点、厘清易混淆概念、将关联知识融会贯通以及激发学生科研兴趣等作用。本文用一些实例对这一模块的编写构思、内容和预期成效进行了介绍。     

中英化学教材“化学反应速率”内容比较研究

“化学反应速率”综合体现了微粒观、实验观及科学本质观等化学基本观念,是提高学生科学素养的重要载体。从内容选取、内容编排与内容呈现3个方面对英国索尔特高级化学课程教材与国内化学教材中“化学反应速率”相关内容的编写进行比较,并简要阐述几点对化学教材编写和化学教学的启示。     

谈谈中专无机元素化学的教学

无机化学是中专学校许多专业的必修课,元素化学部分则在无机化学中占有极为重要的位置。学好它不仅直接保证了无机化学学习的系统完整,而且为后续课程(如分析化学等)的学习打下了重要的基础。然而,由于元素化学的教材涉及面广,内容庞杂、零散,因而学生对这部分内容的学习普遍兴致索然。教师也因备课花时多又收不到满意的教学效果,产生吃力不讨好的感觉。这样一来,     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。