FCC轻汽油催化裂化生产丙烯反应规律的研究

在提升管实验装置和脉冲色谱装置上，采用ZSM-5催化剂，考察了不同条件下FCC轻汽油和2M1C5＝的裂化。结果表明,催化裂化过程添加ZSM 5催化剂可提高汽油中C5＝、C6＝的质量分数。轻汽油裂化生产丙烯的性能优于重汽油和全馏分汽油，在相对低的温度下瞬时反应能得到较高的丙烯收率。在脉冲色谱装置上，反应温度和载气流量对轻汽油和2M1C5＝裂化生产丙烯的影响一致，即反应温度升高，载气流量降低，丙烯收率增加。提高反应温度，延长停留时间可以提高丙烯对丁烯的比例。轻汽油在ZSM-5催化剂上反应，催化剂结焦失活速度开始较快，后来减缓。ZSM-5催化剂结焦失活对丙烯生成的抑制作用大于对丁烯的抑制作用，ZSM-5的强酸中心多则更有利于生成丙烯。     

Effects of Temperature and Catalyst to Oil Weight Ratio on the Catalytic Conversion of Heavy Oil to Propylene Using ZSM-5 and USY Catalysts

It is useful for practical operation to study the rules of production of propylene by the catalytic conversion of heavy oil in FCC (fluid catalytic cracking). The effects of temperature and C/O ratio (catalyst to oil weight ratio) on the distribution of the product and the yield of propylene were investigated on a micro reactor unit with two model catalysts, namely ZSM-5/Al2O3 and USY/Al2O3, and Fushun vacuum gas oil (VGO) was used as the feedstock. The conversion of heavy oil over ZSM-5 catalyst can be comparable to that of USY catalyst at high temperature and high C/O ratio. The rate of conversion of heavy oil using the ZSM-5 equilibrium catalyst is lower compared with the USY equilibrium catalyst under the general FCC conditions and this can be attributed to the poor steam ability of the ZSM-5 equilibrium catalyst. The difference in pore topologies of USY and ZSM-5 is the reason why the principal products for the above two catalysts is different, namely gasoline and liquid petroleum gas (LPG), repspectively. So the LPG selectivity, especially the propylene selectivity, may decline if USY is added into the FCC catalyst for maximizing the production of propylene. Increasing the C/O ratio is the most economical method for the increase of LPG yield than the increase of the temperature of the two model catalysts, because the loss of light oil is less in the former case. There is an inverse correlation between HTC (hydrogen transfer coefficient) and the yield of propylene, and restricting the hydrogen transfer reaction is the more important measure in increasing the yield of propylene of the ZSM-5 catalyst. The ethylene yield of ZSM-5/Al2O3 is higher, but the gaseous side products with low value are not enhanced when ZSM-5 catalyst is used. Moreover, for LPG and the end products, dry gas and coke, their ranges of reaction conditions to which their yields are dependent are different, and that of end products is more severe than that of LPG. So it is clear that maximizing LPG and propylene and restricting dry gas and coke can be both achieved via increasing the severity of reaction conditions among the range of reaction conditions which LPG yield is sensitive to.     

FCC汽油二次裂化增产丙烯过程中主要影响因素的研究

利用提升管中试实验装置,研究了催化汽油二次裂化制丙烯过程中热裂化、氢转移反应的特点和影响因素,给出了不同反应条件对丙烯选择性的影响,考察了丙烯选择性最大点处热裂化反应、氢转移反应的变化。研究结果表明,采用适当的反应温度和剂油比以及缩短反应时间能有效抑制热裂化反应和氢转移反应的发生,提高丙烯的选择性。     

Thermal degradation of polyethylene and polystyrene from the packaging industry over different catalysts into fuel-like feed stocks

