液相色谱指纹图谱在当归、黄芪及其复方有效成分分析中的应用

将液相色谱指纹图谱与正辛醇-水分配体系模拟中药在人体内的吸收情况相结合分析中药活性成分,分析比较了当归、黄芪单煎液及合煎液在不同靶位酸度下化学成分种类、含量的变化情况,探讨了配伍及酸度变化对中药中各成分的形态分布及在人体中吸收情况的影响.发现不同靶位环境的酸度及不同配伍对中药中的有效物质组分、含量及各组分的吸收都有很大的影响.     

联用色谱及多组分光谱相关色谱用于当归补血汤与单味药成分的比较研究

摘要利用HPLC-DAD提供的二维化学数据信息, 通过多组分光谱相关色谱方法及化学计量学分辨技术, 对相同试验条件下所得的当归补血汤及其单味药的色谱组分进行了比较和归属分析. 结果表明， 在当归补血汤色谱响应值较高的21个色谱峰中, 8个色谱峰的组分来自当归, 6个色谱峰的组分来自黄芪, 7个色谱峰的组分同时来源于当归和黄芪. 其中一些色谱峰簇中的其它组分发生了消长变化， 既有新物质的产生, 又有原有化学成分的消失， 说明中药复方配伍的药效物质基础不仅是各单味药化学成分的总和, 还有单味药在复方配伍过程中各种成分的相互作用. 本方法为中药复方与单味药化学组分的比较及归属分析, 尤其对重叠色谱峰簇的组分比较分析提供了方便、 快捷及可行的研究方法.     

麻黄-甘草药对配伍前后主要药效成分及抗炎活性的变化

利用高效液相色谱串联质谱联用法(HPLC-MS/MS)和气相色谱质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析了麻黄与甘草药对配伍前后水煎液中主要药效成分的变化,并通过小鼠的耳廓肿胀试验考察了甘草、麻黄单煎液及药对共煎液的抗炎活性变化.分别通过HPLC法和GC-MS法对甘草与麻黄中主要化学成分,甘草酸、甘草苷、麻黄碱和甲基麻黄碱进行了定量分析,通过单煎液和药对共煎液的对比,发现麻黄与甘草配伍共煎液中麻黄碱(含伪麻黄碱)的含量增加了14.52%;甲基麻黄碱(含甲基伪麻黄碱)的含量增加了64.0%;甘草酸含量增加了13.50%;而甘草苷含量降低了19.38%.药效实验证明,甘草与麻黄配伍后抗炎作用较甘草麻黄单煎液明显增强.从而在主要成分的变化程度上揭示了甘草与麻黄配伍过程中的增效机理.     

基于UPLC/Q-TOF-MS分析附子半夏配伍相反的物质基础

利用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术(UPLC/Q-TOF-MS)分析附子半夏药对配伍相反的物质基础,从化学成分层次阐释其配伍相反机制.基于UPLC/Q-TOF-MS建立附子半夏药对配伍后生物碱类成分的化学指纹图谱,通过主成分分析法和正交偏最小二乘判别法分析药对配伍在合煎过程中的生物碱类成分的含量变化,找出差异变化显著的化学成分.结果表明正离子模式时附子半夏药对合煎液中次乌头碱,中乌头碱,乌头碱,去氧乌头碱,10-OH-中乌头碱,10-OH-乌头碱等的含量明显增高,而中乌头原碱,去乙酸中乌头原碱,去乙酸次乌头原碱,苯甲酰乌头原碱,苯甲酰次乌头原碱,10-OH-苯甲酰中乌头原碱等含量降低.附子半夏药对配伍应用时双酯型二萜生物碱的含量明显增高,而单酯型二萜生物碱的含量明显降低,这可能是附子半夏药对配伍相反作用的物质基础.     

麻黄-甘草药对配伍过程中的主要药效成分的分析

利用高效液相色谱串联质谱联用法(HPLC-MS/MS)和气相色谱质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析了麻黄与甘草药对配伍前后水煎液中主要药效成分的变化,并通过小鼠的耳廓肿胀试验考察了甘草、麻黄单煎液及药对共煎液的抗炎活性变化。分别通过HPLC法和GC-MS法对甘草与麻黄中主要化学成分,甘草酸、甘草苷、麻黄碱和甲基麻黄碱进行了定量分析,通过单煎液和药对共煎液的对比,发现麻黄与甘草配伍共煎液中麻黄碱（含伪麻黄碱）的含量增加了14.52%;甲基麻黄碱（含甲基伪麻黄碱）的含量增加了64.0%;甘草酸含量增加了13.50%;而甘草苷含量降低了19.38%。药效实验证明,甘草与麻黄配伍后抗炎作用较甘草麻黄单煎液明显增强。从而在主要成分的变化程度上揭示了甘草与麻黄配伍过程中的增效机理。     

