基于量子波包方法的态-态分辨反应散射动力学计算

本文回顾了最近十几年利用量子波包方法研究气相分子反应散射动力学的工作进展,特别是在态-态分辨水平上的工作进展。比较详细地讨论了目前存在的利用量子波包方法计算态-态微分截面的几种方法。目前态-态分辨的波包动力学计算可以精确地预测三原子和四原子分子反应散射的各种信息,文章最后对几个典型的利用波包方法在态-态分辨水平上研究过的三原子和四原子反应散射体系做了讨论。     

HNCO→(HV)NH+CO势能面研究

用从头算方法, 在UHF/6-311G**和CIS/6-311G**水平上, 分别考察了异氰酸光解反应在基态(S0)、第一激发三态(T1)和第一激发单态(S1)势 能面上的解离曲线. 并找到了S1/T1, T1/S0, S1/S0势能面的交叉点, 给出了极小能量交叉点的特征, 在此基础上根据梯度最速下降原理确定了态-态跃迁后交叉点构型在低能态势能面的变化及归宿. 计算结果表明光解反应存在三条竞争反应途径, 从动力学观点看, 途径A对反应最为有利.     

基元化学反应态态动力学研究*

化学反应动力学是化学领域最基础的学科之一,量子态分辨的基元化学反应动力学在最为基本的原子与分子的层次上对化学反应的机制提供深刻的理解。该领域的科学家们通过精心设计的实验和高精度的理论计算,使得态态反应动力学在过去的半个多世纪中取得了长足的进步,实验和理论的相互结合极大地促进了我们对化学反应本质的认识。本文从实验研究的角度,通过对实验技术的发展和对H₂O光解离、H+H₂、F+H₂、Cl+H₂、OH+H₂、F+CH₄等具体实例的态态动力学研究的简介,概况介绍了过去二十年里态态化学反应动力学研究所取得的进展,希望借此为读者提供对化学反应动力学领域的一个概略认识。     

氯氰菊酯光敏降解中单线态氧机理研究

光敏剂亚甲兰,核黄素及玫瑰红Ｂ可加速氯氰菊酯（ＣＰＭ）的光解作用。这些物质的敏化作用主要通过激发基态氧为单线态氧来实现。光敏剂和氧均是敏化光降解不可缺陷少的条件。１／Ｋｅｘｐｔｌ与「Ａ」的关系证实了单线态氧氧化机理。在亚甲兰、核黄素存在下氯氰菊酯ＫＡ分别为６．４９＊１０＾６ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｓ＾－１和２．２７＊１０＾６Ｌ．＾－１。氯氰菊酯的光解速率在一定范围内,随光敏剂浓度的增加而增加,过量的光敏剂将减少体系的透光率而导致氯氰菊酯光解速率降低,单线态氧探针性物质即竞争反应的引入将明显降低氯氰菊酯的光解速率,同时,不同极性溶剂因其对单线态氧猝灭能力的不同也会明显改变氯氰菊酯的光解速率。     

单重态CCl~2与O~3反应的热力学及动力学性质研究

在量化计算的基础上运用统计热力学和Wigner校正的Eyring过渡态理论研究了不同温度下单重态CCl~2和臭氧O~3反应的热力学及动力学性质。计算结果表明该反应在低温下具有热力学优势,而在高温下具有动力学优势。     

异氰酸光解的动态学研究

在异氰酸光解势能面研究的基础上,计算了不同电子态热能面交叉点S_1/T_1 处S_1 → T _1的态-态积累跃迁速率k_(S_1→T_1),S_1/S_0处S_1 → S_0的跃迁 速度k_(S_1→S_0),结果表明,在交叉点处态-态跃迁速度非常大,可以认为高能 态在交叉点可以直接跃迁到低能态。据此我们又根据单分子微正则过渡态理论计算 了不同光解波长下S_1态和T_1态的光解反应速度k_反~(S_1)（E）和k~(T_1)（E） 和S_1态反-顺异构化的反应速率。在光解波长为230 nm时,k_(T_1)/k_(S_1) = 9. 48,与实验值为5相接近;在低能时k~(T_1) > k_反~(S_1),获得了和实验相一致 的结果。     

4-(2-(4′-吡啶)乙炔)苯基重氮盐的光化学反应动力学及其自组装单分子膜的表征

以4-(2-(4′-吡啶)乙炔)苯基芳香重氮盐为研究对象,在紫外光(250W,245nm)照射下,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱对该芳香重氮盐的乙腈溶液以及自组装单分子膜室温光解反应动力学进行了研究,确定了两种状态下的光解过程都符合一级反应动力学规律,并且溶剂极性使该重氮盐更容易发生光解反应.通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电化学表征证实了4-(2-(4′-吡啶)乙炔)苯基芳香重氮盐经光解反应实现对石英片和氧化铟锡导电玻璃(ITO)表面的组装修饰,得到了通过共价键与基底联结的4-(2-(4′-吡啶)乙炔)苯自组装单分子膜,从而为其后基于有机-金属层层自组装技术构筑新型功能超薄膜奠定了基础.     

