纳米零价铁去除水体中砷的效能与机理

全球超过一亿人受到高毒性、难处理的砷污染引发的饮用水安全的威胁,解决砷污染问题迫在眉睫而又任重道远。纳米零价铁(nZVI)能高效去除重(类)金属、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、高氯酸盐、卤代物、多环芳烃、偶氮染料和苯酚等污染物,成为广泛应用的工程纳米材料之一,在全球已有近60例的环境原位修复和废水处理工程案例。其独特的纳米级核壳结构和表面性质使其能够通过吸附、还原和沉淀等多种作用高效去砷。本文综述了近年来nZVI及其改性材料去除水中砷的研究进展,探讨了nZVI去除水中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的反应机理,归纳了不同反应条件(初始pH值、反应时间、nZVI投加量、砷初始浓度、共存离子和有机质)对去除效果的影响,总结了nZVI改性材料(多孔材料负载改性nZVI、金属掺杂改性nZVI、表面稳定剂改性nZVI和绿色合成nZVI)对砷的去除效率,展望了纳米零价铁去除砷的发展方向和所面临的挑战。     

甲醛去除方法的研究进展

甲醛存在于我们的衣、食、住、行,无处不在,因其毒性大,对人身体危害大,是生活中的隐形杀手,因此甲醛的去除显得尤为重要。综述了几种常用的甲醛去除方法。     

单一金属氧化物同时催化去除碳颗粒和NOx

制备了系列金属氧化物催化剂,研究了富氧条件下单一金属氧化物同时催化去除碳颗粒和NOx的活性,考察了碳颗粒与催化剂之间的接触方式对催化活性的影响,并分析了碳颗粒和NO,催化同时去除的路径.结果表明,Cr,Mn、Co和 Ni 金属氧化物催化剂对碳颗粒和 NOx 同时去除具有较高的催化活性,并且在催化剂与碳颗粒之间"松散接触"方式下依然具有较高的活性;其同时催化去除碳颗粒和 NOx 的路径为,催化剂催化NO 氧化成NO2,NO2 促进碳颗粒氧化去除,而碳颗粒氧化的中间物 CO 还原 NO,促进 NO,还原去除.     

镁铝双金属氢氧化物及氧化物去除硫离子(S2-)性能及其机理研究

利用层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)层间阴离子的可交换性及其结构记忆效应，研究了氯离子插层镁铝双金属氢氧化物(MgAl-Cl-LDHs)及镁铝双金属氧化物(MgAl-LDO)去除S^2-的性能及机理。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP)等表征技术，详细探讨了焙烧复原法及离子交换法得到的不同产物的结构和去除S^2-性能，提出了MgAl-Cl-LDHs和MgAl-LDO对S^2-的不同去除机理。结果表明，MgAl-LDO具有较MgAl-Cl-LDHs更为优良的去除S^2-性能。文中所有去除实验的pH值均为9，此时S^2-发生水解且主要以HS-存在于溶液中。采用MgAl-Cl-LDHs为前体时，HS^-的离子交换能力比Cl^-弱，不能通过与Cl^-交换进入层间，S^2-的去除机理主要是表面吸附HS^-及将其氧化成S₂O₃^2-。以MgAl-LDO为前体时，HS^-通过LDO结构恢复能迅速进入层间，且受MgAl-LDO的催化氧化性能的影响，在结构恢复的同时HS-被氧化成S₂O₃^2-、S^2-和S^3-，可以高效去除溶液中的S^2-。n_Mg/n_Al比为2的LDHs在500 ℃下焙烧的产物MgAl-LDO对S^2-的去除率能够达到98%以上，以MgAl-LDO去除S^2-的方法可作为一种高效除S^2-的方法。     

铁基双金属材料还原降解三溴甲烷的研究

本文制备了Cu/Fe和Pd/Fe两种铁基双金属材料,考察它们对溴仿(CHBr_3)的还原去除效果。结果表明,溴仿的还原去除效果都随双金属材料投加量的增加而增加;溶液中H~+浓度越高,越有利于还原反应的进行;溶解氧的存在会对还原去除反应产生抑制作用。双金属材料与溴仿的还原去除反应包括直接还原和间接还原两种途径。Pd和Cu通过与零价铁组成原电池结构加快了零价铁在水中的腐蚀速度,从而增强了零价铁对溴仿的直接还原去除效果。Pd与Cu相比,具有更高的氢过电位,氢气更容易在Pd的表面生成,而氢气也可以作为还原剂,取代溴仿分子中的溴原子,完成还原脱卤。因此,Pd/Fe双金属材料对溴仿的还原去除效果要好于Cu/Fe双金属材料。     

