2型糖尿病临床血清样本的内源性多肽定量组学分析

糖尿病是一种全身性代谢紊乱综合征，患者高血糖的形成与肝脏、胰脏、肠道、脂肪肌肉组织、肾脏、脑等多脏器的功能失调相关。在分子水平上呈现糖尿病的生物分子疾病谱图对糖尿病的临床早期诊断、分子分型及其病理过程的理解可提供更加全面的数据支持。本工作应用多肽组学分析技术，针对健康组、糖尿病前期组和2型糖尿病患者组临床血清样品进行内源性多肽定性、定量分析，共鉴定到690条可靠血清内源性肽段，其中163条为统计学差异血清内源性多肽，为2型糖尿病早期筛查、早期诊断及分子分型等提供了定量多肽组支持。     

血清游离羟脯氨酸的快速检测

采用6300黄金系统氨基酸分析仪，在锂柱140min程序生理体液分析方法基础上，建立了血清游离羟脯氨酸（HYP）快速测定方法，并用该法检测了正常人及肾病（有或无肾小铧与肾间质纤维化）病人血清中游离HYP的含量；用该法完成分析的时间为24min，比原方法缩短了116min；该法重复性良好，日内RSD2．3％，日间RSD3．7％，回收率97％；纤维化组血清羟脯氨酸浓度显著高于无纤维化组（P＜0．001）和健康对照组（P＜0．001），用该指标显著增高判断肾纤维化，敏感性100％，特异性915，假阳性9％；该法是一种快速、准确、可靠的血清因浆羟脯氨酸定量检测方法，有利于大批量样品的快速测定，并可为临床判断肾病病人肾纤维化提供辅助诊断指标。     

鼻咽癌高低发区中钙与鼻咽癌发病关系再调查的结果

报告了１９９４～１９９５年间在鼻咽癌高发区（四会）与低发区（梅州）进行钙与鼻咽癌发病关系的再次调查结果．高发区的井水钙低，正常人的血清钙亦低，差异有显著性意义；鼻咽癌病人的血清钙又低于正常人，Ｐ＜０．０５；上述结论与９３年的研究结果一致。四会境内肝及消化道恶性肿瘤死亡率不存在地区性差异，提示钙与鼻咽癌发病有密切关系。     

基于气相色谱的血清中游离脂肪酸代谢轮廓分析区分糖尿病与正常人

建立了以硫酸/甲醇为甲酯化试剂的气相色谱法,对人血清中7种游离脂肪酸(FFA)进行定量代谢轮廓分析。该法以十七酸为内标,血清样品直接甲酯化处理,采用Rtx-Wax色谱柱分离,氢火焰离子化检测器检测。研究结果表明,7种脂肪酸在2～500μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r>0.999),相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.15%～5.39%,回收率为76.6%～121.9%。用建立的FFA定量轮廓分析方法结合主成分分析区分了31例糖尿病患者和30例正常人,结果显示糖尿病病人与正常人血清中的脂肪酸代谢存在差异。所建立的方法操作简单,结果准确可靠,可用于FFA血清浓度的监测。而肉豆蔻酸(C14∶0)和油酸(C18∶1)承载了两组人群的重要信息,作为可能的标志物,对糖尿病的临床诊断具有重要意义。     

微量元素与肿瘤

在广东的四会、中山县，鼻咽癌的发病率很高，当地人一发现鼻子有点不妥就会异常惊慌，非要找医生检查清楚，唯恐得了这种可怕的疾患。科学家们经过长时间的调查，发现当地饮水、农作物的有害微量元素镍的含量很高，而且中山县的鼻咽癌病人头发中的镍含量也比当地健康人要高。而在国外，同样有报道炼镍厂的工人鼻咽癌和肺癌的发病率比一般环境中的人要高得多，有的高出26．3倍，这就不得不令人怀疑镍是导致癌肿的凶手之一。科学家们为了证实这一点，他们在不同种属动物的不同部位注射金属镍尘，结果发现在注射部位引起癌和肉瘤，很明显镍确实有促癌作用。除了镍以外，砷和镉、铍也被认为具有促癌作用，生活或工作环境中与上述金属接触较多的人群尤要小心。     

