利用智能手机测定补铁药物中的铁含量*

为进一步提升图像比色法测定补铁药物中铁含量的准确性及普适性,考察了拍摄环境对结果的影响,确定了适用于图像比色分析的定量参数,比较使用不同容器来盛装溶液所获得的比色结果,在最优条件下测定了实际样品中铁的含量及加标回收率。结果显示,获得可靠数据的关键是将标准溶液、待测液以及空白溶液拍摄在同一张图片上;由溶液图像R值换算的吸光度值与浓度具有最佳的线性关系;分析以比色皿、试管、点滴板为容器获得的溶液图片,都能得到适合于定量比色分析的数据;测定的加标回收率大于95%。该方法操作简便,测定结果准确,可在各种条件下的高中化学实验室中开展。     

手机成像数码比色法测定水样中6价铬

设计了利用手机成像数码比色法测定水样中6价铬的实验,水样中6价铬经二苯碳酰二肼显色后用手机拍摄溶液图像,用Photoshop软件读取图像中显色液绿色通道的亮度值,该亮度值与溶液中铬的质量浓度呈线性关系,从而计算样品中6价铬的含量,对拍摄方式和图像读取方式进行了讨论。样品测定结果与分光光度法一致,加标回收率在98.0%~102.0%之间。该方法不使用专业仪器设备,简便、快速、准确,可实现现场检测。由于只使用学生自带的智能手机为检测设备,可极大地激发学生的实验兴趣和创新、探索精神。     

图像比色法测定有色溶液

根据溶液中有色物质颜色值与其质量浓度成正比的原理及数字图像红绿蓝色彩模式,通过采集样品溶液的图像信息,采用图像比色法对有色溶液进行定量分析。以蓝色硫酸铜溶液为研究对象,在实验箱内采集图像和建立统计回归模型。结果表明:方法测量误差为5%,线性范围为10.0~50.0g·L-1,相关系数大于0.990。     

高中化学“比色法测定抗贫血药物中铁的含量”实验改进

人教版普通高中课程标准实验教科书《实验化学》的一个实验"比色法测定抗贫血药物中铁的含量"的实验条件和样品处理中存在不足,影响实验的可操作性和重现性;经过条件优化,改进后的实验有良好的重现性和稳定性。     

基于颜色二阶矩和直方图联合判定的镝铁中铁含量自动分析仪研制

镝铁合金中铁含量的检测方法通常以人工滴定为主,但这种方法存在耗时长、操作繁琐、人眼判断滴定终点差异性等问题。本文研制了一种以图像处理为基础的镝铁中铁含量自动分析仪,实现了样品前处理、滴定、终点判定等过程一体化与自动化,减少了人工操作。可同时进行五个样品试验,提高了滴定效率。采用CCD工业相机摄取溶液图像,实现化学反应过程中溶液颜色的自动化识别,运用颜色分量二阶矩阈值和像素点数量排除溶液颜色交替变化的干扰,并基于直方图对比得到相似度进行滴定终点的判定,能够有效、准确地实现化学反应过程中溶液颜色的自动化识别。使用参考值为19.47%-20.25%的镝铁合金样品进行试验,与手工滴定结果比对验证,精密度测量结果相对标准差在0.21%以内,正确度测量结果误差在0.15%以内,满足国标《镝铁合金化学分析方法第4部分：铁量的测定 重铬酸钾容量法》（GB/T26416.4—2010）的精度要求。     

图像比色法快速检测土壤中三硝基甲苯

建立了定量分析土壤中TNT的图像比色方法。通过建立溶液数字图像RGB值与溶液浓度间的线性关系,实现了对TNT溶液的定量分析。方法线性范围达到1~80 mg/L,检出限为0.39±0.05 mg/L,定量限为1.32±0.18 mg/L,达到光谱方法定量分析水平。对TNT丙酮溶液以及土壤中的TNT进行了定量分析,结果表明:图像比色法分析土壤中TNT是一种简易、快速、准确、经济的分析方法,在爆炸现场以及环境案件中现场快速检测TNT有着应用前景。     