纳米零价铁对水中砷和硒去除的比较研究

采用纳米零价铁去除水中的砷和硒,考察了不同溶解氧、纳米零价铁投加量、接触时间以及溶液初始pH值等条件下纳米零价铁去除水中砷和硒的效果,并比较了反应前后固体的形貌、组成、溶液pH值及反应机制.结果表明,纳米零价铁可广泛用于去除水中的砷/硒污染,去除效果顺序依次为Se（IV）> As（Ⅲ）> Se（VI）> As（V）;水中溶解氧（DO）对As（Ⅲ）和Se（IV）的去除没有显著的影响,而高浓度的DO对As（V）和Se（VI）的去除产生了一定的抑制作用;增加纳米零价铁投加量可促进砷和硒的去除;溶液初始pH值对纳米零价铁去除As（Ⅲ）,As（V）和Se（VI）的影响较大,而对Se（IV）的去除几乎没有影响;反应后固体的形貌、组成及溶液pH值存在差异.纳米零价铁与砷、硒反应机理的不同造成了去除效果及反应后固液两相的差异.     

单一金属氧化物同时催化去除碳颗粒和NOx

制备了系列金属氧化物催化剂, 研究了富氧条件下单一金属氧化物同时催化去除碳颗粒和NOx的活性, 考察了碳颗粒与催化剂之间的接触方式对催化活性的影响, 并分析了碳颗粒和NOx催化同时去除的路径. 结果表明, Cr、Mn、Co和Ni金属氧化物催化剂对碳颗粒和NOx同时去除具有较高的催化活性, 并且在催化剂与碳颗粒之间“松散接触”方式下依然具有较高的活性; 其同时催化去除碳颗粒和NOx的路径为, 催化剂催化NO氧化成NO2, NO2促进碳颗粒氧化去除, 而碳颗粒氧化的中间物CO还原NO, 促进NOx还原去除.     

亲和膜用于去除医药及人血清白蛋白溶液中的内毒素(英文)

 以纤维素膜为基质材料 ,制备了 3种用于去除内毒素的亲和膜 ,分别为壳聚糖亲和膜 (KFCC5 17) ,疏水阳离子亲和膜 (KFCG316 )和金属螯合物亲和膜 (KFCG40 2 )。研究了亲和膜对内毒素的吸附容量及在内毒素去除方面的应用 ,结果表明这 3种亲和膜都可以用于多种溶液中内毒素的去除。考察了离子强度、pH值以及流速对去除效果的影响 ,并分析了原因。KFCC5 17,KFCG316 ,KFCG40 2都可用于人血清白蛋白溶液中内毒素的去除 ,KFCC5 17还可用于医药制剂如氢化可的松、葛根素、盐酸丁卡因和右旋糖苷 40葡萄糖注射液中内毒素的去除。     

市售净化产品对空气中甲醛去除效果的研究

对比八种市售净化产品对室内化学污染物甲醛的去除效果。结果表明,所有的净化产品对高浓度的甲醛污染物均有一定的去除能力,且有显著性差异,但没有一款产品在2 h内能够使得甲醛污染物浓度降至0.10 mg/m~3以内。对比实验前后每款净化产品重量,发现材料的增重率与其净化效果并无显著关系。通过比较同一品牌的活性炭在不同实验条件下的净化效果可知,加大空气流动能够显著提高活性炭对甲醛的去除能力,且其实验前后的重量变化与去除甲醛的效率有极显著的正相关关系,这说明活性炭的重量会随着去除率的增加而增加,且极易达到吸附饱和。     

改性植物生物炭去除水中四环素类抗生素的研究进展

四环素类抗生素滥用和缺乏有效去除技术导致广泛残留并诱导产生耐药细菌,已成为世界环境问题之一.植物生物炭具有来源广、成本低、易制备、资源有效利用和环境友好等优点,在环境修复领域,特别是抗生素污染物去除方面备受关注.本文综述了改性植物生物炭对四环素类抗生素的去除效果,讨论环境因素对改性生物炭性能的影响并深入探讨去除机制,分...     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.