中红外光谱无创伤检测血糖新方法

糖尿病是一种常见的代谢内分泌疾病,是由于人体内缺乏胰岛素或其受体异常所致,以高血糖为主要特征,为一种世界范围内的流行疾病,近年来其发病呈显著上升趋势,目前全世界约有10％的成年人身患此病,在我国,糖尿病患者约有四千万人,血糖的测量对于临床诊断和糖尿病人血糖的控制很重要,常规的方法是静脉取血测量血糖,该方法会给病人带来一定的痛苦,同时增加了感染机会,     

美研究人员发明微型血糖监视仪

不久前，美国研究人员在糖尿病患者身上试验一种连续监视病人血糖浓度的微型装置，如果试验顺利，这种血糖连续监视仪将在今年夏季晚些时候正式大量推广使用，为众多的糖尿病患者提供方便。     

胱抑素C、超敏C反应蛋白、糖化血红蛋白等指标在早期糖尿病肾病患者的水平变化

目的探讨检测Cys-C、hs-CRP、Hb Alc、Um Alb/Ucr等指标对早期糖尿病肾损伤的诊断价值。方法采集111例尿蛋白检测阴性糖尿病患者及30例健康者空腹静脉血及晨尿,检测相关指标并进行结果对比。结果随着e-GFR的降低,Cys-C、hs-CRP、Hb Alc、Um Alb/Ucr等指标值逐渐升高,且与健康组比较差异有统计学意义。当e-GFR小于90 m L/min,相同检测指标不同水平与上一级水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。各指标的阳性异常率也随着e-GFR不断下降而上升。结论 Cys-C、hs-CRP、Hb Alc、Um Alb/Ucr指标在一定程度反映病情严重程度,可作为糖尿病患者肾损伤早期诊断指标。     

微量元素与常见疾病病因及诊断指标的研究进展

综述了近年来我国微量元素与常见疾病病因及诊断研究指标的研究。微量元素与常见疾病有互为因果的关系,及时诊断疾病对于正确应用微量元素治疗疾病有重要意义。诊断指标的选择应因病而异,尽可能选择简便易行、对病人痛苦小的检验样本。本文参考文献41篇。     

基于氧化镍沉积硅胶固相萃取与液相色谱-质谱联用技术的2型糖尿病血清中咪唑丙酸的检测

咪唑丙酸可以通过哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1(mTORC1)路径引起人的胰岛素抵抗, 从而导致2型糖尿病(T2D), 因此, 咪唑丙酸的准确定量可辅助2型糖尿病的诊断. 本文利用NiO与咪唑基团之间的配位作用, 采用氧化镍沉积硅胶(NiO@SiO₂)萃取材料对咪唑丙酸进行选择性富集和萃取. 首先对NiO@SiO₂ 固相萃取(SPE)条件进行优化: 吸附剂用量为200 mg, 上样液为20 mmol/L的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH=3.0), 解吸液为1.0 mL含1%(质量分数)NH₃·H₂O的水溶液; 然后, 对萃取液进行高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)分离分析, 建立了血清中咪唑丙酸的检测方法. 结果表明, 咪唑丙酸浓度在0.05~10 ng/mL范围内对质谱响应值具有良好的线性关系(R ²≥0.996), 检出限和定量限分别为0.02和0.05 ng/mL, 加标回收率为84.0%~119%, 相对标准偏差RSD<17.2%. 将该方法用于检测2型糖尿病患者与正常人血清样品中的咪唑丙酸, 发现在2型糖尿病患者与正常人的血清中咪唑丙酸含量存在显著性差异, 说明咪唑丙酸的准确定量对2型糖尿病具有医学诊断上的潜力.     