高聚物溶液中大分子链尺寸的研究——旋转半径R_G与浓度C的关系

根据Flory等效流体力学球模型及其粘度理论,对溶液中大分子链尺寸进行了研究,导出了一个能在整个溶液浓度范围内适用的形式简单的大分子链尺寸与溶液浓度间定量关系新方程。由该方程计算分子量为1.1×10~5的聚苯乙烯在不同浓度的甲苯溶液中的R_G值与Hayashi等人的小角X散射实验值很接近;也与King等人由中子散射法测得的实验值基本一致。相比较,由本模型所得的预言结果比其它理论模型所得的结果更为满意。     

硫普罗宁的药代动力学及光度法测定

建立了光度法测定硫普罗宁的新方法。研究表明:在SCN-和KNO3存在下,控制溶液pH4.0,Cu(II)被硫普罗宁还原生成的Cu(I)与SCN-反应形成CuSCN沉淀,该沉淀能浮在水相表面。通过测定溶液中剩余Cu(II)的量,可以测定硫普罗宁的含量。吸光度与硫普罗宁浓度之间存在良好线性关系。线性方程:A=4.898-0.3616ρ(μg/mL),线性范围为0.25～12.0μg/mL,相关系数R=0.9993,检出限为0.16μg/mL。该方法可直接用于药物中硫普罗宁含量的测定及其药代动力学行为研究。     

数码成像比色法测定水样中的总磷

在酸性介质中,磷酸二氢钾与钼酸铵、酒石酸锑钾及抗坏血酸作用,生成蓝色的络合物。随着磷酸二氢钾浓度的增加,溶液颜色加深,其数码成像的RGB值亦随着磷酸二氢钾浓度的增加而增加,由此建立数码成像比色法(DIC)测定水样中总磷的新方法。考察了DIC法的影响因素和最佳反应条件。与钼酸铵分光光度法对照,该方法简单,快速。用于实际水样的测定,相对标准偏差为1.8%~3.4%,回收率为99.7%~102.5%,结果与分光度法一致。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法间接测定钢中硼量

在弱酸介质中,硼、苯羟乙酸和[Fe(Phen)3]2+(phen:邻二氮菲)缔合生成具有较大疏水基团的化合物,用1,2-二氯乙烷萃取,再用去离子水反萃取,再用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水相中铁,由此间接测定硼的含量.硼的质量浓度在0.05～3.24 mg·L-1范围内呈线性,方法检出限(3S/N)为0.036 mg·L-1.应用此方法测定了硼钢标准样品中硼含量,测得结果与已知值相符.     

Investigation of the sorption of water vapor on cation-substituted vermiculite. 2. Thermodynamic description of sorption equilibria

The changes in the thermodynamic functions of the sorbents were calculated for the first time from measurements of the deformations of vermiculite during the sorption of water vapor and adsorption-calorimetric data.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and the Chemistry of Water, Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 252180 Kiev. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1270–1275, June, 1992.     

Thermodynamics of ionization of water over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

We have summarized results of many experimental investigations of the thermodynamics of ionization of H₂O(liq.) from 0–300°C and from 1.0 atm to nearly 8000 atm. Results of these investigations (equilibrium constants, enthalpies of ionization, heat capacities, partial molal volumes, and compressibilities) have been used for a number of thermodynamic calculations. It is particularly noteworthy that it is possible to use thermal data from 0–145°C with an equilibrium constant for 25°C in calculating reasonably accurate equilibrium constants for temperatures as high as 300°C. Similarly, it is possible to use volumetric data that refer to 1.0 atm in calculating useful equilibrium constants that apply for pressures as high as 2000 atm.Much of the work reported here was done while the author was on leave at the University of Lethbridge.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases. VIII. Enthalpies of hydration of 6-alkyluracils

Enthalpies of solution in water H _sol ^o and enthalpies of sublimation H _sub ^o were determined for a number of crystalline derivatives of uracil: 1,6-dimethyluracil (m ₂ ^1,6 Ura), 1,3,6-trimethyluracil (m ₃ ^1,3,6 Ura), 6-ethyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (e⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura), 6-propyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (pr⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura) and 6-butyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (but⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura). Standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o and standard enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells were calculated. The data obtained show that dependence of H _int ^o on the number of-CH₂- groups of n-alkyl chain added upon substitution of diketopyrimidine ring is nonlinear. This finding is discussed in connection with results of X-ray diffraction structure determinations for the crystalline compounds.     

