几种常用激光解吸电离/质谱基质的基质簇峰行为研究

以常用于DNA分析的基质3-羟基吡啶甲酸(3-HPA),以及常用于高分子聚合物分析的基质2-(4-羟基苯基偶氮)苯甲酸(HABA)、反式-3-吲哚基丙烯酸(IAA)和1,8,9-三羟基蒽(Dithranol)为研究对象,考察了基质溶剂、浓度及激光强度对基质本身在激光解吸电离/质谱(LDI/MS)过程中产生基质簇峰的影响,对基质簇峰可能形成的过程进行了推测,并对各基质簇峰进行了归属,提出了基质簇离子峰m/z值遵循的计算公式。     

甲醇团簇的多光子电离质谱及其从头算

用355 nm激光对脉冲分子束超声膨胀冷却的甲醇分子进行多光子电离, 飞行时间质谱仪观测到除甲醇碎片离子外的质子化甲醇团簇(CH3OH)nH+(n=1-16), 且离子的种类及相对强度与激光相对于脉冲分子束的延时无关, 取决于团簇离子内在结构的稳定性. 结合从头算密度泛函理论, 在B3LYP/6-31G(d)基组水平上优化得到了(CH3OH)n和(CH3OH)nH+(n=1-4)的稳定构型. 振动频谱分析显示, 团簇中最强的红外振动模主要来自氢键H伸缩振动的贡献. 团簇电离后发生于团簇内的质子转移反应也可能与激光电离引起的与氢键有关的振动模激发密切相关.     

新型离子液体基质用于MALDI-MS高效离子化寡糖/糖肽

本研究发展了四种基于三羟基苯乙酮(THAP)的新型离子液体基质, 即2',3',4'-THAP/二甲基苯胺(DMA)、2',4',6'-THAP/DMA、2',3',4'-THAP/吡啶(Py)及2',4',6'-THAP/Py, 用于提高寡糖/糖肽在MALDI-TOF MS中的离子化效率. 与传统的固体基质2,5-二羟基苯甲酸(DHB)和2',4',6'-三羟基苯乙酮(2',4',6'-THAP)相比, 新型离子液体体系分析不同类型的寡糖链, 均可获得更高的检测灵敏度. 可使葡聚糖(dextran 1000)和环状寡聚糖β-环糊精在MALDI质谱中的信噪比提高10倍以上, RNase B的复杂寡糖链也实现了高灵敏度的检测. 在糖肽分析中, 2',3',4'-THAP/DMA离子液体高灵敏度地检测到辣根过氧化酶的7条糖肽, 而2',3',4'-THAP作为基质时却无法检测到任何信号.     

Lewis酸催化下苯乙酮型苯并吡喃的合成

以2,4-二羟基苯乙酮(1a)为原料,通过O-异戊烯基化和Lewis酸催化分子内关环反应,合成了苯乙酮型苯并吡喃化合物3a.产物结构经UV,IR,1HNMR,13CNMR和元素分析表征,并对反应条件进行了初步探讨.     

离子液体中卤代炔烃高效水解制取α-卤代甲基酮的研究

在离子液体中,硫酸促进卤代炔烃水解生成α-卤代甲基酮,反应收率高达85%~94%.离子液体-硫酸反应体系可多次(5次以上)循环使用而不影响反应收率.同时,此反应体系底物适用性强,高效制得一系列芳环上不同取代基的(如甲基、甲氧基、羟基、硝基等)α-氯/溴/碘代苯乙酮及脂肪类卤代甲基酮.     

C4H5N-(NH3)n氢键团簇的多光子电离与从头计算

在355和532nm激光波长下用TOF质谱仪研究了C4H5N-(NH3)n系列氢键团簇体系的多光子电离.实验发现,两波长下除了得到一系列团簇离子外,还观测到一系列质子化产物C4H5N-(NH3)n－H＋.这些质子化产物来自于光电离过程中团簇内部的质子转移反应;系列离子出现反常强度变化,即离子强度较离子明显减小;从头计算结果表明,上述现象是由于中性团簇稳定性的差异造成的.     