NO2 在第二电子吸收带的光解

运用单光子激光诱导荧光方法,研究了NO2分子在第二吸收带的光解反应动力学.首次报道了NO2(B2B2态)光解初生态产物NO自由基的v″=1,2的转动分布.发现了NO自由基v″=1的明显双模式分布.进而提出了可能有两种竞争机理控制该反应.     

HNCO ¾®HN+CO势能面研究

用从头算方法, 在UHF/6-311G**和CIS/6-311G**水平上,分别考察了异氰酸光解反应HNCO ¾®HN+CO在基态(S₀)、第一激发三态(T₁)和第一激发单态(S₁)势能面上的解离曲线.并找到了S₁/T₁, T₁/S₀, S₁/S₀势能面的交叉点, 给出了极小能量交叉点的特征,在此基础上根据梯度最速下降原理确定了态-态跃迁后交叉点构型在低能态势能面的变化及归宿.计算结果表明光解反应HNCO ¾®HN+CO存在三条竞争反应途径,从动力学观点看,途径A对反应最为有利.     

8-硝基-1-苯基-3, 3-二甲基吲哚苯骈螺吡喃的光化学

标题螺吡喃(Sp)甲醇溶液直接和二苯酮敏化光发色反应的量子产率分别是0.38和0.53.2,3-丁二酮首先猝灭三线态的光发色,然后,在较高浓度时,猝灭单线态的光反应.从敏化和猝灭反应的动力学分析,计算在直接光解中的初级光物理、光化学过程的量子产率.数据表明,Sp的三线态和单线态都有光反应活性,这与反应状态相关图分析结果相一致.三线态的参数是~3τ=2.2×10~(-3) ms,κ_r=9.13×10~4s~(-1),κ_(?)=8.27×10~4 s~(-1).而且,一旦生成激发三线态,它的光化学活性大约比激发单线态大2倍.     

Communication: state-to-state differential cross sections for H2O(B̃) photodissociation

Quantum state-to-state differential cross sections, along with the absorption spectrum and product internal state distributions, have been calculated for the photodissociation of H(2)O in its B band on a new set of ab initio potential energy surfaces in a diabatic representation. The theoretical attributes are in good agreement with the recent experimental data, shedding light on the non-adiabatic dissociation dynamics.     

Quantum State-to-State Vacuum Ultraviolet Photodissociation Dynamics of Small Molecules

The present review focused on selected, recent experimental progress of photodissociation dynamics of small molecules covering the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) range from 6 eV to20 eV. These advancements come about due to the available laser based VUV light sources along with the developments of advanced experimental techniques, including the velocitymap imaging (VMI), H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight (HRTOF) techniques, as well as the two-color tunable VUV-VUV laser pump-probe detection method. The applications of these experimental techniques have allowed VUV photodissociation studies of many diatomic and triatomic molecules to quantum state-to-state in detail. To highlight the recent accomplishments, we have summarized the results on several important molecular species, including H₂ (D₂, HD), CO, N₂, NO, O₂, H₂O (D₂O, HOD), CO₂, and N₂O. The detailed VUV photodissociation studies of these molecules are of astrochemical and atmospheric relevance. Since molecular photodissociation initiated by VUV excitation is complex and is often governed by multiple electronic potential energy surfaces, the unraveling of the complex dissociation dynamics requires state-to-state cross section measurements. The newly constructed Dalian Coherent Light Source (DCLS), which is capable of generating coherent VUV radiation with unprecedented brightness in the range of 50-150 nm, promises to propel the photodissociation experiment to the next level.     

Probing state-to-state reaction dynamics using H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight spectroscopy

In the last decade or so, the H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight (HRTOF) technique has made a significant impact in the study of state-to-state reaction dynamics, and especially in the study of transition state dynamics of elementary chemical reactions and quantum state resolved dynamics of molecular photodissociation of important molecules. In this perspective, we will discuss mainly the state-to-state dynamics of three important elementary reactions: H + H(2), O((1)D) + H(2) and F + H(2) that have been studied in our laboratory in recent years using the HRTOF method. In addition, we will also mention briefly the experimental results of other reactive systems. In the end, we will also present a brief research outlook in the study of molecular reaction dynamics using this powerful experimental method.     