STUDIES ON THE REACTIVITY PATTERNS OF HETEROCYCLICS IN AQUEOUS DMSO‐INTERACTION BETWEEN POSITIVE END OF SULFOXIDE DIPOLE AND LONE PAIR ON RING NITROGEN IN PYRIDINE DERIVATIVES

Abstract

The signals for the α, β, and γ protons of pyridine exhibit a downfield shift in DMSO-d₆, compared to CCl₄ as solvent, the order being γ > β > α. This is attributed to an interaction between the positive end of the DMSO dipole and the lone pair of electrons on the ring nitrogen. This effect is also reflected in the faster rate of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl isonicotinate over ethyl nicotinate and ethyl picolinate in aqueous DMSO relative to aqueous ethanol. Similar solvent effects are also observed in the pmr spectrum of pyrazine.     

Protonation of leucoemeraldine in the solid state and in solution

The protonation of leucoemeraldine in power form and in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) solution by HCIO₄ and HBF₄ has been studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectroscopy. In powder form, less than 25% of the amine nitrogens can be protonated in the absence of oxygen. The effects of oxygen on the degree of protonation and the distribution of amine and imine units upon deprotonation of the salt are investigated. The degree of protonation in leuccemeraldine can be increased to about 50% with 3 M HCIO₄, similar to that achievable with emeraldine base in powder form. In NMP solution, leucoemeraldine is easily oxidized by dissolved oxygen. Protonation of both leucoemeraldine and emeraldine base in NMP solutions results in metastable species which gradually undergo deprotonation. The resulting products are affected by the O₂ content of the solutions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Thermodynamics of lonization of aqueous lodic acid,an “almost-strong” electrolyte

We have made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of dilution of aqueous iodic acid and have used these results for evaluation of the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). We have also made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of addition of perchloric acid solution to aqueous solutions of KIO₃, KNO₃, NaIO₃, and NaNO₃ and have used these results to obtain further values for the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). On the basis of all these results, we have selected H^o=–660±125 cal-mole^–1 as the best available standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.) at 298.15°K, compared to the previously accepted –2400 cal-mole^–1. Using the best available K=0.157 for ionization, we also obtain G^o=1097 cal-mole^–1 and S^o=–5.9 cal-^oK^–1-mole^–1 for ionization of HIO₃(aq) at 298.15°K.On study leave from Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.On study leave from Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, N.S.W. 2500, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.     

Thermochemical study of aliphatic and phenyl-substituted geminal diacetates

The standard enthalpies of combustion _c H ^o of aliphatic diacetates1 and aromatic diacetates2 were measured calorimetrically. The enthalpies of vaporization _vap H ^o or sublimation _sub H ^o of1 and2 were obtained from the temperature function of the vapor pressure measured in a flow system. From _f H ^o(g) of1 and2 new values of group increments for the estimation of standard enthalpies of formation of these classes of compounds were derived. The geminal interaction energy between the geminal acyloxy groups shows no anomeric stabilization.Geminal Substituent Effects, Part 12, for part 11 see Ref. 7.     

Relation between characteristic adsorption energy and internal pressure in the theory of volume filling of micropores

An equation for the internal pressure acting on an adsorbate in micropores was obtained on the basis of the assumption that the chemical potential of an adsorbate in micropores is equal to that in an equilibrium gas phase and using the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation. The empirical relation between the characteristic adsorption energy and the half width of pores was expressed in terms of internal pressure and diameter of adsorbate molecules. The two-dimensional pressure was calculated for micropores with plane-parallel walls, where the width of a micropore coincides with the diameter of an adsorbate molecule. The results obtained were compared with the two-dimensional pressure of a monolayer on a free planar surface for an adsorbate and adsorbent of the same nature.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1928–1930, October, 1995.     

钾明矾溶液水解度计算公式

根据盐类水解关系式和水的离子积计算公式,建立了计算盐类水解度和水解产物离解常数的完全方程式。计算值同实验值比较,钾明矾溶液水解度平均偏差为0.6％,离解常数pK_b=11.6±0.1,水的离子积pK_w平均偏差小于0.06,从而改进了苏联的计算公式。     

计量数比规则与等物质的量规则的比较

指出了计量数比规则存在的缺陷:不利于贯彻有关物质的量及其单位摩尔的SI规定,不能继承当量定律的数据资料,不能表示反应的性质,不能正确表达水硬度、碱度、树脂交换容量及电解定律,缺乏科学的导出过程及计量关系表达式,计算过程繁杂。而等物质的量规则继承和发展了当量定律,使整个滴定分析计算简单规范。