替考拉宁及间甲基苯基异氰酸酯替考拉宁手性固定相的 对映体分离能力评价与比较

由替考拉宁手性固定相(TE CSP)制备出了一种新型的高效液相色谱手性固定相: 间甲基苯基异氰酸酯替考拉宁手性固定相(TI-TE CSP). 在反相流动相中用7种氨基酸和3种非氨基酸化合物对这两种手性固定相的手性分离能力进行了评价和比较. 考察了有机添加剂的种类和浓度, 缓冲液的pH值等条件对10个手性化合物在两种CSP上手性分离的影响, 计算得出了溶质在两种CSP上的手性选择性自由能差值, 同时初步探讨了这些溶质在两种CSP上的手性识别机理. 实验数据表明, 氨基酸在TE上保留更强, 但在TI-TE上得到了更好的手性分离效果. 结果显示, 经间甲基苯基异氰酸酯衍生化后的替考拉宁CSP在反相流动相中的分离能力有所提高.     

纤维素类手性固定相高效液相色谱法拆分三唑类手性化合物

采用纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性固定相(Chiralcel OD)和纤维素-三(4-甲基苯基甲酸酯)手性固定相(Chiralcel OJ),在正相高效液相(N-HPLC)模式下,基线拆分了两个系列共13个结构类似的三唑类手性化合物,结果发现,当手性固定相(Chiral Stationary Phase,CSP)可以与溶质分子之间形成较强氢键时,Chiralcel OD的手性识别能力明显优于Chiraleel OJ,当手性固定相(CSP)与溶质分子之间不能或难于形成氢键时,两种CSP的手性拆分能力相似;提高流动相中极性改性剂的极性有利于手性化合物的拆分。在反相高效液相(R-HPLC)模式下,共基线拆分了8个三唑类手性化合物,实验发现,OJ-CSP的手性拆分能力明显优于OD-CSP．它们对对映体分子的选择性主要受CSP与溶质分子间的π-π相互作用的影响。     

替考拉宁键合手性固定相的制备及其在反相条件下对手性化合物的拆分

以国产大环抗生素替考拉宁为手性选择剂制备了替考拉宁键合手性固定相(Tei-CSP),在反相条件下考察了键合相对华发令、西孟旦等手性药物、α-氨基酸(羟基酸)、衍生α-氨基酸的拆分效果。实验结果表明,在反相条件下,疏水(亲水)作用、静电作用对手性化合物在柱上的保留以及对映体的拆分起到了非常重要的作用;氨基酸在衍生前后,其在柱上的保留和手性识别机理发生了改变,衍生前,亲水作用参与保留机理,而衍生后,由于疏水作用增强,疏水作用参与保留,对映体在较低的有机改性剂条件下才能获得较好的分离。     

替考拉宁键合手性固定相高效液相色谱法直接拆分泮托拉唑钠对映体

以替考拉宁为手性选择剂制备了大环抗生素类手性固定相替考拉宁键合手性固定相(T-CSP),建立了T-CSP反相液相色谱直接拆分泮托拉唑钠对映体的方法。考察了流动相中有机改性剂的种类和比例、柱温以及流动相流速对拆分泮托拉唑钠对映体的影响。研究发现,用甲醇作有机改性剂比乙腈更有利于对映体的分离;在研究的温度范围内,随着柱温的升高,对映体的保留时间缩短,同时分离因子和分离度降低;在一定范围内降低流速有利于对映体的分离。采用T-CSP色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm i.d.,5 μm),以甲醇-水(体积比为35∶65)为流动相,在流速0.6 mL/min、检测波长290 nm、柱温20 ℃的条件下,泮托拉唑钠对映体获得了近于基线的分离,所建立的方法具有简便快速及重复性好等优点。     