Applications of domain-domain interactions in pathway study

The domain combination pair approach is employed to derive putative protein domain–domain interactions (DDI) from the protein–protein interactions (PPI) database DIP. The results of putative DDI are computed for seven species. To determine the prediction performance, putative DDI results are compared with that of the database InterDom, where an average matching ratio of about 76% can be achieved.

Several real PPI pathways are reconstructed based on the predicted DDI results. It is found that the pathways could be reconstructed with reasonable accuracy. Furthermore, a novel quantity, so called AP-order index, is introduced to predict the regulatory order for six PPI pathways. It is found that the AP-order index is a very reliable parameter to determine the regulatory order of PPI.     

基于DNA定向固定化技术构建毛细管固定化酶微反应器的研究进展

生物酶影响着物质代谢和质能转换等生命活动,生物体内某些酶的活性变化会导致疾病的发生。发展新型的酶分析方法对深刻理解生物代谢过程、疾病诊断和药物研发等具有重要意义。毛细管电泳（CE）具有分离效率高、分析速度快、操作简单和样品消耗少以及可与多种检测手段联用等优点,在酶分析研究中越来越受到关注。CE酶分析主要包括离线和在线两种模式,其中,固定化酶微反应器与毛细管电泳联用（CE-IMER）的在线酶分析已经成为主要的酶分析方法之一。CE-IMER充分结合了固定化酶和CE的优势,将游离酶固定在毛细管内,不仅可以显著提高酶的稳定性和重复使用性,而且可以实现纳升规模溶液的自动化酶分析,进而显著降低酶分析成本。目前已有大量方法制备IMER用于CE酶分析,然而如何构建性能良好、可再生使用、酶固载量大、自动化程度高的CE-IMER一直是该领域重点研究的问题。DNA定向固定化技术（DDI）可以充分利用DNA分子的碱基互补配对（A-T,C-G）,在温和的生理条件下特异性固定生物大分子。由于短链双螺旋DNA分子具有较强的机械刚性和物理化学稳定性,通过DDI将酶固定在载体表面,有利于降低传质阻力,提高酶与底物的接触能力,进而促进酶促分析过程。该文主要综述了利用DDI构建新型IMER在CE酶分析中的应用现状,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

Chemical genetics and orphan genetic diseases

Many orphan diseases have been identified that individually affect small numbers of patients but cumulatively affect approximately 6%-10% of the European and United States populations. Human genetics has become increasingly effective at identifying genetic defects underlying such orphan genetic diseases, but little progress has been made toward understanding the causal molecular pathologies and creating targeted therapies. Chemical genetics, positioned at the interface of chemistry and genetics, can be used for elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying diseases and for drug discovery. This review discusses recent advances in chemical genetics and how small-molecule tools can be used to study and ultimately treat orphan genetic diseases. We focus here on a case study involving spinal muscular atrophy, a pediatric neurodegenerative disease caused by homozygous deletion of the SMN1 (survival of motor neuron 1) gene.     

Site-selective immobilization of gold nanoparticles functionalized with DNA oligomers

The organization of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles to form micro- and nanostructured assemblies is currently of tremendous interest. This communication reports on the utilization of DNA molecules as positioning elements for generating microstructured surface architecture from gold nanoparticles. Citrate-passivated 40 nm gold colloids were modified by chemisorptive coupling with a 5′-thiol-derivatized DNA oligomer. The nucleic acid was used as a molecular handle for the specific immobilization on solid supports, previously functionalized with capture DNA oligomers, complementary to the nanoparticle-bound DNA. As a consequence of the enormous specificity of nucleic acid hybridization, the DNA-directed immobilization (DDI) allows, to site-specifically target the hybrid nanoparticles to microlocations which contain the complementary oligomers. The site-selectivity of the surface adsorption is demonstrated by immobilizing the gold colloids on a DNA microarray on a glass cover slide. Moreover, scanning force microscopy (SFM) analysis, used to characterize the intermediate steps of the DDI on a gold substrate, provided initial insights into the specificity and efficiency of this technique. The application of the DDI to fabricate complex colloidal micro- and nanostructures is anticipated. Received: 26 July 2000/Accepted: 5 October 2000     