乌头与贝母配伍化学成分变化的UPLC/Q-TOFMS研究

利用UPLC/Q-TOFMS对中药十八反药对——乌头贝母配伍的合煎液与合并液进行检测,经过MassLynx 4.1分析其化学成分存在差异,发现合煎后次乌头碱水解受到部分抑制,而其他主要的双酯型二萜生物碱溶出较少且水解较彻底,乌头与川贝配伍合煎的毒性相对较小,因而可能通过合理炮制减毒后应用于临床治疗.     

复方丹参配伍比例对丹参化学成分溶出的影响

采用高效液相色谱峰比值法比较了由丹参和三七组成的复方丹参中丹参与三七的比例(以质量比计)从10∶0变化到1∶10的过程中丹参化学成分的变化。结果表明：所有合煎样品中丹参的主要成分含量均比单味药丹参中丹参主要成分的含量高,并且经典方(m(丹参)∶m(三七)＝5∶3)中丹参主要成分的含量最高。因此,丹参与三七以一定的比例(5∶3)配伍并且采用合煎的方法能够增加丹参成分的溶出率, 由此看来中医药中讲究的配伍规律是有其内在的科学道理的。     

中药方剂化学成分液质联用分析中标准质谱库的建立和应用

利用电喷雾离子化四级杆飞行时间串联质谱(ESI-Q-TOF)技术,以四物汤类方为例,建立了类方成分的液质联用分析质谱库。利用Masslynx工作站的Chromalynx模块的检索和与质谱库比较的功能,可以快速鉴定色谱图中各个色谱峰。此方法可应用于液质联用检测系统的谱库检测,提高了对类方成分鉴定的效率和可靠性。本质谱库共收录了液质联用条件下57个四物汤类方标准品的质谱信息,包括正负离子模式下各成分的保留时间、准分子离子峰及其碎片离子的精确质量数。该质谱库支持标准NIST谱图检索及比对方法,可自动完成总离子流色谱图中各色谱峰的识别、质谱图提取及鉴定。     

人参和五灵脂配伍的无机元素含量测定

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了人参和五灵脂配伍的无机元素含量。结果表明，人参和五灵脂及其合煎液中的铝含量均低于人参单煎液，人参和五灵配伍可减少有害元素铝的溶出；配伍合煎液中钙、硒、钼、钴、镁、铜、锰等有益元素的含量均高于人参单煎液。     

UPLC-Q-TOF/MS分析不同比例丹参配伍藜芦毒性生物碱变化规律

利用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术研究不同配伍比例的丹参藜芦的化学指纹图谱, 并分析毒性生物碱在不同比例配伍混煎前后溶出量的变化. 同时利用小鼠的急性毒性实验来考察配伍后的毒性变化规律. 结果显示在正离子模式下, 各配伍组(A～H)样本之间的差异能得到明显区分, 并结合Loadings图谱和数据库确定了配伍化学指纹图谱中的17种藜芦生物碱毒性成分, 当固定藜芦用量为LD₅₀且藜芦比例大于丹参时, 藜芦定、伪介芬胺等生物碱溶出高于或与藜芦单煎液相当, 但随着丹参比例增加, 上述生物碱溶出呈逐渐下降趋势, 当丹参比例大于藜芦时, 生物碱溶出低于藜芦单煎液. 不同比例丹参藜芦配伍急性毒性实验毒性变化规律与上述生物碱含量的变化趋势吻合, 表明上述毒性生物碱可能是藜芦与丹参特定比例配伍后毒性增强主要化学标志物.     