淀粉及纤维素三(3-三氟甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性固定相的制备及其性能评价

为了扩展多糖类手性固定相的种类,制备了基于淀粉及纤维素三(3-三氟甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)的涂敷型手性固定相,以正己烷-异丙醇混合液为流动相,对8种手性化合物进行了高效液相色谱拆分。研究表明: 虽然与应用最广泛的分别以淀粉及纤维素三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)为手性选择因子的商品化手性柱Chiralpak AD和Chiralcel OD相比,所制备的手性固定相的手性分离能力较低,但纤维素三(3-三氟甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性固定相显示出特异的手性识别能力,一些手性化合物在此固定相上得到了比在Chiracel OD上更好的分离;所制备的手性固定相的手性识别能力随流动相中异丙醇含量的降低而变好,当流动相中正己烷与异丙醇的体积比为95:5时所制备的手性固定相显示出相对较高的手性识别能力;总体来说,淀粉三(3-三氟甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性固定相的手性识别能力稍强于纤维素三(3-三氟甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性固定相,同时两种手性固定相的手性识别能力具有一定的互补性。     

反相色谱条件下三唑类手性农药对映异构体的拆分

采用自制的纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性固定相(CDMPC-CSP)和直链淀粉-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性固定相(ADMPC-CSP),在反相色谱条件下成功地拆分了己唑醇、烯唑醇、烯效唑、粉唑醇、三唑酮和戊唑醇对映异构体.考察了固定相类型、不同比例的甲醇/水或乙腈/水做流动相、柱温等因素对三唑类手性农药拆分的影响,优化了色谱分离的条件.结果表明:两种固定相都有很强的拆分能力.在优化的色谱条件下,己唑醇和烯唑醇在这两种固定相上都能被分离; 三唑酮只能在CDMPC- CSP上分离;粉唑醇、戊唑醇、烯效唑只能在ADMPC-CSP上分离.流动相中水的含量增加会使对映体的保留增强,分离的可能性增大.在0～40 ℃研究温度范围内,容量因子k随温度的升高而减少,除烯效唑与戊唑醇外,其它手性农药的选择因子α也随温度的升高而减少,而分离度Rs随温度变化没有明显的规律,最好的分离度不都出现在低温.对映体流出顺序用圆二色检测器测定.     

涂敷型淀粉类液相色谱手性固定相对丙烯菊醇对映体的拆分

合成了直链淀粉-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯),涂于氨基丙烷化硅胶上制得高效液相色谱手性固定相,并利用该固定相对外消旋丙烯菊醇对映体进行了拆分。考察了流动相中异丙醇含量对分离效果的影响。     

高效液相色谱的8种商品手性柱对52种手性化合物的拆分研究

用8种手性柱纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)涂敷型固定相(Chiralcel OD)、纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)键合型固定相(Chiralpak IB)、直链淀粉-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)涂敷型固定相(Chiralpak AD)、直链淀粉-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)键合型固定相(Chiralpak IA)、直链淀粉-三((S)-α-甲基苄基氨基甲酸酯)涂敷型固定相(Chiralpak AS)、Pirkle型固定相((S,S)-Whelk-O1)、弱阴离子交换剂固定相(Chiralpak QN-AX)和替考拉宁固定相(Chirobitotic T柱)对52种外消旋体化合物进行了拆分,并讨论拆分条件对一些手性柱分离情况的影响。结果表明,这8根手性柱对这些对映体具有良好的手性识别效果和互补性。它们对这些样品手性拆分实验结果比较可得出其手性识别能力为:Chirobitotic TODADIAASIB(S,S)-Whelk-O1Chiralpak QN-AX。     

纤维素2,3-位和2,3,6-位苯基氨基甲酸酯手性固定相的选择性研究

合成了纤维素-2,3,6-三苯基氨基甲酸酯、纤维素-2,3-二苯基氨基甲酸酯、纤维素-2,3,6-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)和纤维素-2,3-二(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)4种纤维素衍生物手性固定相,用正己烷-异丙醇（体积比为9∶1）混合液作流动相,对9种手性化合物进行了高效液相色谱拆分。实验结果表明:对所测的9个样品,纤维素-2,3-二苯基氨基甲酸酯的手性选择性大大好于纤维素-2,3,6-三苯基氨基甲酸酯;而纤维素-2,3-二(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)与纤维素-2,3,6-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)的分离因子针对不同的对映体各有优点,但前者通常具有更小的保留因子,可以缩短一定的分析时间。     