Photodissociation from an in-plane rotation in water as a direct probe of dynamics

The state-to-state photodissociation at 193 nm of the initially prepared in-plane rotational state, 3₀₃, of the fundamental symmetric stretch of water, H₂O, (1,0,0), is studied. Stimulated Raman excitation and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering prepare and detect respectively the single rotational state of H₂O (1,0,0). Laser-induced fluorescence and Doppler polarization spectroscopy determine the rotational distribution and the vector correlations respectively of the OH photofragment resulting from the photodissociation of the specific rovibrational state. The distribution is structured and the Λ-doublet ratio in the two spin-orbit states shows preference of the A″ component. The correlations are close to the maximum attainable values expected for an idealized orientation in which the transition dipole moment of the parent is parallel to the fragment angular momentum and perpendicular to its velocity. This shows that experiments which prepare the parent molecule in a particular state before a second laser dissociates it provide a powerful means for molecular dynamics.     

Atomic polarization in the photodissociation of diatomic molecules

The angular momentum polarization of atomic photofragments provides a detailed insight into the dynamics of the photodissociation process. In this article, the origins of electronic angular momentum polarization are introduced and experimental and theoretical methods for the measurement or calculation of atomic orientation and alignment parameters described. Many diatomic photodissociation systems are surveyed, in order to provide an overview both of the historical development of the field and of the most state-of-the-art contemporary studies.     

Photochemistry of aryl halides: Photodissociation dynamics

In recent years, the photodissociation dynamics of aryl halides has been a subject of intensive studies, which is closely related to the atmospheric chemistry. Here we present a review on the photochemistry of aryl halides, with emphasis on the recent progress in photodissociation dynamics at 266 nm by using photofragment translational spectroscopy. The ab initio calculations have also been employed to investigate those photodissociation processes. It has been found that the photodissociation of aryl halides at 266 nm is attributed to the nonadiabatic process via intersystem crossings from bound singlet excited state to triplet excited state and/or via internal conversion from bound singlet excited state to ground state. Also, the substitution effects in the photodissociation dynamics of aryl halides are discussed.     

Adiabatic states derived from a spin-coupled diabatic transformation: semiclassical trajectory study of photodissociation of HBr and the construction of potential curves for LiBr+

The development of spin-coupled diabatic representations for theoretical semiclassical treatments of photodissociation dynamics is an important practical goal, and some of the assumptions required to carry this out may be validated by applications to simple systems. With this objective, we report here a study of the photodissociation dynamics of the prototypical HBr system using semiclassical trajectory methods. The valence (spin-free) potential energy curves and the permanent and transition dipole moments were computed using high-level ab initio methods and were transformed to a spin-coupled diabatic representation. The spin-orbit coupling used in the transformation was taken as that of atomic bromine at all internuclear distances. Adiabatic potential energy curves, nonadiabatic couplings and transition dipole moments were then obtained from the diabatic ones and were used in all the dynamics calculations. Nonadiabatic photodissociation probabilities were computed using three semiclassical trajectory methods, namely, coherent switching with decay of mixing (CSDM), fewest switches with time uncertainty (FSTU), and its recently developed variant with stochastic decoherence (FTSU/SD), each combined with semiclassical sampling of the initial vibrational state. The calculated branching fraction to the higher fine-structure level of the bromine atom is in good agreement with experiment and with more complete theoretical treatments. The present study, by comparing our new calculations to wave packet calculations with distance-dependent ab initio spin-orbit coupling, validates the semiclassical trajectory methods, the semiclassical initial state sample scheme, and the use of a distance-independent spin-orbit coupling for future applications to polyatomic photodissociation. Finally, using LiBr(+) as a model system, it is shown that accurate spin-coupled potential curves can also be constructed for odd-electron systems using the same strategy as for HBr.     

Influence of molecular orientation on the photodissociation process of LiH molecules

Regulation of photodissociation dynamics of oriented LiH molecules in different dissociation channels is proposed based on time dependent quantum wave packet theory. The enhancement of molecular orientation on the photodissociation of LiH is obvious with our theoretical scheme. The results show that the molecular orientation in the ground state has a great effect on the angular distributions of wave packets. By using the proper laser pulses and controlling the polarization direction of the laser pulses, the enhancement of the photodissociation could be realized. After the molecular orientation, an optimal dissociation channel is observed with an improved dissociation probability. Compared with the results without molecular orientation, the maximal dissociation probability is increased by 8.1% in the indirect dissociation channel and 30.7% in the direct dissociation channel. The enhancement effect is more obvious in the direct dissociation channel, which provides a possible method to manipulate the dissociation of LiH molecules experimentally. Additionally, the photodissociation process of LiH also relies on the electric intensity and delay time of two pump pulses.