Catalytic reactions of C4 hydrocarbons on the fluid catalytic cracking catalyst

利用小型固定流化床实验装置,对C4烃类在催化裂化催化剂上催化转化反应规律进行了实验研究,考察了不同反应温度及空速对C4烃类催化转化反应的产物分布和组成的影响。实验结果表明,催化裂化催化剂对C4烃类具有一定芳构化和裂化性能,在适宜的反应条件下,可增产芳烃和丙烯;在C4烃类催化转化过程中,丁烯是主要的反应物,而丁烷几乎不反应;低反应温度有利于增产芳烃,高反应温度有利于增产丙烯。较低的空速对增产芳烃和丙烯都有利。根据双分子反应机理和反应结果,建立了C4烃类在催化裂化催化剂上催化转化过程的反应网络。对C4烃类催化转化历程分析表明,中间产物碳五和碳六烯烃较弱的二次裂化性能是C4烃类在催化裂化催化剂上催化转化过程中乙烯和丙烯产率较低的主要原因。     

Zn/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂对丙烷芳构化反应中芳烃分布的影响

采用浸渍法,制备了Ｚｎ／ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛催化剂,考察了锌含量、反应温度对丙烷芳构化反应的影响,根据产物分布情况,讨论了锌物种在丙烷芳构化反应中的作用,并以氮气作载气,带入烷基芳烃乙苯、二甲苯、甲苯,考察了温度对催化剂脱烷基反应的影响。结果表明,锌物种不公能够催化丙烷的脱氢活化,提高其转化率,而且能促进随后进行的齐聚、脱氢芳构化第一系列反应,提高芳烃的选择性,并进一步催化烷基芳烃的脱烷基反应,导致     

Cu/HZSM-5分子筛上乙醇芳构化的在线分析及其催化活性的评价

通过对Cu/HZSM-5分子筛上乙醇的无氧芳构化反应主要产物的在线定量分析,评价了催化剂组成、反应温度、气体空速对芳构化活性的影响。结果表明:Cu/HZSM-5分子筛具有良好的芳构化性能。当金属Cu含量为5%,催化温度为300℃,乙醇气体空速为167h-1时,催化剂具有最好的芳构化效果,乙醇的转化率为35.41%,苯的选择性达到了27.59%。对不同催化温度下反应产物中乙烯生成量的变化情况的研究,证实了乙烯是此催化反应过程的一种最初产物。     

水热处理Zn/HZSM-5催化剂对丙烷芳构化反应的影响

考察了水热处理对Ｚｎ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂丙烷芳构化反应的影响,并采用ＦＴ－ＩＲ手段,研究了处理温度对催化剂表面酸性的影响,结果表明,随着水热处理温度的升高,单位晶胞中的Ｂ酸中心数减少,而上酸中心数增加,丙烷的转化率和芳烃选择性升高,水热处理温度为４００℃时达到最大值,此时催化剂的脱氢中心Ｚｎ＾２＋与聚合,环化的Ｂ酸中心为最佳匹配状态,随着处理温度的进一步升高、Ｂ酸中心数显著下降,丙烷的转化率和芳烃     

水热处理对纳米HZSM－5沸石酸性质及其降低汽油烯烃性能的影响

 采用水蒸气和碱性氨水蒸气在500℃下对纳米HZSM－5沸石催化剂进行了水热处理改性，并用XRD，IR，NH3－TPD和XRF对催化剂进行了表征．以降低FCC汽油（≤70℃馏分）烯烃含量为探针反应，考察了不同水热处理介质对催化剂酸性质和催化性能的影响．结果表明，经不同介质水热处理后，纳米HZSM－5沸石中约10％的Al2O3被脱除，总酸量降低，导致积炭失活的强酸中心明显减少；不同水热处理介质对催化剂的总酸量没有明显影响，而对酸中心类型分布的影响较大．水热处理改性使催化剂活性的稳定性明显改善，初始活性降低．同时，水热处理改性降低了催化剂对芳构化反应的催化活性，提高了对异构化反应的催化活性．采用氨水（0．5mol／L）蒸气处理的纳米HZSM－5催化剂其降烯烃催化活性更为稳定．在给定的反应条件下，FCC汽油的烯烃含量（φ）由65．9％降低到约26％，产物中烯烃、芳烃（主要是C7～C9芳烃）和烷烃含量分别保持在25％，19％和55％左右，辛烷值基本不变．     