过渡金属离子与乙腈团簇的反应

用激光溅射-分子束技术,研究了几种过渡金属离子与乙腈团簇分子的气相化 学反应,根据反射式飞行时间质谱检测的结果,不同的过渡金属离子可与乙腈分子 形成不同尺寸的团簇离子产物,其中Ti~+,V~+,Cr~+与乙腈反应的活泼性强于 Cu~+,Fe~+与乙腈反应的活泼性。分析过渡金属离子Ti~+,V~+,Cr~+与乙腈反应 所生成团簇离子的强度分布,发现它们都在n = 2和n = 3之间形成明显的强度间隙 。     

BH2+与H2O反应机理的量子拓扑研究

采用密度泛函方法B3LYP/6-311+G(d, p)和耦合簇方法CCSD/6-311+G(d, p)研究了BH2+与H2O的气相离子-分子反应机理. 优化得到了反应途径中各驻点的几何构型, 并采用内禀反应坐标法进行追踪. 从量子拓扑学的角度, 讨论了在反应过程中各化学键的变化. 反应(I)经历了一个四元环过渡态, 找到了这个反应的能量过渡态和两个结构过渡态.     

Synthesis and catalytic performance in olefim epoxidation of Mn ( Ⅲ ) complexes with N, N'-bis ( 2'-hydroxylacetophenone ) diamine

本文合成了N,N'-双(2'-羟基苯乙酮)缩乙二胺、N,N'-双(2'-羟基苯乙酮)缩1,2-丙二胺、N,N'-双(2'-羟基苯乙酮)缩1,3-丙二胺和N,N'-双(2'-羟基苯乙酮)缩邻苯二胺四种Schiff配体以及它们的锰(Ⅲ)配合物1,2,3和4.并考察了这四种锰(Ⅲ)配合物作为催化剂,催化以NaOCl为氧源环氧化苯乙烯和环己烯的反应的性能.同对考察了反应温度、助配体、NaOCl的浓度以及pH值对催化环氧化反应的影响.     

甲亚胺系列气态分子结构及反应性质的ab initio研究

本文采用SCFMOabinitio法,用能量梯度优化(STO-3G和3-21G)给出了甲亚胺系列气态分子及有关离子的几何构型,研究了该系列分子的气相酸度及有H₂C=N^-参与的系列反应的△E,计算结果与实验值符合较好。     

Formation of tungstate-containing cluster ions by polyoxotungstate anions under matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization conditions in the gas phase

The gas-phase studies of transition-metal oxides continue to attract interest as such oxides are being used as catalysts in various oxidation processes. In this paper, singly negatively charged heteropolyoxotungstate and isopolyoxotungstate ion clusters were produced from Keggin-type polyoxotungstates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTICR MS). It was found that the ion series [(PO(3))(WO(3))(n)](-), [(WO(3))(n)](-) and [(OH)(WO(3))(n)](-) were the main fragment ions in the mass spectra and the matrix greatly influenced the resulting cluster ion abundances. [(PO(3))(WO(3))(3)](-), [(WO(3))(3)](-) and [(OH)(WO(3))(4)](-) were the most intense ions in each series when 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid was the matrix, whereas [(PO(3))(WO(3))(4)](-), [(WO(3))(6)](-) and [(OH)(WO(3))(4)](-) were the most intense when dithranol (DIT) was the matrix. In addition, a new kind of hybrid ion [W(2)C(14)H(7)O(8)](-) was produced through the reaction of DIT and [(OH)(WO(3))](-) in the plume of the gas phase. These results highlight the utility of the MALDI-FT method for obtaining novel ion clusters and also show the stability of these clusters.     

Observations of different core water cluster ions Y-(H2O)n (Y = O2, HOx, NOx, COx) and magic number in atmospheric pressure negative corona discharge mass spectrometry