替考拉宁高效液相色谱手性固定相的制备研究

替考拉宁属于大环抗生素,具有半篮状结构和多个手性中心,是常见的手性识别材料,广泛应用于对映体的色谱手性分离分析.本文研究了以替考拉宁为手性识别剂,采用键合的方法制备得到9种高效液相色谱手性固定相,用于苯甘氨酸和对羟基苯甘氨酸的拆分研究,并且考察了重现性和稳定性及进样量对拆分结果的影响.实验结果表明,9种手性固定相均具有拆分苯甘氨酸及对羟基苯甘氨酸的能力.     

Evaluation and Comparison of a 3,5‐Dimethylphenyl Isocyanate Teicoplanin with Phenyl Isocyanate Teicoplanin Chiral Stationary Phase Using RP‐HPLC

HPLC enantiomeric separations of 8 α‐amino acids were achieved using two self‐made chiral stationary phases (CSP)–phenyl isocyanate teicoplanin (Phe‐TE) and 3,5‐dimethylphenyl isocyanate teicoplanin (DMP‐TE), using reversed phase mobile phases. The Phe‐TE or the DMP‐TE CSP was prepared from the TE using derivative agents, phenyl isocyanate or 3,5‐dimethylphenyl isocyanate, respectively. The chromatographic results were given as the retention, selectivity, resolution factor and the enantioselective free energy difference corresponding to the separation of the two enantiomers. The effect of pH, organic modifier type and amount were discussed, and the stereoselectivities for two TE‐based CSPs were compared. The chiral selectivity factor for six α‐amino acids on DMP‐TE is somewhat bigger than that on Phe‐TE CSP under reversed phase (RP) mode. Comparison of the enantiomeric separations using self‐made Phe‐TE and DMP‐TE was conducted to gain a better understanding of the chiral recognition mechanism of the macrocyclic glycopeptide CSP.     

Comparative Enantioseparation of Seven Amino Alcohols on Teicoplanin‐Based Chiral Stationary Phases

Abstract

The macrocyclic antibiotics represent a relatively new class of chiral selectors in separation science and teicoplanin‐based chiral stationary phases (CSP) have been used successfully in a number of applications in high‐performance liquid chromatography. In the present studies, we self‐prepared two bonded CSPs–teicoplanin (TE) and teicoplanin phenyl isocyanate (TE‐Phe). Seven amino alcohols, propranolol, bisoprolol fumarate, atenolol, salbutamol, isoproterenol, metoprolol, and labetalol were enantioseparated on both self‐made CSPs using methanol as mobile phase and acetic acid (HOAc) and triethylamine (TEA) as mobile phase additives. On both CSPs, the different enantioseparation behavior of analytes with different structure was compared. The influence of the concentration of mobile phase additives (HOAc and TEA) on the enantioseparation was investigated. In all conditions, the retention factors (k′) of seven analytes on TE‐Phe CSP were larger than that on TE CSP. However, the separation factors (α) and resolutions (Rs) on TE‐Phe CSP were smaller than that on TE CSP. The results indicated that the derivatized TE‐Phe CSP is not efficient as original teicoplanin CSP. Our observations also suggested that, for teicoplanin‐based CSPs, π‐π interactions and dipole‐dipole between solutes and CSPs mainly contribute to the retention of solutes on CSPs while hydrogen bonding and steric interactions play important roles in the chiral recognition for teicoplanin‐based CSPs.     

