烧结温度对添加复合助剂制备莫来石-刚玉基陶粒支撑剂性能的影响

为了降低陶粒支撑剂的烧结温度,本文以低品位铝矾土和粘土为主要原料,通过添加复合助剂锰矿粉及白云石制备陶粒支撑剂,并研究烧结温度对陶粒支撑剂结构、性能的影响.在烧结过程中发现,引入一定量的锰矿粉和白云石后,在陶粒内部会形成适量液相,可以填充孔隙,包覆于莫来石和刚玉晶粒间促进晶体的生长发育,从而形成致密结构.当烧成温度为1310℃时,制备得到的支撑剂体积密度与视密度分别为1.65 g/cm3和2.99 g/cm3,52 MPa闭合压力下破碎率为8.97;,符合石油天然气行业标准对低密、高强陶粒支撑剂的要求,说明复合助剂在降低烧结温度的前提下还能够提高支撑剂抗破碎能力.     

利用焦宝石和钾长石制备低密高强陶粒支撑剂的研究

以焦宝石和钾长石为原料,在1380 ～1480℃下烧结制备了低密高强陶粒支撑剂,研究了烧结温度对支撑剂性能的影响.结果表明:1420℃烧结制备的20/40陶粒支撑剂性能最佳,其体积密度为1.56 g/cm3,视密度为2.72g/cm3,在52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率为6.32;.在烧结过程中,钾长石软化分解生成的长石玻璃相降低了支撑剂的烧结温度,同时玻璃相的生成有利于Al2O3和SiO2的相互扩散,促进了莫来石相的形成与生长.另外,长石玻璃相填充于坯体的莫来石相之间,使得支撑剂较致密,从而提高了支撑剂的力学性能和化学稳定性.     

保温时间对添加废陶粒砂制备支撑剂结构和性能的影响

为了缓解高品位铝矾土资源日益匮乏的现状,同时降低支撑剂的生产成本,本研究以二级铝矾土和固废陶粒砂为主要原料,通过添加锰矿粉和白云石作为烧结助剂,最终经1260℃烧结制备得到刚玉-莫来石基陶粒支撑剂.在烧结过程中,讨论了保温时间对支撑剂物相结构和性能的影响.结果表明:随着保温时间的延长,支撑剂物相开始析出针状莫来石,而且晶粒尺寸逐渐变大,随之转变为棒状莫来石并与颗粒状的刚玉相互交叉分布于支撑剂内部,从而形成致密的交联结构.当保温时间为2 h时,支撑剂的性能最佳:体积密度为1.65 g/cm3,52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率达到8.5;,符合石油天然气行业标准要求,说明固废陶粒砂可以被循环利用制备支撑剂.     

钙长石对刚玉-莫来石质陶粒支撑剂结构及性能的影响

以二级铝矾土为主要原料,通过添加不同含量的长石在1350 ℃烧结温度下制备了高强度的刚玉-莫来石质陶粒支撑剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微分析(SEM)对陶粒的物相组成及显微形貌进行表征.结果表明,所制备陶粒支撑剂的物相成组为刚玉和莫来石,而且发现随着长石添加量的逐步增加,可以明显促进莫来石的形核过程,并抑制其进一步长大.当长石添加量为8wt;时,所制备的陶粒支撑剂体积密度为1.72 g/cm3,在52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率为3.2;,酸溶度为5.0;,满足油气开采行业的要求.     

透辉石改性粉煤灰基莫来石的性能和微观结构

为提高粉煤灰基莫来石的力学性能,以透辉石为烧结助剂,低温条件下采用无压烧结法制得了致密高强的莫来石.通过对莫来石线收缩率、体积密度、抗折强度、孔结构的测试,并借助X射线衍射、显微镜观察、扫描电镜微观分析等方法,研究了不同烧结温度时透辉石掺量对莫来石性能和结构的影响.结果表明:烧结温度为1400℃、透辉石掺量为8;时制得的莫来石性能最佳.此时,莫来石试样的线收缩率、体积密度和抗折强度最大,分别为13.3; 、2.88 g/cm3和160.6 MPa;试样的显气孔率仅为2.5;,莫来石试样致密程度高.透辉石在高温(≥1250℃)下熔融成液相,不但可填补莫来石烧结形成的孔洞,提高了试样结构的致密性,且有利于莫来石液相烧结,促进莫来石晶相的形成,莫来石晶相由细针状发育成短柱状,晶粒交叉生长,形成致密高强的粉煤灰基莫来石.     