Reliable mass spectrometry data from large water clusters Y(-)(H(2)O)(n) with various negative core ions Y(-) such as O(2)(-), HO(-), HO(2)(-), NO(2)(-), NO(3)(-), NO(3)(-)(HNO(3))(2), CO(3)(-) and HCO(4)(-) have been obtained using atmospheric pressure negative corona discharge mass spectrometry. All the core Y(-) ions observed were ionic species that play a central role in tropospheric ion chemistry. These mass spectra exhibited discontinuities in ion peak intensity at certain size clusters Y(-)(H(2)O)(m) indicating specific thermochemical stability. Thus, Y(-)(H(2)O)(m) may correspond to the magic number or first hydrated shell in the cluster series Y(-)(H(2)O)(n). The high intensity discontinuity at HO(-)(H(2)O)(3) observed was the first mass spectrometric evidence for the specific stability of HO(-)(H(2)O)(3) as the first hydrated shell which Eigen postulated in 1964. The negative ion water clusters Y(-)(H(2)O)(n) observed in the mass spectra are most likely to be formed via core ion formation in the ambient discharge area (760 torr) and the growth of water clusters by adiabatic expansion in the vacuum region of the mass spectrometers (≈1 torr). The detailed mechanism of the formation of the different core water cluster ions Y(-)(H(2)O)(n) is described.     

Theoretical and experimental analysis of ammonia ionic clusters produced by 252Cf fragment impact on an NH3 ice target

Positive and negatively charged ammonia clusters produced by the impact of (252)Cf fission fragments (FF) on an NH(3) ice target have been examined theoretical and experimentally. The ammonia clusters generated by (252)Cf FF show an exponential dependence of the cluster population on its mass, and the desorption yields for the positive (NH(3))(n)NH(4)(+) clusters are 1 order of magnitude higher than those for the negative (NH(3))(n)NH(2)(-) clusters. The experimental population analysis of (NH(3))(n)NH(4)(+) (n = 0-18) and (NH(3))(n)NH(2)(-) (n = 0-8) cluster series show a special stability at n = 4 and 16 and n = 2, 4, and 6, respectively. DFT/B3LYP calculations of the (NH(3))(0)(-)(8)NH(4)(+) clusters show that the structures of the more stable conformers follow a clear pattern: each additional NH(3) group makes a new hydrogen bond with one of the hydrogen atoms of an NH(3) unit already bound to the NH(4)(+) core. For the (NH(3))(0)(-)(8)NH(2)(-) clusters, the DFT/B3LYP calculations show that, within the calculation error, the more stable conformers follow a clear pattern for n = 1-6: each additional NH(3) group makes a new hydrogen bond to the NH(2)(-) core. For n = 7 and 8, the additional NH(3) groups bind to other NH(3) groups, probably because of the saturation of the NH(2)(-) core. Similar results were obtained at the MP2 level of calculation. A stability analysis was performed using the commonly defined stability function E(n)(-)(1) + E(n)(+1) - 2E(n), where E is the total energy of the cluster, including the zero point correction energy (E = E(t) + ZPE). The trend on the relative stability of the clusters presents an excellent agreement with the distribution of experimental cluster abundances. Moreover, the stability analysis predicts that the (NH(3))(4)NH(4)(+) and the even negative clusters [(NH(3))(n)NH(2)(-), n = 2, 4, and 6] should be the most stable ones, in perfect agreement with the experimental results.     

Analysis of oxidizer salt mixtures by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Binary aqueous mixtures of NaNO3, KNO3 and NaClO4 oxidizers were analyzed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Sodium nitrate solutions were observed to form doubly charged clusters of the type [(NaNO3)n2Na]2+ and [(NaNO3)n2NO3]2-, where n = 11, 13, 15, etc., in addition to singly charged cluster ions that have been reported previously. The identity of the doubly charged clusters was determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Two-component NaNO3-KNO3 salt solutions were observed to form cluster ions of the type [(NaNO3)i(KNO3)jNO3]- in the negative ion mode and [(NaNO3)i(KNO3)jNa]+ and [(NaNO3)i(KNO3)jK]+ in the positive ion mode, where i + j = 1, 2, 3 ... 10. Two-component solutions of KNO3-NaClO4 formed ions of the type [(KNO3)i(NaClO4)j(KClO4)k(NaNO3)lK](+) and [(KNO3)i(NaClO4)j(KClO4)k(NaNO3)lNa]+ in the positive ion mode, where i + j + k + l = 1, 2, 3 ... 10. Similar clusters containing excess nitrate and perchlorate to provide the charge are formed in the negative ion mode. In each case, the maximum number of spectral lines for a cluster of size n can be calculated as the number of combinations of n(th) order (where n = i + j) of N different cation-anion pairs taken with replication and without regard for the ordering of the N cation-anion pairs. The actual number of lines observed may be reduced due to degeneracy of nominal m/z values for some ions.     