Direct high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of unusual secondary amino acids and a comparison of the performances of Chirobiotic T and TAG columns

Two macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotic-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on native teicoplanin and teicoplanin aglycone, Chirobiotic T and TAG, respectively, were evaluated with regard to the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of 10 secondary alpha-amino acids (imino acids). The chromatographic results are given as the retention, separation and resolution factors, together with the enantioselective free energy difference corresponding to the separation of the enantiomers. By application of these two CSPs, excellent resolutions were achieved for the investigated compounds by using reversed-phase mobile mode systems. The separation conditions were optimized by variation of the mobile phase composition. The difference in enantioselective free energy between the aglycone CSP and the teicoplanin CSP for these particular amino acids ranged between 0.70 and -1.83 kJ mol(-1). It was established that better enantioseparations of the secondary alpha-amino acids were attained in most cases on the aglycone CSP.     

Separation of the enantiomers of substituted dihydrofurocoumarins by HPLC using macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral stationary phases

Enantiomer separations by HPLC using the macrocyclic glycopeptides teicoplanin (Chirobiotic T), teicoplanin aglycon (Chirobiotic TAG), and ristocetin A (Chirobiotic R) chiral stationary phases (CSP) have been achieved on a unique series of potentially biologically active racemic analogues of dihydrofurocoumarin. The macrocyclic glycopeptides have proven to be very selective for this class of compound. All of the 28 chiral analogues examined afforded baseline separation on at least one of the macrocyclic glycopeptide CSP. The teicoplanin CSP showed the broadest enantioselectivity with 24 of the compounds baseline separated. The TAG and the R CSP produced 23 and 14 baseline separations respectively. All three mobile phase modes, i.e. normal phase (NP), reversed phase (RP), and new polar organic modes (PO), have been evaluated. The NP mode proved to be most effective for the separation of chiral dihydrofurocoumarins on all CSP tested. In the reversed phase (RP) mode, all three CSP separated a similar number of compounds. It was observed that the structural characteristics of the analytes and steric effects are very important factors leading to chiral recognition. Hydrogen bonding was found to play a secondary role in chiral discrimination in the normal phase and polar organic modes. Hydrophobic interactions are important for chiral separation in the reversed-phase mode. Chromatographic retention data does not provide information on the absolute configuration of these chiral dihydrofurocoumarin derivatives. However, when coupled with circular dichroism using the exciton coupling chirality method, the enantiomer elution order and the absolute configuration of some chiral dihydrofurocoumarins were successfully determined.     

Evaluation and comparison of a methylated teicoplanin aglycone to teicoplanin aglycone and natural teicoplanin chiral stationary phases

HPLC enantiomeric separations of a wide variety of racemic analytes was evaluated using chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on the macrocyclic glycopeptides teicoplanin (T), teicoplanin aglycone (TAG), and methylated teicoplanin aglycone (Me-TAG) in two different mobile phase modes, i.e., the RP mode and the polar organic (PO) mode. Comparison of the enantiomeric separations using Chirobiotic T, Chirobiotic TAG, and the methylated form of TAG were conducted in order to gain a better understanding of the roles of the polar functional groups on the CSP. Substantial effects due to the cleavage of saccharides and/or methylation on chiral separations were observed in both separation modes. Improved separation efficiencies for many acidic analytes were obtained by methylating the H-bonding groups of TAG. These groups were believed to be a contributing factor to band broadening on TAG due to their negative effect on mass transfer between the stationary phase and mobile phase. Ionic/dipolar interactions between the carboxylate group of the analytes and the amine groups on T, TAG, or Me-TAG are important for chiral discrimination. Therefore, analytes possessing a carboxyl group are good candidates for successful separations on these CSPs. Hydrophobic interactions are important for enantiomeric separations in the RP mode where the H-bonding interactions between analytes and the chiral selectors are relatively weak. Me-TAG offers higher hydrophobicity, which can accentuate the interactions of analytes with hydrophobic moieties, but these interactions are not necessarily stereoselective. In the PO mobile phase, electrostatic/dipolar interactions between polar functional groups are the dominating interactions in chiral recognition. Another important factor is steric fit, which could be changed with every modification of the T structure. Therefore, substantial changes of enantioseparations were obtained within this studied group of CSPs. The PO mode was shown to be the most powerful mobile phase mode for enantiomeric separations on T-based stationary phases, mainly due to the improved efficiency. Methylation of the TAG proved to be a very useful tool for investigating the chiral recognition mechanism for this group of chiral selectors.     