铝矾土空心陶粒支撑剂的制备及性能研究

以尿素为成孔模板,MnO2为烧结助剂,铝矾土粉为球壳包覆材料,采用模板法制备了空心内半径可控的铝矾土空心陶粒支撑剂.运用X射线荧光分析,热分析、XRD和SEM等技术对铝矾土原料粉预处理前后矿物相组成和化学成分及支撑剂产品微观形貌的变化进行了比较分析,探究了原料预处理对支撑剂结构和性能的影响,并对其影响机理进行了分析.结果表明:原料粉体经预处理后可提高支撑剂的强度.在1440 ℃烧结后的主要物相为莫来石相和刚玉相.利用预处理后的铝矾土粉体制备出的空心支撑剂的体积密度为1.35 g·cm-3,视密度2.47 g·cm-3,25 MPa闭合压力破碎率为5.21;,单粒抗压平均值为58 N,试样质量稳定,制备过程较易控制.     

莫来石轻质球形料结构与性能

对以铝矾土为主要原料制备获得的莫来石轻质球形料进行了系统的结构与性能研究,研究结果表明:轻质莫来石球形料的主要化学成分为Al2O3和SiO2,物相为莫来石相,球形颗粒表面莫来石柱状结晶交织排布,内部含有大量气孔,堆积密度为1.60 g/cm3,颗粒体积密度为1.75 g/cm3,显气孔率为38;,耐火度大于1790℃,800℃下导热系数为0.245 W/(m· K),热震5次后球形保持率大于95;.     

Al粉粒度及其添加量对SiC陶瓷材料结构和性能的影响

以Al粉为烧结助剂,采用无压烧结工艺于1600℃下保温3 h烧制SiC陶瓷材料,研究了不同Al粉粒度及其添加量对SiC陶瓷材料结构和性能的影响.结果表明:Al粉可促进SiC陶瓷材料的烧结和力学性能的提高,同时起抗氧化的作用,且粒度较小的Al粉对其性能提升的幅度较大.当添加4wt;粒度为48μm的Al粉时,SiC陶瓷材料的性能较佳,体积密度和显气孔率分别为2.69 g/cm3和5.8;,显微硬度和抗折强度分别为2790 HV和189 MPa.SiC陶瓷材料烧结性能和力学性能的提高可归因于Al粉的促烧结作用,及其氧化产物Al2 O3和原位生成的少量莫来石分布在SiC颗粒间所起的强化作用.     

氧化钙对陶粒支撑剂结构和破碎率的影响

以铝矾土和煤矸石为主要原料,添加不同含量的碳酸钙,在1350℃制备了低成本的陶粒支撑剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对陶粒支撑剂的物相组成和微观形貌进行表征.结果表明,添加了碳酸钙的陶粒支撑剂形成新的物相钙长石,随着氧化钙含量的增加,莫来石的晶粒逐渐细化,细化的晶粒提高了陶粒的强度和抗破碎能力.添加量为5wt;碳酸钙的陶粒支撑剂在35 MPa、52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率均最低,符合石油天然气行业标准SY/T5108-2014.     

铝粉添加量对自结合碳化硅材料结构与性能的影响

以3种粒度的α-SiC颗粒为骨料,以硅粉、石墨粉为β-SiC基质的原料,以铝粉为添加剂,通过埋粉烧结法制备自结合碳化硅材料.研究了铝粉添加量对自结合碳化硅的相组成、形貌以及性能的影响.采用XRD、SEM等测试手段对材料的组成、结构与性能进行了表征,探究铝粉促进SiC晶须原位合成的机理.研究结果表明:铝粉的加入对改善SiO气体分压起着重要作用.随着铝粉加入量的增加,SiC晶须生成量逐渐增加,晶须长径比增大,样品吸水率、气孔率呈下降的趋势,体积密度、抗折强度呈上升趋势.当铝的加入量为2.5wt;时,SiC晶须生成量最多,晶须形貌光滑,长径比最大,材料性能最优.样品吸水率、气孔率达到最小值,分别为7.96;、18.4;,样品体积密度、抗折强度达到了最大值,分别为2.32 g/cm3、70.1 MPa,热膨胀系数为4.62×10-6/C-(室温～1000℃).     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

原位氮化法制备TiN纳米粉体

用溶胶凝胶法合成的纳米TiO2粉体作为原料,将该粉体在氨气中进行原位氮化制备了TiN纳米粉体.用XRD,TEM,化学分析等手段对合成的TiN纳米粉体的物相组成、形貌、成分进行了分析.实验分析表明:在1000℃和1100℃下分别氮化5h,可以制备粒径大约为40nm和80nm的TiN粉体,其TiN的含量分别为95.40;和98.37;;而在1000℃条件下氮化时间减少到2h时,TiN的含量仅为58.36;.氮化温度和氮化时间是合成纳米TiN的重要因素,提高合成温度和延长氮化时间均可形成纯度较高的TiN纳米粉体,但延长氮化时间更有利于获得粒径小的氮化钛粉体.     