Application of high-performance liquid chromatography and thermospray high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to the analysis and identification of 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine and its metabolite in biological media

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedures are described for determining the stability of 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (DDA) in biological fluids at therapeutic dosages. The validated methodology uses both direct injection and solid-phase extraction techniques. Deamination of DDA to 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (DDI) in plasma by adenosine deaminase was monitored by HPLC, and the identification of DDI verified by thermospray HPLC-mass spectrometry. This methodology should prove useful in future studies concerning the stability and metabolism of dideoxynucleosides.     

Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Breath Air in Healthy Volunteers and Patients Suffering Epidermoid Laryngeal Carcinomas

Exhaled breath contains thousands of gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may be used as non-invasive markers of head and neck epidermoid cancer. We hypothesized that solid phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry can discriminate patients with epidermoid head and neck cancer from healthy controls by analyzing the gaseous volatile organic compounds, VOC-profile, in exhaled breath, thus identifying some non-invasive biomarkers to be used in early detection. Twenty healthy subjects participated in a cross-sectional study plus 11 patients with epidermoid supraglottic laryngeal cancer. VOCs from T3 supraglottic cancer were clustered distinctly from those of T1 and healthy subjects. Up to seven VOCs were detected differently from healthy volunteers, mainly 2-butanone and ethanol. Thus VOC-patterns of exhaled breath may discriminate patients with epidermoid head and neck cancer from healthy controls.     

A new hierarchical parallelization scheme: generalized distributed data interface (GDDI), and an application to the fragment molecular orbital method (FMO)

A two-level hierarchical scheme, generalized distributed data interface (GDDI), implemented into GAMESS is presented. Parallelization is accomplished first at the upper level by assigning computational tasks to groups. Then each group does parallelization at the lower level, by dividing its task into smaller work loads. The types of computations that can be used with this scheme are limited to those for which nearly independent tasks and subtasks can be assigned. Typical examples implemented, tested, and analyzed in this work are numeric derivatives and the fragment molecular orbital method (FMO) that is used to compute large molecules quantum mechanically by dividing them into fragments. Numeric derivatives can be used for algorithms based on them, such as geometry optimizations, saddle-point searches, frequency analyses, etc. This new hierarchical scheme is found to be a flexible tool easily utilizing network topology and delivering excellent performance even on slow networks. In one of the typical tests, on 16 nodes the scalability of GDDI is 1.7 times better than that of the standard parallelization scheme DDI and on 128 nodes GDDI is 93 times faster than DDI (on a multihub Fast Ethernet network). FMO delivered scalability of 80-90% on 128 nodes, depending on the molecular system (water clusters and a protein). A numerical gradient calculation for a water cluster achieved a scalability of 70% on 128 nodes. It is expected that GDDI will become a preferred tool on massively parallel computers for appropriate computational tasks.     

Quantification of fexofenadine in biological matrices: a review of bioanalytical methods

Fexofenadine (FEX) has been extensively used for therapeutic benefits after the market withdrawal of terfenadine. Recently, the popularity of FEX has emerged owing to its unique disposition via drug transporters and, hence, it has been used as a model probe for both in vitro and in vivo investigations to understand mechanistic aspects of drug-drug interactions (DDI). Going hand in hand with the increased use of FEX in therapy and research, numerous bioanalytical methods for FEX have been published. The various published bioanalytical methods for FEX are collated in this review to provide a comprehensive information on extraction methodology, assay conditions, chromatography and detection systems. Generally, the published methods have been adequately validated and can be readily used to support the use of FEX in pharmcokinetic, DDI and mechanistic investigations.