Thermal degradation of waste polymers was carried out as a suitable technique for converting plastic polymers into liquid hydrocarbons, which could be used as feed stock materials. The catalytic degradation of waste plastics (polyethylene and polystyrene) was investigated in a batch reactor over different catalysts (FCC, ZSM-5 and clinoptillolite). The effects of catalysts and their average grain size on the properties of main degradation products (gases, gasoline, diesel oil) are discussed. The temperature range of 410-450 °C was used in the process. Both equilibrium FCC catalyst and natural clinoptilolite zeolite catalyst had good catalytic activity to produce light hydrocarbon liquids, and ZSM-5 catalyst produced the highest amount of gaseous products. Gases and liquids formed in cracking reactions were analyzed by gas chromatography. The liquid products consisted of a wide spectrum of hydrocarbons distributed within the C₅-C₂₈ carbon number range depending on the cracking parameters. The composition of hydrocarbons had linear non-branched structure in case of polyethylene, while from polystyrene more aromatics (ethyl-benzene, styrene, toluene, and benzene) were produced. The yields of volatile products increased with increasing degradation temperature. The olefin content of liquids was measured with an infrared technique and an olefin concentration of 50-60% was observed. The concentration of unsaturated compounds increased with decreasing temperature, and in the presence of catalysts. The activation energies were calculated on the basis of the composition of volatile products. The apparent activation energies were decreased by catalysts and catalyst caused both carbon-chain and double bond isomerisation.     

催化裂化过程中热裂化反应与二次反应的研究

利用连续式小型提升管催化裂化实验装置，研究了重油催化裂化过程中热裂化反应和二次反应的特点；考察了反应温度、剂油比和油气停留时间对热裂化和二次反应（氢转移和异构化反应）的影响；给出了不同反应条件下催化裂化过程中的过裂化点，考察了过裂化点前后热裂化反应在催化裂化过程中所占比例及氢转移和异构化反应的变化。结果表明，降低反应温度，缩短停留时间，增加剂油比可以抑制催化裂化过程中不利的热裂化反应，有利于氢转移和异构化反应的发生；在由反应温度、剂油比和停留时间引起的过裂化点前后，热裂化、氢转移和异构化反应表现出各自的变化特点。     

烯烃在催化裂化催化剂上反应机理的初步研究

在自制的微反-色谱装置上，进行了单体烯烃和催化裂化汽油在不同条件下的催化裂化反应实验。对单体烯烃的裂化反应规律和汽油中的烯烃在半再生催化剂和待生催化剂上的催化裂化反应规律进行对比分析。结果表明，单体烯烃反应中，C6及C6以下的烯烃主要发生骨架异构和双键异构反应，氢转移和直接裂化反应发生的较少。C7以上的烯烃95%以上发生转化，高温下直接裂化生成C3、C4，氢转移和异构化比率较大。汽油中的烯烃转化主要集中在C7以上，烯烃之间存在一定的交互作用，单体烯烃的催化裂化反应规律可以初步预测汽油中烯烃的转化。催化剂上的结焦类型对汽油中的烯烃的转化方式没有影响。     

SAPO-34分子筛催化丁烯转化制丙烯的研究

通过水热法合成SAPO-34分子筛,将其制成催化剂用于催化丁烯转化制取丙烯,考察了反应温度、空速和铝磷比等对催化性能的影响;还比较了SAPO-34分子筛与ZSM-5分子筛催化该反应的差异.结果表明,在实验范围内,反应温度升高会使得丁烯的转化率明显增高,且丙烯选择性提高;而空速增加,则丁烯的转化率和丙烯选择性降低;铝磷比越大,对丙烯的选择性越差.在有效的反应时间内,SAPO-34分子筛催化效果好于ZSM-5分子筛,但单程寿命较ZSM-5分子筛短.     

ZSM-5分子筛催化JP-10裂解的研究

考察了ZSM-5分子筛催化高密度碳氢燃料JP-10的裂解情况. 在500～650 ℃温度范围内, 与热裂解相比, 分子筛催化可显著提高裂解转化率, 主要产物有甲烷、乙烷、乙烯、丙烷和丙烯, 以及苯和苯的同系物等. 在较高温度时, 由于氢转移反应, 产物中出现了茚、萘等低氢碳比化合物, 会影响燃料的燃烧性能, 应用时需要根据性能要求在高裂解转化率与低芳烃收率之间进行权衡. 通过裂解产物分析, 结合量子化学计算, 探讨了JP-10催化裂解的可能历程, 并对实验结果进行了解释.     