预处理条件对Zn/Al-CLM的丙烷芳构化性能的影响

在脉冲微反装置上考察了不同的预处理条件对Zn/Al-CLM催化剂的丙烷芳构化反应的影响。结果表明，丙烷在Zn/Al-CLM催化剂上具有一定的的反应活性和芳烃选择性，而且芳构化主要转化为苯；载体Al-CLM的焙烧温度、金属锌负载量、活化温度等对Zn/Al-CLM催化剂的丙烷芳构化性能具有重要影响。载体经500℃预焙烧制备的Zn/Al-CLM催化剂具有最好的柱结构保留度，从而表现出最佳的芳构化性能；随着锌含量的增加，Zn/Al-CLM催化剂的酸量增大，从而使丙烷转化率增大，而选择性则是锌含量质量分数为5．8％时具有极大值；400℃活化处理可使Zn与Al-CLM之间具有适中的相互作用，从而使得Zn/Al-CLM具有较高的芳烃收率。     

Zn/H-ZSM-5催化剂上的二甲醚芳构化反应

 考察了 H-ZSM-5 和 Zn/H-ZSM-5 催化剂的二甲醚芳构化性能. 结果表明, H-ZSM-5 分子筛催化剂酸性的增强和酸中心的增多有利于二甲醚芳构化. 当在 H-ZSM-5 催化剂中加入 2% Zn 时, 在 360 oC 下反应时总芳烃收率从 50.0% 增加至 66.2%, C8 芳烃收率从 28.6% 增加到 39.0%. 反应温度升高到 480 oC 时, 总芳烃收率增加至 78.0%.     

双功能WC/HZSM-5催化剂上正己烷芳构化反应性能

以HZSM-5(SiO2/Al2O3=38)为载体,偏钨酸铵为钨源制备了双功能催化剂WC/HZSM-5,考察了其催化正己烷芳构化反应性能,并采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、X射线能量散射谱和程序升温氨脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征,探讨了制备方法和WC含量对WC/HZSM-5催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,采用原位还原碳化法制备的WC/HZSM-5(RC)催化剂上正己烷芳构化反应性能优于浸渍法制备的WC/HZSM-5(IP).5%WC/HZSM-5(RC)样品在反应初始阶段芳烃选择性为10.28%,而HZSM-5上的仅为2.56%.WC/HZSM-5(RC)催化剂上反应产物中轻质芳烃(苯、甲苯和二甲苯)含量增加,重质芳烃C9+含量降低,其催化性能优于Pt/HZSM-5催化剂.产物分布的变化可能是由于WC与分子筛间的协同作用所致.     

甲烷在MoO_3／HZSM－5分子筛催化剂上的非氧催化转化

研究了反应温度、空速、Ｍｏ担载量和焙烧温度对ＭｏＯ３／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂上甲烷的芳构化反应的影响．ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛的Ｂｒｏｎｓｔｅｄ酸性、孔道结构和Ｍｏ在分子筛中的分布是影响催化性能的重要因素．ＨＺＳＭ－５上Ｍｏ担载量为２～３％时活性最佳，在１０１３Ｋ反应温度下甲烷转化率可达９％，芳烃选择性大于９０％．空速影响的实验表明乙烯是反应的初始产物．在此基础上提出了＂甲烷酸助异裂活化＂的新概念、＂金属钼类碳烯中间物＂的新观点和甲烷芳构化的可能机理．     

甲烷直接芳构化反应的研究Ⅰ．负载Mo基催化剂在无氧条件下的催化性能

研究了催化剂制备方法、Ｍｏ含量、预处理条件和反应条件对在无氧条件下ＨＺＳＭ－５负载的Ｍｏ基催化剂上甲烷直接芳构化反应的影响，及积炭和烧炭再生对催化剂性能的影响．发现Ｍｏ含量为３．５～４％时催化剂活性最高，生成苯的速率高达１．２×１０－３ｍｏｌ·ｇ－１·ｓ－１．降低空速和提高反应温度均有利于甲烷的直接芳构化．随着反应的进行，乙烯的选择性不断提高，苯的选择性则不断降低．ＸＰＳ结果表明，反应后催化剂表面积炭，且研磨法制备的催化剂中Ｍｏ６＋被还原成不具活性的金属态Ｍｏ０．卡宾中间体（Ｍｏ＝ＣＨ２）可能是甲烷芳构化反应的起始物．     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.