硅杂环戊二烯并苯有机小分子化合物研究进展

硅杂环戊二烯并苯有机小分子结构的特殊性,赋予其独特的光电特性,在有机光电功能材料等领域具有广阔的应用前景.其中,并苯的刚性共平面结构可避免构象无序性、扩大π-共轭;硅杂环戊二烯能够形成σ*-π*共轭,可有效降低体系LUMO能级、提高电子亲合势.硅杂环戊二烯并苯有机小分子主要包括苯并噻咯、硅桥联对二苯乙烯衍生物、二苯并噻咯和双硅桥联对-三联苯等.综述了硅杂环戊二烯并苯小分子的合成方法、结构修饰、性能及应用的研究进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

基于聚集诱导荧光性质的免标记DNA四链体检测以及凝血酶的传感研究

基于带正电荷硅杂环戊二烯衍生物的聚集诱导荧光性质,利用其与富含G的单链DNA和四链体作用后的荧光强度差别,发展了一种免标记的DNA四链体检测方法,并将该方法应用于凝血酶的荧光分析.     

14族杂环戊二烯分子(硅、锗、锡)的电子结构与光谱性质

14族杂原子取代的杂环戊二烯分子具有独特的光谱性质, 成为发光材料的明星分子. 为了更深层次地理解硅、锗、锡杂环戊二烯分子的光谱性质, 本文从理论上计算了它们的电子结构及其吸收和发射光谱. 分别采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT), 优化了硅、锗、锡杂环戊二烯分子基态和第一激发态的平衡构型, 计算了电子结构和振动性质. 在此基础上, 运用振动关联函数公式计算了吸收光谱和发射光谱. 得到的吸收光谱和发射光谱, 特别是发射光谱的半峰宽与现有的实验值吻合很好. 通过分析结构和光谱性质的关系, 指出光谱的性质主要取决于苯环转动对应的低频振动模式和中心环C—C键的伸缩振动对应的高频振动模式.     

金属促进的1H-磷杂环戊二烯的合成方法学研究

1H-磷杂环戊二烯的合成、反应和性质的研究已成为有机合成化学和金属有机化学的主要研究热点之一并得到了迅猛的发展,它们在光电材料、配位化学和选择性催化等方面有重要的应用价值.从金属有机化学的角度,系统地总结了近十年来1H-磷杂环戊二烯的合成化学新反应、新方法及应用.     

杂环戊二烯作为π-桥调控锌卟啉染料光电性能的理论研究

为了研究杂环戊二烯作为π?桥对锌卟啉染料光电性能的影响,在染料YD2?o?C8的基础上,通过引入含有不同杂原子的杂环戊二烯作为π?桥设计了6种新型锌卟啉染料。采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD?DFT)方法对染料的前线分子轨道、吸收光谱和电子-空穴分离特性进行研究。结果表明,与染料YD2?o?C8相比,杂环戊二烯的引入可以提升卟啉染料的光电性能,且改变杂原子可以调控卟啉染料的光电性能。对杂环戊二烯性质与卟啉染料光电性能的相关性研究发现,杂环戊二烯的最低空轨道能级与卟啉染料光电性能之间具有较好的线性关系。杂环戊二烯的接受电子能力越强,相应卟啉染料的光电性能越好。硅杂环戊二烯由于具有最强的接受电子能力而使相应的卟啉染料具有最宽的光谱吸收范围以及最强的分子内电荷转移能力。     

硼杂环戊二烯化合物研究进展

硼杂环戊二烯(H₄C₄BH)衍生物具有4π电子反芳香性结构和很强的Lewis酸性, 在理论和应用(光电功能材料和烯烃聚合催化剂等)上都有重要研究价值. 综述了近三年来硼杂环戊二烯化合物的研究进展, 着重讨论了其合成、结构和化学反应性, 归纳了硼杂环戊二烯(基)配合物的合成方法与结构类型.     