FCC汽油催化裂解生产低碳烯烃的研究

利用小型固定流化床实验装置研究了催化裂化（FCC）汽油在专门开发的多产低碳烯烃催化剂上的裂解性能。研究表明,反应温度对原料转化率、总低碳烯烃产率的影响最大,剂油比和水油比对低碳烯烃的产率影响较小,而随着重时空速的增大,总低碳烯烃产率略有降低;确定了FCC汽油催化裂解制低碳烯烃的实验室最优反应条件,即反应温度、剂油比、重时空速和水油比分别为660℃、12、15h^-1和0.8。根据反应条件与裂解产物的关系提出了催化裂解反应深度函数,并建立裂解产物产率与催化裂解反应深度函数之间的关联模型。随催化裂解反应深度函数的增加,乙烯产率持续增加,而丙烯和丁烯产率出现最大值,利用此模型可以对产物产率进行预测。     

十氢萘在分子筛催化剂上的开环反应研究

在小型固定流化床(FFB)装置中研究了Y分子筛与ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的十氢萘裂化开环反应性能,考察了温度和剂油比对Y分子筛开环反应催化性能的影响。结果表明,十氢萘在分子筛催化剂上通过环烷环开环反应生成丙烷、丙烯、丁烷、丁烯、甲基戊烷和环戊烷、环己烷等非芳烃以及苯、C_1~4烷基取代苯等单环芳烃,并通过脱氢缩合反应生成四氢萘、萘、甲基萘和菲、芘等多环芳烃甚至焦炭等。由于扩散和吸附性能的影响,ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的裂化开环反应选择性比Y分子筛催化剂的高,因此,十氢萘环烷环开环与脱氢缩合反应的相对比例(NRO/DHC)在ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上较高。在Y分子筛催化剂上,温度为450~550 ℃、剂油比为3~9,反应温度升高或者剂油比增加,双分子氢转移以及脱氢缩合反应增强,从而导致环烷环开环产物选择性降低。     

Mechanism study of the conversion of esters to high‐octane‐number aromatics over HZSM‐5

A study of the mechanism of the catalytic transformation of mixed ethyl acetate (EA) + methyl acetate (MA) (50:50 v/v) to hydrocarbons over HZSM‐5 (Si/Al ratio of 9) catalyst was conducted. The reaction was carried out in a continuous fixed‐bed reactor under atmospheric pressure and in the temperature range 250–390°C and with weight hourly space velocity of 3.2 and 4.6 h^?1. The distribution of products including monoaromatics, fused ring aromatics and oxygenates was determined using GC‐MS. The product distribution was controlled by temperature. The oxygenate components (kinetically controlled products) were transformed into aromatics (thermodynamically controlled products) with an increase in temperature. The effluents were benzene‐free or with low content of benzene and toluene. Two intermediates were proposed for this conversion to hydrocarbons over HZSM‐5: cyclobutane‐1,3‐dione and/or acetic acid (AA) as ketene source. Furthermore, AA and mesityl oxide (MO) were selected as potential intermediates in the transformation of mixed EA + MA into hydrocarbons over HZSM‐5. It is suggested that ketene dimerization, the phenolic pool and the condensation reaction between ketene and MO are the probable mechanism routes for AA conversion. Aldol condensation, Michael addition, cracking, isomerization and ketene formation are the presumable pathways for MO conversion over HZSM‐5.     

纳米HZSM-5催化剂催化烃类转化反应

制备了纳米(20~50 nm)HZSM-5催化剂, 用XRF, TEM和NH3-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征. 以正辛烷及苯和正辛烷混合物的转化为模型反应, 研究了单烃和混合烃在纳米HZSM-5催化剂上的转化行为, 考察了反应条件对产物分布的影响. 结果表明, 纳米HZSM-5沸石催化剂具有很强的烃类转化能力, 烃类通过芳构化、 异构化和烷基化等反应转化为高辛烷值的异构烷烃和芳烃, 产物中异构烷烃(C4~C6)和芳烃的质量分数超过90%. 直链烷烃转化为芳烃以生成苯环为主, 混合烃转化为芳烃以苯和小分子烃的烷基化为主. 控制反应条件可抑制苯和C+9芳烃的生成. 产物分析结果表明, 烃类在纳米HZSM-5催化剂上的裂解、芳构化和异构化等遵循正碳离子机理.     