Mn/Se,MnO2/Se和Mn/SeO2体系形成的团簇离子的质谱研究

用飞行时间质谱法研究了激光直接溅射Mn/Se混合样品产生的二元团簇、团簇的光解行为及溅射MnO₂/Se和Mn/SeO₂样品产生的团簇正负离子。在Mn-Se二元团簇中,(Muse)_n⁺是正离子的主要组分,[(Muse)nSe]^-是负离子的主要组分。当n<5时,(Muse)_n⁺的紫外光解有多种通道;n≥5时光解以剥落MuSe方式进行。激光直接溅射MnO₂/Se,Mn/SeO₂两种体系产生的正负离子极为相似,符合团簇的气相聚合生长机理。正离子中(Mno)_n⁺是主要组分,负离子中Se_n^-,(Se_nO)^-和(SéO₃)^-是主要组分。     

A complete family of isostructural cluster compounds with cubane-like M(3)S(4)M' cores (M = Mo,W; M' = Ni,Pd, Pt): comparative crystallography and electrochemistry

By reaction of the geometrically incomplete cubane-like clusters [(eta(5)-Cp')(3)Mo(3)S(4))][pts] and [(eta(5)-Cp')(3)W(3)S(4)][pts] (Cp' = methylcyclopentadienyl; pts = p-toluenesulfonate) with group 10 alkene complexes, three new heterobimetallic clusters with cubane-like cluster cores were isolated: [(eta(5)-Cp')(3)W(3)S(4)M'(PPh(3))][pts] ([5][pts], M' = Pd; [6][pts], M' = Pt); [(eta(5)-Cp')(3)Mo(3)S(4)Ni(AsPh(3))][pts] ([7][pts]). The compounds [5][pts]-[7][pts] are completing the extensive series of clusters [(eta(5)-Cp')(3)M(3)S(4)M'(EPh(3))][pts] (M = Mo, W; M' = Ni, Pd, Pt; E = P, As) which allows the consequences of replacing a single type of atom on structural and NMR and UV/vis spectroscopic as well as electrochemical properties to be determined. Single-crystal X-ray structure determinations of [5][pts]-[7][pts] revealed that [5][pts] was not isomorphous to the other members of the series [(eta(5)-Cp')(3)M(3)S(4)M'(EPh(3))][pts] due to distinctly different cell parameters, which in the molecular structure of [5](+) is reflected in a slightly different orientation of the PPh(3) ligand. Electrochemical measurements on the series showed that the Mo-based clusters were more difficult to oxidize than their W-based analogues. The Pd-containing clusters underwent two-electron oxidation processes, whereas the Ni- and Pt-containing clusters underwent two separated one-electron oxidation processes.     

Generation and collision-induced dissociation of ammonium tetrafluoroborate cluster ions

Singly and doubly charged cluster ions of ammonium tetrafluoroborate (NH4BF4) with general formula [(NH4BF4)nNH4]+ and [(NH4BF4)m(NH4)2]2+, respectively, were generated by electrospray ionization (ESI) and their fragmentation examined using collision-induced dissociation (CID) and ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. CID of [(NH4BF4)nNH4]+ caused the loss of one or more neutral NH4BF4 units. The n = 2 cluster, [(NH4BF4)2NH4]+, was unique in that it also exhibited a dissociation pathway in which HBF4 was eliminated to create [(NH4BF4)(NH3)NH4]+. Dissociation of [(NH4BF4)m(NH4)2]2+ occurred through two general pathways: (a) 'fission' to produce singly charged cluster ions and (b) elimination of one or more neutral NH4BF4 units to leave doubly charged product ions. CID profiles, and measurements of changing precursor and product ion signal intensity as a function of applied collision voltage, were collected for [(NH4BF4)nNH4]+ and compared with those for analogous [(NaBF4)nNa]+ and [(KBF4)nK]+ ions to determine the influence of the cation on the relative stability of cluster ions. In general, the [(NH4BF4)nNH4]+ clusters were found to be easier to dissociate than both the sodium and potassium clusters of comparable size, with [(KBF4)nK]+ ions the most difficult to dissociate.     