含Silole共轭聚合物的光电性能

Silole是一类含硅杂环戊二烯,近年来,由于其独特的结构特性、分子的可设计性及多样性,在光电领域得到越来越多研究者们的关注。某些silole小分子在有机发光二极管中用作发光层和电子传输层有出色的表现,但近来对含silole聚合物的研究也颇受重视,在聚集态诱导发光、化学传感器、聚合物发光二极管、聚合物太阳能电池、场效应晶体管中的应用相继有报道。因此silole是一类很有潜力的构筑光电功能材料的杂环化合物。本文根据其母体结构的不同对含silole的聚合物光电性能研究进展进行了综述。     

磷杂环戊二烯[1,5]-σ键迁移的新进展

磷杂环戊二烯在探索磷化学的研究中发挥了重要的作用,并广泛应用于配位化学、催化和有机光电材料等领域.[1,5]-σ键迁移(以下简称[1,5]迁移)是磷杂环戊二烯的一类重要反应.该迁移主要是由于磷杂环戊二烯弱的芳香性和环外磷上取代基的σ键与环内二烯体的反键轨道存在一定的σ-π*超共轭效应等特性所共同造成的.该反应自发现以来就成为磷杂环戊二烯衍生化的重要和有效手段.主要介绍了近几年来人们利用磷杂环戊二烯[1,5]迁移特性设计与合成新型有机磷化合物和含磷光电材料的研究进展.     

具有聚集诱导发光性质二芳基喹喔啉衍生物及其在检测Hg2+的应用

荧光传感器由于具有高灵敏度和高选择性,在检测化学方面具有很高的应用。我们合成了具有活性荧光团的聚集诱导发光物质：二芳基喹喔啉衍生物（1-4）类物质,并对其进行表征。化合物3同时具有AIE特征的二芳基喹喔啉、和Hg2+具有特殊反应1,3-二硫杂环戊二烯-2-硫酮的基团,我们将这两个特征基团耦合在同一个化合物之中,从而构建了一类新的“开-启”型汞离子荧光传感器。     

1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-六苯基硅杂环戊二烯X射线谱的理论研究

近年来苯基硅杂环戊二烯作为一类高效的有机发光二极管材料被广泛研究。本工作利用密度泛函理论结合芯态空穴近似研究了1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-六苯基硅杂环戊二烯分子中碳原子K壳层和硅原子L壳层的X射线光电子能谱和近边X射线吸收精细结构谱,与实验谱线符合较好。通过理论结果对实验测量的1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-六苯基硅杂环戊二烯分子的X射线谱进行了分析和标定。我们发现碳原子K壳层X射线光电子能谱在低能区283.8eV处的谱峰是由于与硅原子成键的两个电负性较强的碳原子导致的。碳原子K壳层近边X射线吸收精细结构谱中最强的吸收峰与苯分子的吸收峰类似。硅原子L壳层近边X射线吸收精细结构谱两个主要吸收峰分别来自于σ_Si-C^*和π_Si-Ph^*跃迁。     

Synthesis of functionalized siloles from Si-tethered diynes

A new synthetic itinerary to silole from Si-tethered diynes is reported. In this protocol, the Si-tethered diyne manifests definitely the reactivity of monoyne to form the lithio silole via zirconacyclopetadiene, 1,4-diiodo-1,3-butadiene, and the corresponding dilithiodiene successively. Lithio siloles thus obtained above could be easily functionalized to give various types of silole derivatives. Complex structure like bridged bis-silole compounds could also be constructed by this process.     

Synthesis of dithieno[2,3-b:4',3'-d]siloles and their selective bromination

The efficient synthesis of novel unsymmetrical dithienosiloles, 7,7-dimethyl-4,6-di(trimethylsilyl)-dithieno[2,3-b:4',3'-d]silole (1) and 7,7-dimethyl-2,4,6-tri(trimethylsilyl)-dithieno[2,3-b:4',3'-d]silole (2) has been developed by intramolecular silole formation with 4,4'-dibromo-2,2',5,5'-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-[3,3']bithienyl (3) as the starting material in the presence of t-BuLi. Upon treatment with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) under controlled conditions, dithieno[2,3-b:4',3'-d]silole was selectively brominated to produce mono-, di-, and tribrominated dithieno[2,3-b:4',3'-d]siloles in good yields. The crystal structures of the title compounds are described.     