Catalytic Performance and Coking Behavior of a Submicron HZSM‐5 Zeolite in Ethanol Dehydration

The catalytic performance and coking behavior of a submicron ZSM‐5 zeolite in dehydration of ethanol to ethylene were investigated by means of low temperature nitrogen adsorption, thermal gravimetric analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The submicron catalyst showed higher activity than the micron one due to more mesopores and more strong acid sites. As the reaction temperature increased, ethanol conversion increased over the submicron catalyst, while ethylene selectivity went through a maximum. The selectivities of propylene and butylene increased with increasing reaction temperature, and they decreased with time on stream at constant temperature. The coke deposits can be divided into coke precursor and hard coke, which were attributed to polyalkylbenzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively; and increasing reaction temperature can accelerate the transformation of coke precursor into hard coke. A precoking pretreatment method was verified very effective for improving the catalyst stability.     

正庚烷在HZSM-5催化剂上的催化裂解行为

以正庚烷为轻质直馏石脑油中烷烃的模型化合物,研究了它在HZSM-5催化剂上的裂解反应,并与1-庚烯裂解反应进行了对比,考察了水热处理和载体性质对裂解反应的影响.结果表明:正庚烷裂解产物中的氢气、甲烷和乙烷等小分子烷烃的含量远高于1-庚烯裂解的情况,推测主要由烷烃独特的单分子裂解路径造成,并且液化气(LPG)中丙烯、丁烯等低碳烯烃含量低;催化剂经水热处理后,酸量急剧减少,并且强B酸(Bronsted acid)的相对含量减少,导致催化剂的活性显著降低,氢转移反应减少,裂化气中烯烃度显著提高.同时,产物中C3/C4的摩尔比降低,推测裂解反应中单分子路径的几率减少.载体对于正庚烷的裂解反应行为也有较大的影响,载体中L酸(Lewis acid)的存在,对于正庚烷的转化有促进作用,提高了双分子裂解路径在初始反应中所占的比例.总体来说,与烯烃分子相比,烷烃具有较低的反应活性和烯烃选择性,因此对于在分子筛类催化剂上的催化裂解反应以生产低碳烯烃来说,并不是一种理想的原料.     

Thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil from pyrolysis of municipal plastic wastes

Thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil obtained from the commercial rotary kiln pyrolysis plant for municipal plastic waste was studied by using fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst in a bench scale reactor. The characteristics of raw pyrolytic oil and also thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil using FCC catalyst (fresh and spent FCC catalyst) under rising temperature programming was examined. The experiments were conducted by temperature programming with 10 °C/min of heating rate up to 420 °C and then holding time of 5 h. During this programming, the sampling of product oil was conducted at a different degradation temperature and also different holding time. The raw pyrolytic oil showed a wide retention time distribution in GC analysis, from 5 of carbon number to about 25, and also different product characteristics with a comparison of those of commercial oils (gasoline, kerosene and diesel). In thermal degradation, the characteristics of product oils obtained were influenced by reaction temperature under temperature programming and holding time in the reactor at 420 °C. The addition of FCC catalyst in degradation process showed the improvement of liquid and gas yield, and also high fraction of heavy hydrocarbons in oil product due to more cracking of residue. Moreover, the characteristic of oil product in catalytic degradation using both spent and fresh FCC catalysts were similar, but a relatively good effect of spent FCC catalyst was observed.     