LC Enantioseparation of β-Lactam and β-Amino Acid Stereoisomers and a Comparison of Macrocyclic Glycopeptide- and β-Cyclodextrin-Based Columns

Direct reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic methods were developed for the separation of the enantiomers of tricyclic β-lactams, cis-3,4-benzo-6-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-one, cis-4,5-benzo-7-azabicyclo[4.2.0]-octan-8-one, cis-5,6-benzo-8-azabicyclo[5.2.0]nonan-9-one and new bicyclic β-amino acids, the six- and seven-membered homologues of cis-1-amino-4,5-benzocyclopentane-2-carboxylic acid (benzocispentacin), cis-1-amino-5,6-benzocyclohexane-2-carboxylic acid and cis-1-amino-6,7-benzocycloheptane-2-carboxylic acid. The direct separations of the analytes were performed on chiral stationary phase (CSP) columns containing the macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotic teicoplanin (Chirobiotic T), teicoplanin aglycone (Chirobiotic TAG), vancomycin (Chirobiotic V), vancomycin aglycone (Chirobiotic VAG), ristocetin A (Chirobiotic R) or a new dimethylphenyl carbamate-derivatized β-cyclodextrin-based Cyclobond DMP. The results achieved with the different methods were compared in systematic chromatographic examinations. The effects of an organic modifier and of the mobile phase composition on the separation and the separation efficiency of different columns were investigated. The difference in enantioselective free energy between the aglycone CSP and the teicoplanin CSP for these β-lactams and β-amino acids ranged between 0.3 and −1.1 kJmol⁻¹. Better enantioseparations were attained in most cases on the aglycone CSP.

     

Comparison of the separation efficiencies of chirobiotic T and TAG columns in the separation of unusual amino acids

Two macrocyclic antibiotic type chiral stationary phases (CSPs), based on native teicoplanin and teicoplanin aglycone, Chirobiotic T and Chirobiotic TAG, respectively, were evaluated for the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of enantiomers of 15 unnatural conformationally constrained alpha-amino acids, Phe and Tyr analogs, and 12 beta-amino acids having cycloalkane or cycloalkene skeletons. The chromatographic results are given as the retention, separation and resolution factors along with the enantioselective free energy difference corresponding to the separation of the enantiomers. It is clearly established that in most cases the aglycone is responsible for the enantioseparation of amino acids. The difference in enantioselective free energy between the aglycone CSP and the teicoplanin CSP was between 0.02 and 0.30 kcal mol(-1) for these particular amino acids. The resolution factors are higher with the aglycone CSP. Although the sugar units generally decrease the resolution of amino acid enantiomers, they can contribute significantly to the resolution of some unusual amino acid analogs. By application of these two CSPs excellent resolutions were achieved for most of the investigated compounds by using reversed phase or polar organic mobile mode systems. The separation conditions were optimized by variation of the mobile phase composition.     

The HPLC Enantioresolution of Selected Native or Derivatized Amino Acids on Teicoplanin Bonded Chiral Stationary Phase Using a Methanol‐Based Mobile Phase

The facile HPLC enantiomeric resolution of a variety of selected native or derivatized amino acids is carried out on the glycopeptide antibiotic teicoplanin bonded chiral stationary phase using a methanol‐based mobile phase and found very sensitive to the structural variations. This mobile phase is mainly composed of methanol. Organic additives such as acetic acid and triethylamine are introduced to the mobile phase in small percentages to control the analyte's retention time. Additive of low viscosity such as ethyl ether or petroleum ether is incorporated in the mobile phase as well to improve the resolution. Further increasing its percentage in the mobile phase deteriorates the resolution slightly; however, it extends the retention scale of enantiomers. The change in enantioselectivity is found to be insignificant under these circumstances. The hydrogen bonding and π‐π complexation in the hydrophobic pocket of teicoplanin chiral selector is believed to be the mechanism mainly responsible for the enantioresolution observed in this report.