On the influence of structural features of DNA on the possibility of metabolic transfer of electrons

Abstract

A fragment of a DNA molecule is considered as one of the channels of metabolic electron transfer. The heterogeneity of the complementary chains is effectively taken into account. This made it possible to find the speed of the electron injected into the DNA conduction band and the current density that it creates. Estimates of electron mobility in nucleic acid chains are made. They were an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical semiconductors. For the specific conductivity of nucleic acid chains, estimates provide a conductivity of one to two orders of magnitude lower than in graphite.     

Mesomorphism Dependence on the Position of Substitution of a Pair of Esters

A novel homologous series of ethylene derivatives of thermotropic liquid crystals has been synthesized. The methoxy to octyloxy derivatives are nematogenic, the decyloxy to tetradecyloxy derivatives are smectogenic, in addition to nematogenic, and the hexadecyloxy homologue is smectogenic only. All the members of the series are enantiotropically mesogenic. Thermotropic behavior was determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structures of homologues (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, X-ray, and DSC data). Textures of the nematic phase are threaded or Schlieren and that of smectic phase are focal conic fan-shaped of smectic A or C. Transition curves of the phase diagram behave in a normal manner except one or two deviations from the normal trend. The mesophase range (Sm+N) varies from 3°C to 44°C. The average thermal stability for smectic is 93°C and that for nematic 117.4°C. The LC behavior of the novel series is compared with a structurally similar known series.     

Ni-ZrO2纳米复合电铸层的制备及纳米颗粒分布均匀性研究

研究了在复合电铸过程中,当其它工艺参数一定时,复合电铸层的沉积速率及其厚度随时间的变化趋势, 以及复合电铸层表面微观形貌随电沉积时间的变化趋势.测定了复合电铸层的组织成分,并就纳米颗粒在复合电铸层表面和横截面上分布的均匀性进行了评价.结果表明,复合电铸层表面平整,组织均匀致密,其组成主要是镍和所复合的纳米颗粒,纳米颗粒较为均匀地分散在复合电铸层中.     

PEG聚合度对氧化铝造粒粉的性能影响

为制备适用于干压成型的氧化铝造粒粉,研究了PEG聚合度对氧化铝造粒粉微观形貌、流动性和松装密度的影响.结果表明PEG的聚合度对氧化铝浆料粘度影响显著,PEG2000-6000是较为理想的粘结剂选择,造粒粉的流动性与环境温度及湿度相关.采用正交实验设计,以造粒粉的流动性和松装密度为评价指标,对PEG聚合度、粘结剂添加量和固含量进行了优选,其影响顺序为PEG聚合度＞固含量＞粘结剂添加量.以优选参数PEG6000、添加量为4wt;、固含量为80wt;,制备了性能优良的氧化铝喷雾造粒粉.     

近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体组分测定与缺陷观察

采用助熔剂提拉法生长得到近化学计量比LiNbO3晶体.用多种方法测定了晶体组分,结果表明生长得到的晶体中[Li2O]含量为49.80;摩尔分数;对晶体缺陷的研究表明晶体质量有待提高,并分析了晶体中出现包裹物的原因.     

Some peculiarities of spectral proprieties of leukocytes

This article presents the results of spectral investigations of white blood human cells including absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence (using low-temperature measurements). For this research, the main optical centres were identified and local distribution of emitting and absorbing centres into white blood human cells was determined. In addition, the spectra of normal and pathological (B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B-CLL) cells were compared.     

Statistical characterization of the pore space of random systems of hard spheres

An improved statistical characterization of disordered structures such as metallic glasses, random porous media, or granular matter is presented. Suitable structure models follow the idea of dense random packed spheres, where the spheres represent atoms and particles in the case of metallic glasses and porous or granular matter, respectively. The geometry of the empty space between the atoms or particles is described by means of the already otherwise successful concept of so-called contact distributions. Their exact mathematical forms are unknown for hard sphere systems. Knowledge on these is obtained by means of Monte Carlo simulations of the structure models. The numerical results are approximated by simple and general mathematical expressions, with parameters that can be easily determined. These may serve as additional tools for the structural characterization of disordered matter, including systems of partly penetrable spheres.