液相色谱/质谱/质谱联用鉴定赤芍中的一种新化合物

利用液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术，鉴定了赤芍中分子量为496的两种化合物。研究了芍药甙的二级质谱断裂行为来帮助鉴定已知化合物氧化芍药甙。通过比较不同碰撞能量下的未知化合物子和氧化芍药甙的离子碎片，确定了未知化合物的基本结构单元。借助紫外光谱初步确定此未知化合物为邻位氧化芍药甙，是已报道活性成分对位氧化芍药甙的同分异构体。这是邻位氧化芍药的甙的首次报道。     

Correction of retention time shifts for chromatographic fingerprints of herbal medicines

In this study, the combination of chemometric resolution and cubic spline data interpolation was investigated as a method to correct the retention time shifts for chromatographic fingerprints of herbal medicines obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). With the help of the resolution approaches in chemometrics, it was easy to identify the purity of chromatographic peak clusters and then resolve the two-dimensional response matrix into chromatograms and spectra of pure chemical components so as to select multiple mark compounds involved in chromatographic fingerprints. With these mark components determined, the retention time shifts of chromatographic fingerprints might be then corrected effectively. After this correction, the cubic spline interpolation technique was then used to reconstruct new chromatographic fingerprints. The results in this work showed that, the purity identification of the chromatographic peak clusters together with the resolution of overlapping peaks into pure chromatograms and spectra by means of chemometric approaches could provide the sufficient chromatographic and spectral information for selecting multiple mark compounds to correct the retention time shifts. The cubic spline data interpolation technique was user-friendly to the reconstruction of new chromatographic fingerprints with correction. The successful application to the simulated and real chromatographic fingerprints of two Cortex cinnamomi, fifty Rhizoma chuanxiong, ten Radix angelicae and seventeen Herba menthae samples from different sources demonstrated the reliability and applicability of the approach investigated in this work. Pattern recognition based on principal component analysis for identifying inhomogenity in chromatographic fingerprints from real herbal medicines could further interpret it.     

藏药绵参化学成分的HPLC-MSn分析

藏药绵参Eriophyton wallichii Benth为唇形科绵参属多年生草本植物,生长于海拔3400硂4700m的高山流石滩中,主要分布于尼泊尔、锡金和我国的青藏高原地区。该植物是一种传统的藏药材,藏药经典《蓝琉璃》曾将其记载为邦参布柔(藏语译音)。该藏药材性寒、味苦,有清热、止咳、祛痰     

Application of Computer-Aided Spectral Deconvolution Technique in Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Peaks

Abstract

Reliable analysis with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) requires purity of the eluting peak. The present work has combined the advantages of the availability of full spectral data from HPLC photodiode array UV detector and computer algorithms to perform chromatographic peak purity check. A deconvolution technique based on multicomponent analysis has been applied to the UV spectra of co-eluting components. This method employs residual error (Relative-fit-error, RFE) between predicted spectrum and analyte's spectrum to detect presence of other component or contaminant. Typical RFE values for uncontaminated chromatographic peaks of norethisterone and ethynyloestradiol range between 1 and 3, while contaminated peaks have RFE values as large as 145. A systematic increase in ‘relative-fit error’ from 1.10 to 145 was observed for peaks of norethisterone when contaminated to varied extent with ethynyloestradiol. Extent of peak overlap in chromatogram was also mapped out with this technique. The co-prescribed oral contraceptive, norethisterone and ethynyloestradiol were used as model in this work. An advantage of the method is its applicability when the contaminant's spectrum is unavailable. The method, unlike several earlier techniques, is also applicable to chromatograms with concidental elution time for the components.     

Alternative moving window factor analysis for comparison analysis between complex chromatographic data

In this investigation, a novel chemometric method is developed for the analysis of five possible relationships of components or spectral features between two correlative but different hyphenated chromatographic systems. It is very helpful for comparison study of components present in different complex systems in both chemistry and systems biology. The proposed method, named alternative moving window factor analysis (AMWFA), could be utilized to determine the number of common components between different samples and then to identify their corresponding spectra half-automatically. AMWFA can alternatively be employed to mind for the selective information hiding in anyone of the two compared data X and Y, and to self-verify the resolution results by changing the extracted target matrices in analysis. From the results of comparison of simulated hyphenated chromatographic data, volatile chemical components in drug pair rhizoma ligustici chuanxiong-radix paeoniae rubra (RLC-RPR) and its single herbal medicines, and analysis of Angelica oral solution and its plasma sample after oral intake to rabbit, powerful ability of the proposed method is shown.     