The Combination of Cross-Hyperconjugation and σ-Conjugation in 2,5-Oligosilanyl Substituted Siloles

Reaction of a 2,5-dilithiated silole with excess dichlorodimethylsilane gives the respective 2,5-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl) substituted silole. This compound can be converted to 2,5-bis(oligosilanyl) substituted siloles by addition of a suitable oligosilanide. In the UV spectra of the thus obtained compounds the lowest energy absorptions are bathochromically shifted compared to the absorptions of the two constituents, namely the 2,5-disilyl substituted silole and a trisilane. The bathochromic shift is interpreted as being caused by a mixed σ-conjugation/cross-hyperconjugation. This assumption is supported by TD-DFT calculations, which show a significant contribution from Si−Si bonds to the HOMO of the molecule.     

Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of silole‐containing polyfluorenes with binary structures

2,5‐Bis(2‐bromofluorene‐7‐yl)silole was prepared by a modified one‐pot synthesis with a reverse addition procedure, from which novel silole‐containing polyfluorenes with binary random and alternating structures (silole contents between 4.5 and 25% and high M_w up to 509 kDa were successfully synthesized. The well‐defined repeating unit of the alternating copolymer comprises a terfluorene and a silole ring. Optoelectronic properties including UV absorption, electrochemistry, photoluminescence (PL), and electroluminescence (EL) of the copolymers were examined. The different excitation energy transfers from fluorene to silole of the copolymers in solution and in the solid state were compared. The films of the copolymers showed silole‐dominant green emissions with high absolute PL quantum yields up to 83%. EL devices of the copolymers with a configuration of ITO/PEDOT/copolymer/Ba/Al displayed exclusive silole emissions peaked at around 543 nm and the highest EL efficiency was achieved with the alternating copolymer. Using the alternating copolymer and poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) as the blend‐type emissive layer, a maximum external quantum efficiency of 1.99% (four times to that of the neat film) was realized, which was a high efficiency so far reported for silole‐containing polymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 756–767, 2007     

二萘并噻咯的合成及性能

Siloles constitute an important emerging class of photoluminescent materials. A series of compounds consisting of silole cores and fused naphthalene were synthesized and characterized:6, 6-dimethyl-1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11-octapropyl-6H-dinaphtho[2, 3-b:2', 3'-d]silole, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11-octabutyl-6, 6-dimethyl-6H-dinaphtho[2, 3-b:2', 3'-d]silole, 6, 6-diphenyl-1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11-octapropyl-6H-dinaphtho[2, 3-b:2', 3'-d]silole, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11-octabutyl-6, 6-diphenyl-6H-dinaphtho[2, 3-b:2', 3'-d]silole. These dinaphthalene-fused siloles were synthesized from diiodonaphthalene, which was prepared by a direct coupling method. Subsequent reaction in the presence of n-butyllithium yielded 3, 3'-diiodo-2, 2'-binaphthalene. Direct substitution of two chloride ions from Ph₂SiCl₂ or Me₂SiCl₂ with 3, 3'-dilithio-2, 2'-binaphthalene then yielded the multi-substituted silole. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry were used to characterize the structures of the siloles. Their optical and electronic properties were investigated using ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory calculations. The dinaphthalene-fused siloles exhibited similar absorption and emission peaks. Their deep highest occupied molecular orbital level at approximately -5.5 eV indicated that they were chemically stable. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the siloles were stable up to 309℃. A multilayer electroluminescent device was fabricated using 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11-octabutyl-6, 6-dimethyl-6H-dinaphtho[2, 3-b:2', 3'-d]silole as a light-emitting layer. The resulting device produced bright blue emission, indicating that these siloles may be suitable materials in organic light-emitting devices.     