Interplay of cubic building blocks in (et6-arene)ruthenium-containing tungsten and molybdenum oxides

A series of molybdenum and tungsten organometallic oxides containing [Ru(arene)]2+ units (arene =p-cymene, C6Me6) was obtained by condensation of [[Ru(arene)Cl2]2] with oxomolybdates and oxotungstates in aqueous or nonaqueous solvents. The crystal structures of [[Ru(eta6-C6Me6]]4W4O16], [[Ru(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr]]4W2O10], [[[Ru-(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr)]2(mu-OH)3]2][[Ru(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr)]2W8O28(OH)2[Ru(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr)(H2O)]2], and [[Ru(eta6-C6Me6)]2M5O18[Ru(eta6-C6Me6)(H2O)]] (M = Mo, W) have been determined. While the windmill-type clusters [[Ru(eta6-arene)]4(MO3)4(mu3-O)4] (M = Mo, W; arene =p-MeC6H4iPr, C6Me6), the face-sharing double cubane-type cluster [[Ru(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr)]4(WO2)2(mu3-O)4(mu4-O)2], and the dimeric cluster [[Ru(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr)(WO3)3(mu3-O)3(mu3-OH)Ru(eta6-pMeC6H4iPr)(H2O)]2(mu-WO2)2]2- are based on cubane-like units, [(Ru(eta6-C6Me6)]2M5O18[Ru(eta6-C6Me6)(H2O)]] (M = Mo, W) are more properly described as lacunary Lindqvist-type polyoxoanions supporting three ruthenium centers. Precubane clusters [[Ru(eta6-arene)](MO3)2(mu-O)3(mu3-O)]6- are possible intermediates in the formation of these clusters. The cluster structures are retained in solution, except for [[Ru(eta6-p-MeC6H4iPr)]4Mo4O16], which isomerizes to the triple-cubane form.     

A pulsed corona discharge switchable high resolution ion mobility spectrometer-mass spectrometer

A pulsed corona discharge ionisation source, a candidate replacement for 63Ni ionisation sources for ion mobility spectrometry, is described along with a new design of ion mobility spectrometer-mass spectrometer. Preliminary research on the characterisation of the reactant ion peaks associated with the use of this ionisation source was undertaken by assembling a pulsed corona discharge ionisation switchable high-resolution ion mobility spectrometer-mass spectrometer to enable the mobility spectra, atmospheric chemical ionisation mass spectra and selected-mass mobility spectra to be obtained. With ammonia doping at 2.39 mg m(-3) in air and a water content of approximately 80 mg m(-3) in the positive mode the observed response was attributable to the formation of 1(H2O)(n)NH4]+ and [(H2O)n(NH3)NH4]+ in the reaction region. The observed responses in the negative mode were more complex with evidence for the formation [(H2O)(n)O2]-, [(H2O)(n)CO3]-, [(H2O)(n)HCO3]-, [(H2O)(n)CO4]- and [(H2O)(n)NO3]-. The responses due to these species were clearly discernible in the resultant mobility spectra, with enough oxygen-based species formed to support analytically useful responses.     

Comparative study of mono- and dinuclear complexes of late 3d-metal chlorides with N,N-dimethylformamide in the gas phase

Mono- and binuclear complexes of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with chlorides of the divalent, late 3d metals M = Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn are investigated by means of electrospray ionization (ESI). Specifically, ESI leads to monocations of the type [(DMF)(n)MCl](+) and [(DMF)(n)M(2)Cl(3)](+), of which the species with n = 2 and 3 were selected for in-depth studies. The latter include collision-induced dissociation experiments, gas-phase infrared spectroscopy, and calculations using density functional theory. The mononuclear complexes [(DMF)(n)MCl](+) almost exclusively lose neutral DMF upon collisional activation with the notable exception of the copper complex, for which also a reduction from Cu(II) to Cu(I) concomitant with the release of atomic chlorine is observed. For the dinuclear clusters, there exists a competition between loss of a DMF ligand and cluster degradation via loss of neutral MCl(2) with decreasing cluster stability from cobalt to zinc. For the specific case of [(DMF)(n)ZnCl](+) and [(DMF)(n)Zn(2)Cl(3)](+), ion-mobility mass spectrometry indicates the existence of two isomeric cluster ions in the case of [(DMF)(2)Zn(2)Cl(3)](+) which corroborates parallel theoretical predictions.