ZSM-5/ZSM-57复合分子筛催化剂上混合C4烃的催化转化反应

以ZSM-5/ZSM-57复合分子筛为催化剂, 考察了其对混合C4烃催化转化的反应性能. 采用氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和吡啶吸附傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱技术表征复合分子筛的酸性质. 结果表明, 当复合分子筛中ZSM-5的含量较低时, 比ZSM-5具有更高的催化活性及乙烯和丙烯选择性, 这是因为此时复合分子筛酸强度较高、酸量较多, 且小孔ZSM-57有利于乙烯和丙烯的择形反应. 而当复合分子筛中ZSM-5的含量较高时, 具有较高的苯和甲苯选择性, 其原因可能是其孔结构及共晶生长时的结构匹配性对芳构化反应有利.     

高硅MCM-22分子筛的合成及其C4烯烃裂解性能

由于丙烯衍生物需求量迅速增长,致使全球丙烯需求增长速率超过乙烯,近年来,人们一直在寻求新的丙烯增产的方法,采用分子筛作为催化剂,通过裂解C4及C4以上富烯烃原料来获取高收率的丙烯已引起国内外学者的高度关注,Rubinm等于1990年首先合成出MCM-22分子筛,由于其特有的酸性和独特的孔结构而被广泛用于各类化学反应中,迄今尚未见文献报道MCM-22分子筛在C4烯烃裂解反应中的催化性能研究,由于高硅铝比分子筛具有相对较高的热稳定性和水热稳定性,     

Fast pyrolysis of waste pepper stem over waste FCC catalyst

Fast pyrolysis of waste pepper stem was investigated using waste FCC catalyst and HY zeolite with a SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of 5.1. The pyrolysis oil obtained from the pyrolysis at 500 °C was analyzed using GC/MS. Oxygenates were converted, in particular when the catalyst dose was high, to furans and aromatics. The contents of low-molecular-mass phenolics and aromatics increased with increasing quantity of acid sites deployed. On the other hand, the content of high-molecular-mass phenolics was increased by catalysis with the biomass:catalyst ratio of 1:1, whereas it was decreased by catalysis with the biomass:catalyst ratio of 1:10. This was explained by the pathway of lignin-to-aromatics conversion: lignin → high-molecular-mass phenolics → low-molecular-mass phenolics → aromatics. Activated waste FCC catalyst showed a little weaker catalytic activity for the conversion of low-molecular-mass phenolics to aromatics than HY, leading to a higher phenolics content and a lower aromatics content. The results of this study indicate that the catalytic pyrolysis of lignin-rich biomass over waste FCC catalyst can be a promising way of recycling waste FCC catalyst for the production of high-value-added chemicals, such as furans, phenolics and aromatics.     

Catalytic pyrolysis of atmospheric residue on a fluid catalytic cracking catalyst for the production of light olefins

Catalytic pyrolysis of Chinese Daqing atmospheric residue on a commercial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst was investigated in a confined fluidized bed reactor. The results show that the commercial FCC catalyst has good capability of cracking atmospheric residue to light olefins. The analysis of gas samples shows that the content of total light olefins in cracked gas is above 80%. The analysis of liquid samples shows that the content of aromatics in liquid samples ranges from 60% to 80%, and it increases with the enhancement of reaction temperature. The yield of total light olefins shows a maximum with the increase of reaction temperature, the weight ratios of catalyst-to-oil and steam-to-oil, respectively. The optimal reaction temperature, the weight ratios of catalyst-to-oil and steam-to-oil are about 650℃, 15 and 0.75, respectively.     

在分散型催化剂下渣油中饱和分和芳香分临氢热反应行为的研

在微型高压釜中研究了克拉玛依常压渣油（KLAR）和辽河减压渣油（LHVR）的饱和分、芳香分在分散型催化剂作用下的临氢热反应行为并计算其动力学参数。结果表明，饱和分与芳香分主要发生裂化反应，生成石脑油与柴油馏分，不会生成甲苯不溶物，极少量的芳香分缩合生成沥青质。在相同的反应苛刻度下，KLAR与LHVR饱和分裂化和缩合产物产率没有明显的差别，而KLAR芳香分的裂化产物产率略高于LHVR芳香分，而其缩合产物产率略低于LHVR饱和分。