Modulation of Aggregation‐Induced Emission and Electroluminescence of Silole Derivatives by a Covalent Bonding Pattern

The deciphering of structure–property relationships is of high importance to rational design of functional molecules and to explore their potential applications. In this work, a series of silole derivatives substituted with benzo[b]thiophene (BT) at the 2,5‐positions of the silole ring are synthesized and characterized. The experimental investigation reveals that the covalent bonding through the 2‐position of BT (2‐BT) with silole ring allows a better conjugation of the backbone than that achieved though the 5‐position of BT (5‐BT), and results in totally different emission behaviors. The silole derivatives with 5‐BT groups are weakly fluorescent in solutions, but are induced to emit intensely in aggregates, presenting excellent aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics. Those with 2‐BT groups can fluoresce more strongly in solutions, but no obvious emission enhancements are found in aggregates, suggesting they are not AIE‐active. Theoretical calculations disclose that the good conjugation lowers the rotational motions of BT groups, which enables the molecules to emit more efficiently in solutions. But the well‐conjugated planar backbone is prone to form strong intermoelcular interactions in aggregates, which decreases the emission efficiency. Non‐doped organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are fabricated by using these siloles as emitters. AIE‐active silole derivatives show much better elecroluminescence properties than those without the AIE characterisic, demonstrating the advantage of AIE‐active emitters in OLED applications.     

Silole‐core phenylacetylene dendrimers and their application in detecting picric acid

Silole‐core phenylacetylene dendrimers were designed and synthesized, among them, the model compound (n = 0) and the first generation of the dendrimer (n = 1) were obtained by the reaction of 2,5‐dibromosilole with corresponding terminal alkynes, the second generation of the dendrimers (n = 2) was synthesized from 2,5‐diiodosilole. These compounds indicated the absorptions of both phenylacetylene dendrons (250–350 nm) and silole core (400–500 nm). The first generation displayed efficient energy transfer from phenylacetylene dendrons to silole core, whose energy transfer efficiency was as high as 80%. These compounds were used as chemical sensors to probe explosive, for picric acid (PA), the Stern–Volmer constants of model compound and the first generation are 7120 and 5490M^?1, respectively. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).     

Fabrication of Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles Hybridized with AIE Luminogens and Exploration of Their Applications as Nanobiosensors in Intracellular Imaging

Highly emissive inorganic–organic nanoparticles with core–shell structures are fabricated by a one‐pot, surfactant‐free hybridization process. The surfactant‐free sol–gel reactions of tetraphenylethene‐ (TPE) and silole‐functionalized siloxanes followed by reactions with tetraethoxysilane afford fluorescent silica nanoparticles FSNP‐ 1 and FSNP‐ 2 , respectively. The FSNPs are uniformly sized, surface‐charged and colloidally stable. The diameters of the FSNPs are tunable in the range of 45–295 nm by changing the reaction conditions. Whereas their TPE and silole precursors are non‐emissive, the FSNPs strongly emit in the visible vision, as a result of the novel aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics of the TPE and silole aggregates in the hybrid nanoparticles. The FSNPs pose no toxicity to living cells and can be utilized to selectively image cytoplasm of HeLa cells.     

2,3,4,5‐Tetraphenylsilole‐Based Conjugated Polymers: Synthesis,Optical Properties,and as Sensors for Explosive Compounds

A series of linear 2,5‐tetraphenylsilole‐vinylene‐type polymers were successfully synthesized for the first time. The tetraphenylsilole moieties were linked at their 2,5‐positions through a vinylene bridge with p‐dialkoxybenzenes to obtain polymer PSVB and with 3,6‐carbazole to obtain polymer PSVC . For comparison, 2,5‐tetraphenylsilole‐ethyne‐type polymer PSEB was also synthesized, in which the vinylene bridge of PSVB was replaced with an ethyne bridge. Very interestingly, the bridging group (vinylene or ethyne) had a significant effect on the photophysical properties of the corresponding polymers. The fluorescence peak of PSEB at 504 nm in solution originated from the emission of its silole moieties, whereas PSVB and PSVC emitted yellow light and no blueish–green emission from the silole moieties was observed, thus demonstrating that the emissions of PSVB and PSVC were due to their polymer backbones. More importantly, the 2,5‐tetraphenylsilole‐ethyne polymer exhibited a pronounced aggregation‐enhanced emission (AEE) effect but the 2,5‐tetraphenylsilole‐vinylene polymer was AEE‐inactive. Moreover, both AEE‐active 2,5‐tetraphenylsilole‐ethyne polymer and AEE‐inactive 2,5‐tetraphenylsilole‐vinylene polymers were successfully applied as fluorescent chemosensors for the detection of explosive compounds.