Fingerprint Analysis of Euonymus alatus (Thuhb) siebold by LC–DAD and LC–ESI–MS

A liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was first developed for a chemical fingerprint analysis of Euonymus alatus (Thuhb) siebold (EAS) and rapid identification of major compounds in the fingerprints. Fingerprint profiles were found to be consistent for the herbs acquired from different locations, but the relative abundance of peaks was varied. Twelve peaks were chosen as the common peaks. Quercetin and rutin were detected by comparing the retention times, MS and UV spectra with the standards. The relative retention time and relative peak area of the 12 peaks in the fingerprint were calculated by setting the quercetin as the reference peak. The experimental data were used for similarity calculation and hierarchical clustering analysis. By comparing the UV and MS spectra data with those of the authentic standards and literature, five main peaks in the fingerprints were identified. Finally, five medicinal portions of the herb (leaf, fruit, stem, pterygium and root) were also analyzed by this method. It was found that there were similar chemical components in different parts of this herb but the contents were very different. The developed fingerprint assay was specific and could be readily utilized for comprehensive evaluation of EAS, as well as to distinguish different medicinal portions.     

Resolving the problem of chromatographic overlap by 3D cross correlation (3DCC) processing of LC, MS and NMR data for characterization of complex glycan mixtures

Chromatographic overlap is a common problem in the analysis of complex mixtures. As a result, it is not possible to identify the components because each resulting NMR or MS spectrum contains multiple components. We introduce three-dimensional cross correlation (3DCC) that dissects NMR spectra of a mixture into spectra of the individual components without actually separating them. Correlation of peaks from MS and NMR profiles along a common LC time domain yields 3DCC NMR spectra of pure components correlated with a mass and a retention time. The method requires an LC run followed by fractionation and recording of MS and NMR spectra. The method is applicable to mixtures of any classes of molecules. Here, we demonstrate its application to a mixture of complex glycans obtained from a glycoprotein. Fourteen glycans eluting within only 3 min showed heavy overlap in the chromatographic run. 3DCC allowed their direct characterization without separation. Some of these structures from the glycoprotein bovine fibrinogen had not previously been described. The 3DCC procedure has been implemented in standard software. Actually, 3DCC can be used for any combination of separation techniques, like LC or GC, combined with two characterization methods like UV, IR, Raman, NMR or MS.     

一种变压器油色谱峰识别算法的设计

在变压器油色谱峰识别领域,传统的一阶导数法需要斜率阈值来实现色谱峰识别,因此自动化程度低及容易失真。针对这些缺点,本文在一阶导数法的基础上进行了改进,将迭代移动平均及归一化分析技术应用到色谱峰识别中,通过对信号曲线及方波曲线多次迭代移动平均确定最优的归一化识峰参数,结合色谱峰的绝对保留时间及识峰窗口实现对色谱峰的准确识别。实验结果表明：该算法可以准确识别色谱峰,对噪声、色谱峰的峰宽及峰形变化不敏感,具有很强的自适应性,满足变压器油中气体在线监测装置的现场使用要求。     

Separation and identification of compounds in Adinandra nitida by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source ion trap tandem mass spectrometry

A comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic (2D-LC) separation system based on the combination of a CN column and a Merck Chromolith Flash reversed-phase column was developed for the separation of components in Adinandra nitida, one type of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The two dimensions were connected by a ten-port, dual-position valve controlled automatically by software written in-house. The effluents were detected by both ultraviolet and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (MS). The calculated peak capacity of the 2D-LC–MS/MS system was above 1240. More than 57 components were resolved in the methanol extract from Adinandra nitida leaves, and five of these were identified based on their relative retention times, molecular weights and MS/MS spectra.     

Quality assessment of Fructus xanthii based on fingerprinting using high-performance liquid chromatography

Because almost every traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a multicomponent system, QC of TCMs always involves various difficulties. As a current popular quality assessment approach, focusing on qualitative and quantitative analysis of certain compounds contained in herbal medicine has been widely used for the sake of expediency rather than being a practical and realistic way. However, this method does not take the existence of other constituents into account. Comparatively, the chromatographic fingerprint of the components is a more suitable approach to holistically assess the quality of herbal drugs. Fructus xanthii is a well-known herbal drug listed in all editions of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, there is no quality evaluation method given in its monograph, even for the above-mentioned expediency. This paper reports an HPLC fingerprinting method for quality evaluation of F. xanthii. The HPLC profiles of 27 batches of commercial samples were further analyzed using chemometric methods, including similarity evaluation and principal component analysis. As a result, the established HPLC fingerprint contained 23 characteristic peaks; therein, 13 peaks were unambiguously assigned by comparing their retention times and UV spectra with those of reference compounds, and five peaks were tentatively identified on the basis of their MS/MS fragmentation patterns and UV spectra. Moreover, it could be clearly observed that caffeoylquinic acid and its analogs predominate in F. xanthii. Except for three samples identified as outliers, 24 other commercial samples displayed similar HPLC profiles, indicating that the quality of the herbs from different markets is stable and consistent.